种化学药剂对‘NJ72’油桃休眠解除的影响

在进行果树温室栽培时,经常遇到萌芽率低、萌芽开花延迟、花器官发育差、座果率低的问题.本试验以‘NJ72'油桃为试材,观察了3种药剂对解除芽休眠的影响.结果表明,2%(NH2)2CS能提早花期,但存在药害现象.6% KNO3不能提早花期,并且花期不整齐,5% NH4NO3效果与6%KNO3类似.同时化学药剂处理促进花芽内H2O2的积累,抑制了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性但促进了过氧化物酶(POD)活性,超氧物岐化酶(SOD)活性变化较小.化学药剂处理使花芽的呼吸速率增加,其中磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)代谢增加,糖酵解(EMP)降低,而三羧酸循环(TCA)代谢波动较小.葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性在化学药剂处理时也增加.     

几种化学药剂对‘NJ72’油桃休眠解除的影响

在进行果树温室栽培时,经常遇到萌芽率低、萌芽开花延迟、花器官发育差、座果率低的问题。本试验以‘NJ72’油桃为试材,观察了3种药剂对解除芽休眠的影响。结果表明,2%(NH2)2CS能提早花期,但存在药害现象。6% KNO3不能提早花期,并且花期不整齐,5% NH4NO3效果与6%KNO3类似。同时化学药剂处理促进花芽内H2O2的积累,抑制了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性但促进了过氧化物酶(POD)活性,超氧物岐化酶(SOD)活性变化较小。化学药剂处理使花芽的呼吸速率增加,其中磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)代谢增加,糖酵解(EMP)降低,而三羧酸循环(TCA)代谢波动较小。葡萄糖_6_磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性在化学药剂处理时也增加。     

铵态和硝态氮对苹果植株SOD和POD活性的影响（简报）

田间耕作条件下追施铵态氮肥（NH4）2SO4与硝态氮肥Ca（NO3）2,可不同程度地提高苹果植株的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,NO3－N高于NH4＋-N处理株。随着NO3-N使用量的增加,两种酶活性均相应提高,而POD活性在高铵水平下呈下降趋势。     

植物生长物质与花卉花期的控制

植物生长物质与花卉花期的控制彭子模,李进,尤努斯·居玛（新疆师范大学生物学系乌鲁木齐８３００５０）用人为的方法使花卉的开花期按照人们的意志提早或延迟,这种技术叫做花期控制,又称催延花期。使用一些植物生长物质对花芽进行处理,有的可促进提早开花,有的可使...     

化学物质打破葡萄休眠的应用效果初报

分别以露地栽培的“森田尼无核”、“早熟红无核”和大棚栽培的“乍娜”、“藤稔”为试验材料,对多种化学物质打破休眠的效应进行了探讨。结果表明,在大棚中应用H2CN2破眠效果显著,可提早萌芽9-12d,提早开花l0-12d,提早成熟14d。CaCNz(石灰氮)、TDZ、GA3、6—BA和KNO3等药剂均显示出不同程度的破眠效应。     

快原子轰击质谱技术结合酶学方法鉴定黑曲霉1,6—缩水—β—D—吡喃葡萄糖激酶的诱导合成

1,6－缩水－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖是纤维素类物质热解的主要产物,黑曲霉突变株CBX－209能较好地利用该糖作为唯一的碳源和能源生长并产生有用的代谢产物柠檬酸,其效率与利用葡萄糖大致相当。利用葡萄糖氧化酶和竦根过氧化物酶复合系统测定证明该菌株不存在1,6－缩水－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖水解酶,采用快原子轰击质谱技术结合6－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶系统进行测定,结果表明经（NH4）2SO4沉淀或阴离子交换层析析处理后的无细胞提取液在加入ATP和Mg^2 条件下能直接催化1,6－缩水－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖合成6－磷酸葡萄糖,证明黑曲霉突变株中存在一个新酶,即1,6－缩水－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖激酶。该酶为诱导酶。     

乙醇酸氧化酶纯化方法的改进

乙醇酸氧化酶（GO）是光呼吸的关键酶。但目前报道的GO的Mr和等电点等基本参数相差很大,重复性也不好[2,3,5～11]。本实验拟改进其纯化方法以期提高其重复性。材料与方法菠菜（Spinaciaoleracea）和菜心（Brassicacampestris）均购自市场。GO的提纯基本按文献2、3、6,只作添加FMN一项改进。具体操作如下：绿叶用100mmol·L－－‘的磷酸缓冲液（pH8．0）提取粗蛋白,过滤,4000Xg离心取上清液,加10％HAC调到PH53;然后以4000Xg离心取上清液,经15％～30％（NH;）iS04分步沉淀;高GO活性的沉淀蛋白用5mmol·L‘Tris－HCI（pH…     

水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除后桃树叶片中的碳水化合物代谢

水分胁迫期间、盆栽桃幼树叶片中淀粉和蔗糖含量降低,山梨醇、葡萄糖和果糖则升高;淀粉酶、6－磷酸醛糖还原酶（A6PR）、酸性转化酶（AI）和蔗糖合酶（SS）涤性升高,ADPG焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、中性转化酶（NI）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）和磷酸蔗糖合酶（SPS）的活性降低。胁迫解除后,淀粉和葡萄糖含量恢复,山梨醇和果糖仍高于对照;A6PR、SDH和ADPGPase活性维持在原水平上;淀粉酶活性恢复;SPS活性增加而AI活性降低。     

多变鱼腥藻可逆氢酶的诱导及其特性

在NH4^+或在无氮培养条件下,对多变鱼腥藻的营养细胞照光并通过N3气24小时,均可诱导出可逆氢酶,照光和厌氧是在多变鱼腥藻营养胞中诱导出可逆氢酶的必要条件。－－在NH4^+或无氮两种培养条件下所诱导出的可逆氢酶的性质基本相同。（1）当提供还原甲基紫精做它的电子供体时,它们能够放氢;当提供苄基紫精做它的电子受体时,它们都可以吸氢。（2）它们都是热稳定的,并对O2都是不敏感的。（3）它们的放氢活性的最适pH相同,为pH7－7．5。（4）在NH4^+和无氮培养条件下,所诱导的可逆氢酶的Km值（对于放氢）分别为300umol/l和295umol/l,大致相同,如此高的Km值表示它们在细胞中的代谢功能可能是放氢。（5）CO抑制它们的放氢活性,而C2H2对它们的放氢活性没有影响,在NH4^+培养条件下,从从变鱼腥藻营养细胞所诱导出的可逆氢酶的放氢活性可达1530nmol H2/mg. 干重．小时。它比在无氮培养条件下所诱导的可逆氢酶的放氢活性高3－5倍,以上实验结果表明,多变鱼腥藻在无氮培养条件下,异形胞的出现影响营养细胞中可逆氢酶的合成和活性的调节。     

短时间高温处理下桃树活性氧代谢与桃芽自然休眠解除的关系

以6年生曙光油桃为试验材料,研究40 ℃、45 ℃、50 ℃ 3个梯度高温短时间处理对桃树花芽和叶芽存活率、萌芽级数、活性氧含量及其相关酶活性的影响,探讨短时间高温处理对桃芽自然休眠解除的调控效应.结果表明：随着短时间高温处理时期的延后以及处理温度的升高和处理持续时间的延长,高温处理对桃芽自然休眠的解除作用增强.11月30日处理中,40 ℃处理对桃芽自然休眠的解除具有负调控效应,其萌芽级数、·OH和 O₂^-.产生速率、H₂O₂含量、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均低于对照,而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性高于对照;45 ℃和50 ℃处理对桃芽自然休眠的解除呈正调控效应,其萌芽级数、·OH和 O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂含量及POD、CAT活性与对照相比明显升高,而SOD活性显著降低.12月10日处理中,40 ℃处理对桃芽自然休眠解除的调控效应不明显,45 ℃和50 ℃处理与11月30日处理相同,但前者对桃芽自然休眠的调控效果优于后者.相关分析表明,活性氧的迅速增加可能是高温解除桃芽自然休眠的原因.     

桃芽自然休眠与两条主要电子传递途径变化的关系

花芽和叶芽总呼吸速率最低点均与自然休眠进程有关,第一个与自然休眠的起始时间相对应,最后一个则与自然休眠解除期相对应;细胞色素途径抑制剂氰化钾（KCN）对休眠芽的呼吸起部分抑制作用;抗氰呼吸抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸（salicylhydroxamic acid,SHAM）对总呼吸速率的效应随休眠进程而变化,休眠前期起促进作用,随休眠进程其促进作用逐渐减弱,从可调控休眠期（对外源措施敏感期）起转入抑制效应;KCN＋SHAM混合剂对总呼吸速率的效应与SHAM单独使用的效果相似,但其时总呼吸速率促进作用的起始点和结束点均较SHAM单独使用旱7d左右。     

高温和单氰胺对油桃休眠花芽呼吸代谢的影响

以3年生盆栽‘曙光’油桃为材料,研究油桃自然休眠过程中50℃高温和单氰胺对花芽呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明:高温和单氰胺均可以打破油桃的自然休眠,导致休眠花芽呼吸代谢显著下降,其呼吸代谢的衰减可持续数小时.主要呼吸途径三羧酸循环(TCA)和磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)的运行均受到影响.未经破眠处理的花芽TCA和PPP均呈衰减趋势,而高温和单氰胺诱导了早期呼吸衰减结束后PPP的迅速活化.高温还表现出对TCA恢复的诱导,而单氰胺在96 h内未表现出这种作用.在高温和单氰胺打破自然休眠的机制中,呼吸衰减和随后出现的PPP活化可能是重要的组成部分.     

短日照对休眠诱导期油桃花芽两条电子传递途径的调控

以油桃品种“曙光”为试材,采用呼吸抑制剂法研究了短日照处理下花芽在休眠诱导期两条电子传递途径的发生和运行情况.结果表明:花芽总呼吸速率(Vt)和细胞色素电子传递途径呼吸速率(ρ'Vcyt)均呈双峰曲线变化,短日照可同步诱导两者的一次峰前移、二次峰后延,抑制ρ’Vcyt,但对Vt无显著影响.交替途径容量(Valt)和实际运行活性(ρValt)亦呈双峰曲线,两者基本同步变化,短日照可以显著诱导Valt和ρValt的前期高峰期提前,提高Valt和ρValt,对后期高峰期无明显作用.细胞色素电子传递途径呼吸速率下降和交替途径呼吸速率上升是油桃花芽休眠诱导期的重要特点.从两条电子传递途径的呼吸速率对总呼吸速率的贡献率来看,细胞色素电子传递途径仍是主要电子传递途径,交替途径起辅助与分流作用.     

Pear bud metabolism: seasonal changes in glucose utilization

Utilization of glucose, uracil and valine by flower and leaf buds of seedling pear trees (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) from the time of flower bud initiation to flowering was investigated. A very high rate of glucose utilization through the pentose phosphate pathway was observed throughout the development of buds. There was no difference in the type of glucose metabolism between flower and leaf buds except immediately before flowering, when the metabolism in flower buds was shifted toward the glycolytic pathway. Such a shift did not occur in leaf buds. The incorporation of uracil and valine into the nucleic acid and protein fraction of buds, respectively, was high throughout bud development, perhaps indicating a high rate of turnover in the resting buds. Incorporation of both compounds decreased when buds started to expand prior to flowering.     

Exogenous dormancy-breaking substances positively change endogenous phytohormones and amino acids during dormancy release in ‘Anna’ apple trees

A 2-season trial was conducted to verify the effects of foliar applications of some dormancy-breaking substances (DBS) on dormancy release in buds of ‘Anna’ apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees, as well as on metabolic changes in the contents of phytohormones, proline and arginine in buds during their release from dormancy. The efficiency of early bud break induced by Dormex?, potassium nitrate, mineral oil, calcium nitrate and thiourea was noticed in varying degrees. Although Dormex? was distinguished, all DBS hastened bud break, shortened flowering duration, improved bud break% and fruit-set%, increased the contents of gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, proline and arginine, but reduced abscisic acid content in buds as compared to the control. These results were positively reflected in the final tree yield. Accordingly, it is concluded that the use of Dormex?, at a rate of 4 %, could be recommended for reaching bud break as early as possible and improving ‘Anna’ apple tree yield under the short winters in Egypt and similar regions by regulating the contents of proline, arginine and phytohormones in buds.     

葡萄休眠的自然诱导因子及其对休眠诱导期冬芽呼吸代谢的调控

以高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’为试材,研究短日照、长日照和自然光照3个条件下,葡萄冬芽休眠的自然诱导因子及其对休眠诱导期冬芽呼吸代谢的调控机制.结果表明: 自然低温、短日照2个环境因素单独或共同作用均能诱导葡萄冬芽进行自然休眠.短日照在诱导葡萄冬芽进入自然休眠的过程中起主导作用,自然低温起辅助作用;温度相同条件下,日照时间越短对葡萄冬芽自然休眠的诱导作用越强.总呼吸速率达到峰值是葡萄冬芽休眠诱导期结束的标志.在自然休眠诱导期间,葡萄冬芽磷酸戊糖途径运行活性和容量占总呼吸的比例迅速上升,其中自然条件的葡萄冬芽分别由16.0%和20.1%上升至22.3%和26.0%.自然低温是诱导葡萄冬芽底物氧化水平上呼吸途径发生变化的主导因素,短日照起促进作用.在葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期间,交替途径运行活性和容量占总呼吸的比例迅速上升,其中自然条件葡萄冬芽分别由19.4%和27.3%上升至38.2%和46.8%.自然低温和短日照均可诱导葡萄冬芽电子传递链水平上呼吸途径发生变化.     

Identification of abscisic acid in flower buds of Coffea arabica (L.)

Summary Extracts of flower buds of Coffea arabica (L.) collected before and after bud break contain abscisic acid. This was demonstrated using thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy. Abscisic acid accounts for about 75% of the inhibitory activity in the acidic extract. The possible role of abscisic acid in the dormancy of coffee flower buds is discussed.     

Population dynamics of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia

Development of a control strategy for thrips attacking nectarine trees depends on an understanding of their phenology, distribution, and life history as related to characteristics of nectarine orchards. To this end, we compared the overwintering behavior, distribution, and abundance of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), among 11 nectarine orchards located in the dry central interior of British Columbia, Canada, during 1993 and 1994. Western flower thrips emerged from areas not previously used for agriculture (wild areas) and from within orchards before trees were out of dormancy. Flight of thrips within and around orchards peaked during early bud development, with a second major peak several weeks later after husk fall as the next generation emerged. Orchards protected from wild areas by other orchards had the lowest densities of thrips in buds. Density estimates of western flower thrips on trees were not affected by location of trees within orchards or buds within trees, but most thrips were found in the most developed buds on a tree at any one time. Thrips were not found within buds until petal was first visible on the buds. Larval feeding on buds at early petal fall resulted in serious surface russetting of fruit.     

Possible role of catalase in post-dormancy bud break in grapevines

Changes in the activity of catalase (Cat) and in the levels of H2O2 were followed throughout dormancy in buds of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). In grapevines grown in the Elqui valley in Chile, a region with warm-winters, the activity of Cat increased during the recess period of buds, reaching a maximum and thereafter decreased to less than one third of its maximal activity. Three isoforms of Cat were detected in extracts of buds by native PAGE analysis, and the extracted activity was inhibited competitively by hydrogen cyanamide (HC), a potent bud-break agent. Furthermore, HC applications to field-grown grapevines in addition to the expected effect on advancing bud break, reduced the Cat activity during bud dormancy. Similar reductions were observed during dormancy in buds of grapevines grown in the Central valley in Chile, a region with temperate winters, suggesting that HC and winter chilling inhibits the activity of the main H2O2 degrading enzyme in grape buds. A transient rise in H2O2 levels preceded the release of buds from endodormancy, moreover, the peak of H2O2 and the onset of bud break occurred earlier in HC treated than in control grapevines, suggesting the participation of H2O2 as a signal molecule in the release of endodormancy in grape buds. The relationship between Cat inhibition, rise in H2O2 levels and initiation of bud break are discussed.