喉癌相关基因LCRG1的克隆和表达分析

喉癌是严重危害人类健康的一类恶性肿瘤。选用在mRNA差异显示研究中获得的在喉癌组织中表达显著下调且代表新基因的EST之一（AF10056）,设计引物进行cDNA文库筛选,得到一全长为3448bp的cDNA序列,其开放读码框编码288个氨基酸,与已知蛋白质无明显同源性,属一新发现的基因,GenBank接受号为AF268387。与GenBank数据库匹配分析,发现该基因包含6个外子,基因组RT－PCR显示有40％（12／30）的喉癌组织表达下调,RT－PCR显示有54．5％（6／11）其他肿瘤细胞系表达缺失。把该基因命名为喉癌相关基因（laryngeal carcinoma related gene1,LCRG1)。这提示LCRG1可能与喉癌的发生发展相关。     

喉癌相关基因的研究进展

喉癌是头颈部常见恶性肿瘤之一,以喉鳞状细胞癌为多。喉癌的发生和发展是一个多基因参与、多阶段、多层面的复杂过程。目前研究发现,喉癌与EGFR、COX-2、Survivin、VEGF、STAT3、p16、p53和Cyclin D1等基因相关。通过对这些基因的深入研究,基因治疗将为喉癌的临床治疗和预防提供新途径,对人类战胜喉癌有着极其重要的意义。     

喉癌相关基因的研究进展

喉癌是头颈部常见恶性肿瘤之一,以喉鳞状细胞癌为多。喉癌的发生和发展是一个多基因参与、多阶段、多层面的复杂过程。目前研究发现,喉癌与EGFR、COX-2、Survivin、VEGF、STAT3、p16、p53和Cyclin D1等基因相关。通过对这些基因的深入研究,基因治疗将为喉癌的临床治疗和预防提供新途径,对人类战胜喉癌有着极其重要的意义。     

PDCD4基因在过氧化氢诱导喉癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨过氧化氢诱导喉癌细胞Hep-2凋亡过程中PDCD4基因表达的变化。方法以体外培养的喉癌细胞Hep-2为实验材料,不同浓度的过氧化氢作用于Hep-2细胞,噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定细胞生存率,采用吖啶橙染色、Ho33342/PI荧光双染进行形态学观察,RT-PCR及Western blot检测PDCD4 mRNA水平及蛋白表达的变化,评价在过氧化氢诱导喉癌细胞Hep-2凋亡过程中PDCD4基因的作用。结果过氧化氢(200μmol/L)作用Hep-2细胞24h,能够显著抑制细胞增殖,并诱导细胞凋亡,同时引起pdcd4 mRNA水平显著上调,PDCD4蛋白表达显著增加。结论本研究首次报道PDCD4基因可能在氧化胁迫诱导喉癌细胞凋亡中起关键作用。     

表达谱基因芯片的可靠性验证分析

cDNA芯片是一项新兴的能评估检测全范围mRNA表达水平变化的技术。通过同种组织RNA自身比较实验及不同组织RNA的差异分析实验对cDNA芯片实验的重复性进行检验,利用相关系数(correlation coefficient,R)、变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)和假阳性率(false positiver ate,FPR)分析eDNA芯片数据的可靠程度,对cDNA芯片实验数据作了整体的评估。结果证实,该芯片系统得到的cDNA表达谱数据相关系数一般大于0．9,平均变异系数15％左右,假阳性率控制在3％以内。还提出一致率(consistence rate,CR)的概念,作为衡量cDNA芯片系统重复性的新参数,同时阐述了该参数优于目前常用的相关系数及变异系数的特点。另外,通过比较芯片制备中点样浓度、mRNA和总RNA以及不同批次芯片和不同标记过程对实验的影响,来分析芯片数据的系统误差来源。并提出重复两次实验,可以克服绝大部分实验系统引入的假阳性。     

黑芥子酶基因pyk10根特异启动子在番茄中的验证

黑芥子酶是一类催化芥子油苷水解的同工酶,pyk10是一个在拟南芥根和下胚轴中特异表达的黑芥子酶基因.从拟南芥Columbia生态型基因组中克隆的长度为1 450 bp的pykl0基因启动子片段,以gus基因为报告基因构建了植物表达载体pPykG.通过农杆菌介导法,将pykl0的根特异表达启动子以及gus基因转入了番茄中蔬6号,经PCR检测,转化植株中扩增出pyk10启动子特异性条带.组织化学法检测及定量分析,显示pyk10启动子驱动gus基因在番茄的根部特定表达.     

鸡3种组织中热应激相关基因的表达谱芯片分析

文章以8日龄矮小型黄羽肉雏鸡为材料,以28℃±1℃处理3 h为对照组,40℃±1℃热应激3 h为实验组,采集大脑、肝脏、腿肌3种组织,利用全基因组表达谱芯片检测实验组和对照组各组织的差异表达基因,并结合生物信息学方法分析其功能。研究结果表明：在热应激处理组与对照组中,大脑组织中共有183个显著变化的差异表达探针(变化倍数≥2或≤0.5,q≤0.05),129个有基因注释,39个生物学过程发生了改变,18个生物学通路发生显著改变;肝脏组织中有558个显著改变的探针(变化倍数≥2或≤0.5,q≤0.05),包含339个基因,涉及37个生物学过程,58个生物学通路发生改变;腿肌组织中显著改变的探针有301个(变化倍数≥2或≤0.5,q≤0.05),209个有基因注释,参与了31个生物学过程,51个生物学通路发生改变。3种组织中,获得差异表达探针935个,不同组织具有特异性的表达模式;多种热休克蛋白家族基因被诱导上调表达,抗凋亡过程、钙离子信号通路、MAPK信号通路和多种代谢途径发生改变。文章对鸡的热应激分子机制进行了初步探索,为筛选耐热性相关基因提供了理论依据。     

基因芯片筛选差异表达基因方法比较

摘要: 使用计算机模拟数据和真实的芯片数据, 对8种筛选差异表达基因的方法进行了比较分析, 旨在比较不同方法对基因芯片数据的筛选效果。模拟数据分析表明, 所使用的8种方法对均匀分布的差异表达基因有很好的识别、检出作用。算法方面, SAM和Wilcoxon秩和检验方法较好; 数据分布方面, 正态分布的识别效果较好, 卡方分布和指数分布的识别效果较差。杨树cDNA芯片分析表明, SAM、Samroc和回归模型方法相近, 而Wilcoxon秩和检验方法与它们有较大差异。     

用基因表达谱芯片研究人正常肝和肝细胞癌中差异表达的基因

以基因表达谱芯片对人正常肝及肝癌组织基因表达的差异性进行了研究比较。奖４０９６条人ｃＤＮＡ用点样仪点在特制玻片上制备成表达谱芯片;利用肝和肝癌组织的ｍＲＮＡ通过逆转录方法,将Ｃｙ３和Ｃｙ５２种荧光分别标记到两种组织的ｃＤＮＡ上,制备成ｃＤＮＡ探针,并与表达谱芯片进行杂交及扫描,重复４次实验,通过计算机数据处理判定基因是否在上述２种组织中有表达差异,筛选出差异表达的基因共９０３条。基因芯片技术可同时     

喉鳞癌Apaf-1基因表达及启动子区甲基化研究

喉鳞癌细胞存在多种癌基因和抑癌基因异常,Apaf-1(apoptotic protease activating factor-1)基因是诱导细胞凋亡的肿瘤抑制基因。为探讨Apaf-1基因在喉鳞癌发生中的作用,应用半定量PCR方法分析Apaf-1的表达,用比较基因组杂交(Comparative Genomic Hybrodization,CGH)和杂合性丢失(Loss of Heterozygosity,LOH)分析方法对喉鳞癌病人Apaf-1基因所在的12q22—23区域缺失情况进行研究．并用甲基化特异PCR对该基因启动子区甲基化情况进行了分析。结果表明：11例喉鳞癌组织出现Apaf-1 mRNA表达明显下调,占40．7％(11／27),而6例良性喉肿瘤未发现缺失或下调;CGH分析发现,18例喉鳞癌仅发现2例存在12q22-23区域缺失,未发现扩增;LOH分析发现,72例喉癌组织Apaf-1基因的5个多态位点LOH发生频率低,分别为18．2％(D12S346)、13．9％(D12S1706)、18．2％(D12S327)、22．2％(D12S1657)和16．6％(D12S393),11例出现Apaf-1 mRNA下调的喉癌组织均检测到启动子区甲基化,而16例Apaf-1 mRNA表达未下调者仅1例有甲基化,两者有显著差异(x^2检验,P=0．0001)。通过以上结果,首次证实Apaf-1基因与喉鳞癌相关,在喉鳞癌中Apaf-1基因缺失发生率低．提示启动子区甲基化是该基因失活的首要机制。     

Identification of Tumor-Associated Proteins in Well Differentiated Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Proteomics

Introduction

This study established two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) profiles for human well-differentiated laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissue and paired normal mucosa epithelia tissue and identified proteins with different expressions. Well-resolved and reproducible 2-DE patterns of well-differentiated laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and adjacent normal mucosa were obtained.

Results

Thirteen proteins were preliminarily identified, among which ten proteins including cofilin-1, nuclear body protein SP140, GRP94, HSP 90, GSTP1-1, superoxide dismutase [Mn], cyclophilin A, proteasome activator complex subunit 2, apolipoprotein A-I precursor, and CaM-like protein were upregulated and three proteins including fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP), calgranulin A, and calgranulin B were downregulated in laryngeal cancer tissue. The different expressions of cyclophilin A and MRP8 were confirmed by Western blotting.

Discussion

We first identified 13 proteins that might be associated with the tumorigenesis of the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Some proteins were the products of oncogenes and apoptosis and others were related to signal transduction and immune defense. These extensive protein variations indicated that multiple protein molecules were simultaneously involved in the oncogenesis of laryngeal cancer, which in turn is a basis for the rational designs of diagnostic and therapeutic methods.     

细胞角蛋白基因13在喉鳞状细胞癌中缺失和表达的研究

为了探讨细胞角蛋白基因13（Cytokeratin13,CK13)在喉癌发生中的作用,在CK13基因内部及附近选择5个微卫星引物进行杂合性丢失（loss of heterozygosity,LOH)分析,于DNA水平间接检测72例喉鳞状细胞癌患者中该基因的缺失,应用Northern Blot检测16例喉鳞癌患者的配对肿瘤及癌旁正常组织中CK13基因的表达差异;同时应用CK13蛋白单克隆抗体对不同分化程度的喉鳞癌组织进行免疫组化染色。结果表明：5个STR位点均存在LOH,其中D17S1964E、D17S2092、D17S791、D17S1665及D17S808位点的LOH频率分别为18．03％、28．13％、27．42％、39．68％和34．85％,其中D17S1665位点的LOH频率最高,至少一个位点出现LOH的病例高达77．78％（56／72）,杂合性丢失与临床分期、淋巴结转移无显著相关,但与肿瘤分化程度高低相关（P＜0．05）。Northern blot结果表明：16例喉鳞癌患者C13基因在正常组织中的表达比肿瘤组织显著增强,免疫组化结果也显示CK13蛋白在正常组织或高分化肿瘤中的表达明显高于低分化者,且存在显著差异（P＜0．01）。证实CK13基因可能在喉鳞状细胞癌的发生中具有重要作用,可能是一个新的抑癌基因。     

Microarray Gene Expression Analysis of Tumorigenesis and Regional Lymph Node Metastasis in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the most common type in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the development and progression of LSCC are multistep processes accompanied by changes of molecular biology.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of tumorigenesis and regional lymph node metastasis in LSCC, and provide a set of genes that may be useful for the development of novel diagnostic markers and/or more effective therapeutic strategies.

Methods

A total number of 10 patients who underwent surgery for primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were recruited for microarray analysis. LSCC tissues compared with corresponding adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were analysed by Illumina mRNA microarrays, and LSCC tissues with regional lymph node metastasis and LSCC tissues without regional lymph node metastasis were analyzed in the same manner. The most frequently differently expressed genes screened by microarrays were also validated by qRT-PCR in another 42 patients diagnosed for LSCC.

Results

Analysed by Illumina mRNA microarrays, there were 361 genes significantly related to tumorigenesis while 246 genes significantly related to regional lymph node metastasis in LSCC. We found that the six genes (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, MCM2, MCM3, MCM4) were most frequently differently expressed functional genes related to tumorigenesis while eIF3a and RPN2 were most frequently differently expressed functional genes related to regional lymph node metastasis in LSCC. The expressions of these genes were also validated by qRT-PCR.

Conclusions

The research revealed a gene expression signature of tumorigenesis and regional lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Of the total, the deregulation of several genes (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, EIF3a and RPN2) were potentially associated with disease development and progression. The result will contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of LSCC and help to improve diagnosis and treatment.     

Identification of Cancer Stem-Like Side Population Cells in Purified Primary Cultured Human Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epithelia

Cancer stem-like side population (SP) cells have been identified in many solid tumors; however, most of these investigations are performed using established cancer cell lines. Cancer cells in tumor tissue containing fibroblasts and many other types of cells are much more complex than any cancer cell line. Although SP cells were identified in the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) cell line Hep-2 in our pilot study, it is unknown whether the LSCC tissue contains SP cells. In this study, LSCC cells (LSCCs) were primary cultured and purified from a surgically resected LSCC specimen derived from a well-differentiated epiglottic neoplasm of a Chinese male. This was followed by the verification of epithelium-specific characteristics, such as ultrastructure and biomarkers. A distinct SP subpopulation (4.45±1.07%) was isolated by Hoechst 33342 efflux analysis from cultured LSCCs by using a flow cytometer. Cancer stem cell (CSC)-associated assays, including expression of self-renewal and CSC marker genes, proliferation, differentiation, spheroid formation, chemotherapy resistance, and tumorigenicity were then conducted between SP and non-SP (NSP) LSCCs. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that SP cells manifested preferential expression of self-renewal and CSC marker genes, higher capacity for proliferation, differentiation, and spheroid formation; enhanced resistance to chemotherapy; and greater xenograft tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice compared with NSP cells. These findings suggest that the primary cultured and purified LSCCs contain cancer stem-like SP cells, which may serve as a valuable model for CSC research in LSCC.     

喉癌中p15、p16基因纯合缺失与EGFR基因扩增相关性研究

研究p15、p16基因缺失和EGFR基因扩增的相关性及其与喉癌发生、发展的关系。提取喉癌新鲜组织中基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应技术,分别对30例喉癌进行p15基因第2外显子(p15E2)和p16基因第2外显子(p16E2)进行纯合缺失研究;应用FISH方法进行喉癌实体瘤EGFR基因扩增研究。p15E2纯合缺失率为13．3％(4／30),p16E2纯合缺失率为16．7％(5／30),p15E2、p16E2共同缺失率为6．7％(2／30)。在30例喉癌实体瘤EGFR基因扩增频率为30％(9／30),扩增2～8倍。p15E2和p16E2纯合缺失以及二者共同缺失与EGFR基因扩增相关,可能引起细胞周期失控而导致细胞增殖紊乱,在喉癌的发生及恶性进展中发挥一定作用。     

Human Papillomavirus Infection in 674 Chinese Patients with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objectives

Previous reports suggest a strong association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and the etiology of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). However, clinical data regarding the HPV infection rate among LSCC patients remain largely inconsistent.

Methods

In total, 674 LSCC patients from three major hospitals in Shanghai were enrolled in this study. We determined the patients'' HPV infection status using immunohistochemistry and the GenoArray HPV genotyping assay and calculated their long-term survival rate using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

The total P16-positive rate according to immunostaining results was 7.57% (51/674). None of the P16-negative patients were HPV-positive according to the HPV genotyping test. The rate of HPV infection among patients with LSCC was 4.9% (33/674). HPV infection was more common among nonsmokers (P<0.05), nondrinkers (P<0.05), and patients with supraglottic LSCC (P<0.05). Of the 33 HPV-positive patients, 28 (84.8%) were infected with HPV-16, 2 with HPV-18, 1 with HPV-31, 1 with HPV-33 and 1 with HPV-45. The 3-year overall survival rate and progression-free survival rate were higher in HPV-positive than HPV-negative patients, but the difference was not statistically significant (76.3% vs. 70.7%, P = 0.30 and 65.1% vs. 58.3%, P = 0.37, respectively).

Conclusion

HPV was not a main causal factor in LSCC carcinogenesis in this Chinese population. HPV infection did not alter patients'' overall survival or progression-free survival rates in this study.     

DAPK1、hTERT在口腔鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义研究

目的:探讨凋亡相关蛋白激酶1(DAPK1)、端粒酶催化亚单位(hTERT)在口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)中的表达,并探讨其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测DAPK1、hTERT在93例OSCC组织及10例癌旁正常组织中的表达,并分析其与OSCC临床病理参数之间的关系及其在OSCC浸润前沿中的作用。结果:癌旁正常组织中DAPK1的表达显著高于OSCC组织中DAPK1的表达,且高、中、低分化OSCC组织中DAPK1的表达比较均有显著差异(P0.05),OSCC浸润前沿组织中DAPK1的表达低于非前沿部分(P0.05),而DAPK1的表达与OSCC浸润前沿的IFG总分无显著相关性(P0.05)。癌旁正常组织中hTERT的表达显著低于OSCC组织中hTERT的表达(P0.05),且高、中、低分化OSCC组织中hTERT的表达比较均有显著差异(P0.05);OSCC浸润前沿组织中hTERT的表达高于非前沿部分(P0.05),且与OSCC浸润前沿的IFG总分有关(P0.05)。DAPK1、hTERT的表达均与OSCC患者的性别、年龄、淋巴结转移无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:口腔鳞状细胞癌组织,特别是其前沿组织中DAPK1的表达显著下调和hTERT的表达明显上调,可能通过阻碍口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞凋亡,共同促进口腔鳞状细胞癌的生长、分化和浸润。     

LOH Detected by Microsatellite Markers Reveals the Clonal Origin of Recurrent Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background

The question of whether “recurrent” laryngeal carcinoma is truly a new tumour with a clonal origin that differs from that of the primary tumour has remained unanswered. The objective of this study was to determine whether recurrent tumours have the same genetic basis as primary tumours, as the answer to this question is important for the development of treatment strategies.

Materials and Methods

Matched samples consisting of primary tumour, recurrent tumour and normal tissue were obtained from the same patient. A total of 37 patients with laryngeal cancer were examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on the 3p, 5p, 7q, 8p, 9p, 13p, 17p and 18q chromosomal arms using PCR to amplify microsatellite markers. All patients were routinely followed up and 5-year survival rates were calculated using directly calculating method and Kaplan-Meier''s method.

Results

A total of 28 out of 37 (75.6%) patients showed LOH at a minimum of one locus, and 19 out of 37 (51.3%) patients showed LOH at two loci. Primary and recurrent tumours in each patient showed identical allelic loss patterns and incidence rates. Patients without LOH had a longer average time to recurrence than patients with LOH (P<0.05). Additionally, patients with LOH had a longer average smoking duration prior to surgery than patients without LOH (P<0.05). The 5-year survival rates were 32.14%in patients with LOH versus 44.4% in patients without LOH.

Conclusions

The data indicate that primary and recurrent tumours have the same clonal origin. This result implies that we failed to radically resect the primary tumours and/or micrometastases in these patients. Consequently, some form of adjunctive therapy may be necessary. Additionally, the data indicate that the recurrence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is closely related to chromosomal aberrations (specifically LOH).     

Lymph Node Ratio for Postoperative Staging of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Lymph Node Metastasis

Background

Lymph node metastasis has a significant impact on laryngeal cancer prognosis. The role of lymph node ratio (LNR, ratio of metastatic to examined nodes) in the staging of laryngeal cancer was not reported.

Patients and Methods

Records of laryngeal cancer patients with lymph node involvement from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER, training set, N = 1963) and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FDSCC, validating set, N = 27) were analyzed for the prognostic value of LNR. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates, the Log-rank χ² test and Cox proportional hazards model were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Optimal LNR cutoff points were identified by X-tile.

Results

Optimal LNR cutoff points classified patients into three risk groups R1 (≤0.09), R2 (0.09–0.20) and R3 (>0.20), corresponding to 5-year cause-specific survival and overall survival in SEER patients of 55.1%, 40.2%, 28.8% and 43.1%, 31.5%, 21.8%, 2-year disease free survival and disease specific survival in FDSCC patients of 74.1%, 62.5%, 50.0%, and 67.7%, 43.2%, 25.0%, respectively. R3 stratified more high risk patients than N3 with the same survival rate, and R classification clearly separated N2 patients to 3 risk groups and N1 patients to 2 risk groups (R1–2 and R3).

Conclusions

R classification is a significant prognostic factor of laryngeal cancer and should be used as a complementary staging system of N classification.