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1.
Impacts of climate change on polar seas The polar seas in the Arctic and Antarctic are characterized by extreme cold and the prevalence of sea ice, which provides a unique polar habitat but also strongly affects the pelagic and benthic biota beneath. Life conditions for the marine fauna and flora differ considerably between the Arctic and Southern Oceans, as a result of contrasts in geography, geological history, as well as seasonal dynamics in light regime, sea ice cover and, hence, biological production. Climate change is particularly obvious in the Arctic Ocean and off the Antarctic Peninsula where warming results in a rapid shrinkage of the summer sea ice cover. Such decline threatens the sea‐ice communities and their associated fauna and will also have far reaching effects for the plankton and benthos of the polar seas. 相似文献
2.
Aurélie Bessière Christian Nozais Sonia Brugel Serge Demers Gaston Desrosiers 《Polar Biology》2007,30(9):1123-1135
Pelagic–benthic coupling is relatively well studied in the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. Responses of meiofauna with
regard to seasonal pulses of particulate organic matter are, however, rarely investigated. We examined the dynamics of metazoan
meiofauna and assessed the strength of pelagic–benthic coupling in the Southeastern Beaufort Sea, during autumn 2003 and spring–summer
2004. Meiofauna abundance varied largely (range: 2.3 × 105 to 5 × 106 ind m−2), both spatially and temporally, and decreased with increasing depth (range: 24–549 m). Total meiofauna biomass exhibited
similar temporal as well as spatial patterns as abundance and varied from 25 to 914 mg C m−2. Significant relationships between sediment photopigments and various representatives of meiofauna in summer and autumn likely
indicate the use of sediment phytodetritus as food source for meiofauna. A carbon-based grazing model provided estimates of
potential daily ingestion rates ranging from 32 to 723 mg C m−2. Estimated potential ingestion rates showed that meiofauna consumed from 11 to 477% of the sediment phytodetritus and that
meiofauna were likely not food-restricted during spring and autumn. These results show that factors governing the distribution
and abundance of metazoan meiofauna need to be better elucidated if we are to estimate the benthic carbon fluxes in marginal
seas of the Arctic Ocean.
This paper is dedicated to the memory of our dear friend and colleague Gaston Desrosiers who contributed so much to benthic
ecology. We will continue in his spirit. 相似文献
3.
Polar zoobenthos blue carbon storage increases with sea ice losses,because across‐shelf growth gains from longer algal blooms outweigh ice scour mortality in the shallows
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David K. A. Barnes 《Global Change Biology》2017,23(12):5083-5091
One of the major climate‐forced global changes has been white to blue to green; losses of sea ice extent in time and space around Arctic and West Antarctic seas has increased open water and the duration (though not magnitude) of phytoplankton blooms. Blueing of the poles has increases potential for heat absorption for positive feedback but conversely the longer phytoplankton blooms have increased carbon export to storage and sequestration by shelf benthos. However, ice shelf collapses and glacier retreat can calve more icebergs, and the increased open water allows icebergs more opportunities to scour the seabed, reducing zoobenthic blue carbon capture and storage. Here the size and variability in benthic blue carbon in mega and macrobenthos was assessed in time and space at Ryder and Marguerite bays of the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). In particular the influence of the duration of primary productivity and ice scour are investigated from the shallows to typical shelf depths of 500 m. Ice scour frequency dominated influence on benthic blue carbon at 5 m, to comparable with phytoplankton duration by 25 m depth. At 500 m only phytoplankton duration was significant and influential. WAP zoobenthos was calculated to generate ~107, 4.5 × 106 and 1.6 × 106 tonnes per year (between 2002 and 2015) in terms of production, immobilization and sequestration of carbon respectively. Thus about 1% of annual primary productivity has sequestration potential at the end of the trophic cascade. Polar zoobenthic blue carbon capture and storage responses to sea ice losses, the largest negative feedback on climate change, has been underestimated despite some offsetting of gain by increased ice scouring with more open water. Equivalent survey of Arctic and sub‐Antarctic shelves, for which new projects have started, should reveal the true extent of this feedback and how much its variability contributes to uncertainty in climate models. 相似文献
4.
In the Antarctic Ocean salt concentration differs from the bottom to the surface owing to the seasonal forming and melting
of sea ice. Antarctic teleosts present different lifestyle from benthic to pelagic. While benthic animals face a constant
seawater salinity, benthic–pelagic animals have to face different salt concentration. Branchial morphology and ion–water transport
proteins were compared in animals with different lifestyle. The ultrastructure of the gills was investigated by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). Na+/K+/ATPase, Na+/K+/Cl− cotransport protein NKCC1 and Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The immunoreactivity for the ion transporter proteins
were more intense in the active benthic–pelagic animals and in the icefishes than in the sluggish benthic ones. Conversely,
AQP immunoreactivity was stronger in the animals with sedentary lifestyles. The SEM showed the secondary lamellae in the benthic–pelagic
animals more densely packed with the exception of the haemoglobin free teleosts. 相似文献
5.
Integrated abundance and biomass of sympagic meiofauna in Arctic and Antarctic pack ice 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
R. Gradinger 《Polar Biology》1999,22(3):169-177
The abundance and biomass of sympagic meiofauna were studied during three cruises to the Antarctic and one summer expedition
to the central Arctic Ocean. Ice samples were collected by ice coring and algal pigment concentrations and meiofauna abundances
were determined for entire cores. Median meiofauna abundances for the expeditions ranged from 4.4 to 139.5 × 103 organisms m−2 in Antarctic sea ice and accounted for 40.6 × 103 organisms m−2 in Arctic multi-year sea ice. While most taxa (ciliates, foraminifers, turbellarians, crustaceans) were common in both Arctic
and Antarctic sea ice, nematodes and rotifers occurred only in the Arctic. Based on the calculated biomass, the potential
meiofauna ingestion rates were determined by applying an allometric model. For both hemispheres, daily and yearly potential
ingestion rates were below the production values of the ice algal communities, pointing towards non-limited feeding conditions
for ice meiofauna year-round.
Accepted: 29 March 1999 相似文献
6.
K. M. Gorbatenko S. I. Kiyashko A. Ye. Lazhentsev V. A. Nadtochii A. B. Savin 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2008,34(7):497-506
The composition, abundance, diet and trophic status of zooplankton, bottom invertebrates, fish and nekton were analyzed based
on the data collected by the staff of the TINRO-Center during complex bottom trawl catches on the Bering Sea shelf in the
fall of 2004. The stomach contents of mass fish species were analyzed and the nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of
36 mass species of plankton, benthos, nekton and nektobenthos, which together make up the basis of pelagic and bottom communities,
was determined. It was found that zooplankton noticeably differ from benthic invertebrates in carbon isotopic composition:
δ13C values in zooplankton varied from −20.3‰ to −17.9‰; in benthos—from −17.5‰to −13.0‰; and in fish—from −19.2‰ (juvenile walleye
pollock) to −15.3‰ (saffron cod). The levels of 13C isotope in the tissues of fish depended mostly on the share of pelagic or benthic animals in their diet. δ15N values in the studied species ranged from 8.6‰ (in sea urchins) to 17.2‰ (in large Pacific cods), which corresponds to a
trophic level of 2.8. Obviously the δ15N values reflect the degree of predation and generally show the ratio of primary, secondary and tertiary consumers in a fish’s
diet. Trophic interactions manifest a high degree of interdependence between benthic and pelagic communities (even without
taking into account such lower components of the food web as phytoplankton, bacteria, and protozoa) occurring in most nektonic
species that depend on both bottom and pelagic food. 相似文献
7.
In ice-covered Arctic seas, the ice algal production can be the main input of organic matter to the ecosystem. Pelagic–benthic
coupling is thought to be particularly tight in those areas. The increase in ice algal production in Franklin Bay from January/February
to April/May 2004 paralleled an increase in benthic oxygen demand. However, sedimentary chlorophyll a, which is usually an indicator of “fresh” organic matter inputs to the sea floor, did not increase. Consequently, it was
asked what was the fate of the ice algal phytodetritus arriving at the sea floor? To answer this question, photosynthetic
pigments from the sea ice, water column particulate organic matter, and sediment, as well as diatom frustules in the sediment,
were studied from January to May 2004. The number of ice diatom cells in the sediment showed an increase in April/May, confirming
higher inputs of fresh ice algae to the sediment. Changes in sedimentary pigment profiles in the first 10 cm suggested an
increase in bioturbation due to enhanced benthic activities. Finally, the decrease in the ratio of chlorophyll a to phaeophorbide a implied an increase in macrobenthic activity. Benthic macrofauna consumed some of the deposited material and mixed some within
the top five cm of sediment. The response of sedimentary pigments to an ice algal input can be studied at different levels
and it is only the combination of these studies that will allow an understanding of the overall fate of phytodetritus in the
benthic compartment. 相似文献
8.
Heike Link Philippe Archambault Tobias Tamelander Paul E. Renaud Dieter Piepenburg 《Polar Biology》2011,34(12):2025-2038
Seasonal dynamics in the activity of Arctic shelf benthos have been the subject of few local studies, and the pronounced among-site
variability characterizing their results makes it difficult to upscale and generalize their conclusions. In a regional study
encompassing five sites at 100–595 m water depth in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, we found that total pigment concentrations
in surficial sediments, used as proxies of general food supply to the benthos, rose significantly after the transition from
ice-covered conditions in spring (March–June 2008) to open-water conditions in summer (June–August 2008), whereas sediment
Chl a concentrations, typical markers of fresh food input, did not. Macrobenthic biomass (including agglutinated foraminifera >500 μm)
varied significantly among sites (1.2–6.4 g C m−2 in spring, 1.1–12.6 g C m−2 in summer), whereas a general spring-to-summer increase was not detected. Benthic carbon remineralisation also ranged significantly
among sites (11.9–33.2 mg C m−2 day−1 in spring, 11.6–44.4 mg C m−2 day−1 in summer) and did in addition exhibit a general significant increase from spring-to-summer. Multiple regression analysis
suggests that in both spring and summer, sediment Chl a concentration is the prime determinant of benthic carbon remineralisation, but other factors have a significant secondary
influence, such as foraminiferan biomass (negative in both seasons), water depth (in spring) and infaunal biomass (in summer).
Our findings indicate the importance of the combined and dynamic effects of food supply and benthic community patterns on
the carbon remineralisation of the polar shelf benthos in seasonally ice-covered seas. 相似文献
9.
The productive capacity of aquatic systems often is equated with the ‘chemical richness’ of the water. A primary objective
of the present study was to relate macroinvertebrate benthos and drift to a streams' productive capacity as indicated by absolute
levels of alkalinity. We tested this relationship in six 2nd–3rd order tributaries of the Salmon River, Idaho that ranged
in alkalinity from 50 to 360 mg 1−1. Benthic density and biomass, drift biomass, and benthic organic matter increased with increasing levels of alkalinity, although
not all relationships were significant. The proportion of drift biomass to benthic biomass was similar among study streams
suggesting that drift was primarily passive during the study period. The data suggest that spatial variations in landscape-scale
geology may indirectly affect spatial patterns of macroinvertebrate benthic and drift standing crops among streams within
a single river basin by mediating lotic chemical richness as found among tributaries of the Salmon River basin.
Author for correspondence 相似文献
10.
Raquel Vaquer-Sunyer Carlos M. Duarte Rocío Santiago Paul Wassmann Marit Reigstad 《Polar Biology》2010,33(12):1661-1671
The Arctic Ocean is the region on Earth supporting the steepest warming rate and is also particularly vulnerable due to the
vanishing ice cover. Intense warming in the Arctic has strong implications for biological activity and the functioning of
an Arctic Ocean deprived of ice cover in summer. We evaluated the impact of increasing temperature on respiration rates of
surface marine planktonic communities in the European Arctic sector, a property constraining the future role of the Arctic
Ocean in the CO2 balance of the atmosphere. We performed experiments under four different temperature elevation regimes (in situ, +2, +4 and
+6°C above the temperature of the sampled water) during cruises conducted in the Fram Strait region and off Svalbard during
late fall–early winter, spring and summer. During late fall–early winter, where only three different temperatures were used,
no response to warming was observed, whereas respiration rates increased in response to warming in spring and summer, although
with variable strength. 相似文献
11.
Gradinger RR 《Zoology (Jena, Germany)》2001,104(3-4):339-345
Sea ice is a unique habitat in polar seas. A diverse assemblage of plants and animals lives in its interior parts and at the ice-water interface. Their distribution is to a large extent controlled by abiotic parameters such as light, salinity and space, as well as food availability. In both the Arctic and Antarctic, the highest metazoan concentrations occur mostly in the bottom centimetres of the sea ice. Dominant metazoans are nematodes, turbellarians, rotifers and crustaceans. The ice-water interface itself houses in addition to endemic amphipods migrants from both the ice and the pelagic realm. To survive with the environmental conditions of the sea ice habitat, the ice biota is adapted, specifically to seasonal salinity variations from below 5 to above 60 PSU. Sea ice metazoans feed mainly on the algae growing within the sea ice. The loss of habitat during ice melt periods can lead to substantial sedimentation of ice fauna to the sea floor, where it might act as food source for the benthos. 相似文献
12.
Sally C. Y. Lau Nerida G. Wilson Catarina N. S. Silva Jan M. Strugnell 《Ecography》2020,43(11):1639-1656
Throughout the Quaternary, the continental-based Antarctic ice sheets expanded and contracted repeatedly. Evidence suggests that during glacial maxima, grounded ice eliminated most benthic (bottom-dwelling) fauna across the Antarctic continental shelf. However, paleontological and molecular evidence indicates most extant Antarctica benthic taxa have persisted in situ throughout the Quaternary. Where and how the Antarctic benthic fauna survived throughout repeated glacial maxima remain mostly hypothesised. If understood, this would provide valuable insights into the ecology and evolution of Southern Ocean biota over geological timescales. Here we synthesised and appraised recent studies and presented an approach to demonstrate how genetic data can be effective in identifying where and how Antarctic benthic fauna survived glacial periods. We first examined the geological and ecological evidence for how glacial periods influenced past species demography in order to provide testable frameworks for future studies. We outlined past ice-free areas from Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions that could serve as glacial refugia and discussed how benthic fauna with pelagic or non-pelagic dispersal strategies moved into and out of glacial refugia. We also reviewed current molecular studies and collated proposed locations of Southern Ocean glacial refugia on the continental shelf around Antarctica, in the deep sea, and around sub-Antarctic islands. Interestingly, the proposed glacial refugia based on molecular data generally do not correspond to the ice-free areas identified by Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions. The potential biases in sampling and in the choice of molecular markers in current literature are discussed, along with the future directions for employing testable frameworks and genomic methods in Southern Ocean molecular studies. Continued data syntheses will elucidate greater understanding of where and how Southern Ocean benthic fauna persisted throughout glacial periods and provide insights into their resilience against climate changes in the future. 相似文献
13.
Karl-Hermann Kock Leonid Pshenichnov Christopher D. Jones Joachim Gröger Rüdiger Riehl 《Polar Biology》2008,31(3):381-393
The most abundant ice fish species observed in catches off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in the last 25–30 years
has been the spiny ice fish Chaenodraco wilsoni Regan 1914. C. wilsoni has been exploited on a commercial scale from the late 1970s to the end of the 1980s off Joinville–D’Urville Islands (CCAMLR
Statistical Subarea 48.1) and in the Cosmonauts and Cooperation Seas and Prydz Bay in the Indian Ocean sector (CCAMLR Statistical
Division 58.4.2). This paper presents new information on biological features and life history characteristics of C. wilsoni, based on research survey collections along the northern Antarctic Peninsula in 2006 and 2007 and samples taken in the commercial
fishery in 1987. Length frequency compositions from the research surveys demonstrated that fish 21–34 cm long predominated
in the catches. Sexual maturity is attained at 24–25 cm. Absolute fecundity and relative fecundity is low (1,000–2,500 eggs;
6–12 eggs). Oocyte diameter varied from 4.0 to 4.9 mm very close to spawning. Spawning at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula
is likely to occur in October–November. Remotely operated vehicle deployments in the northern Weddell Sea demonstrated that
C. wilsoni exhibit parental nest guarding where males protect the eggs. The incubation period is likely to be 8 months long. Fish feed
primarily on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Antarctic Peninsula region and in the Cosmonauts and Cooperation Seas while fish take ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), Pleuragramma antarcticum and myctophids to some extent in other areas. Age determination still awaits validation. Preliminary ageing attempts suggested
a maximum age of about 8–10 years. 相似文献
14.
Grant WS 《Genetica》2005,125(2-3):293-309
Genetic architectures of marine fishes are generally shallow because of the large potential for gene flow in the sea. European
anchovy, however, are unusual among small pelagic fishes in showing large differences among sub-basins and in harbouring two
mtDNA phylogroups (‘A’ & ‘B’), representing 1.1–1.85 million years of separation. Here the mtDNA RFLP dataset of Magoulas
et al. [1996, Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 178–190] is re-examined to assess population models accounting for this subdivided population
structure and to evaluate the zoogeographical origins of the two major phylogroups. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities are
highest in the Ionian Sea and lowest in the Aegean and Black seas. However, this gradient is absent when ‘A’ and ‘B’ haplotypes
are examined separately. Neither the self-sustaining nor the basin population models adequately describe anchovy population
behaviour. Tests for neutrality, mismatch and nested clade analyses are concordant in depicting recent expansions of both
phylogroups. Unimodel mismatch distributions and haplotype coalescences dating to the last (Eemian) interglacial (‘B’) and
the Weichselian pleniglacial period (‘A’) indicate separate colonizations of the Mediterranean Basin. Phylogroup ‘A’ is unlikely
to have arisen through continuous long-term isolation in the Black Sea because of climate extremes from displaced subpolar
weather systems during the ice ages. Ancestors of both groups appear to have colonized the Mediterranean from the Atlantic
in the late Pleistocene. Hence, zoogeographic models of anchovy in the Mediterranean must also include the eastern (and possibly
southern) Atlantic. 相似文献
15.
The benthos of a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake, Lake Hoare, contained three distinct signatures of lipophilic pigments. Cyanobacterial mats found in the moat at the periphery of the lake were dominated by the carotenoid myxoxanthophyll; carotenoids: chlorophyll a ratios in this high light environment ranged from 3 to 6.8. Chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin, pigments typical of golden-brown algae, were found at 10 to 20 m depths where the benthos is aerobic. Anaerobic benthic sediments at 20 to 30 m depths were characterized by a third pigment signature dominated by a carotenoid, tentatively identified as alloxanthin from planktonic cryptomonads, and by phaeophytin b from senescent green algae. Pigments were not found associated with alternating organic and sediment layers. As microzooplankton grazers are absent from this closed system and transformation rates are reduced at low temperatures, the benthos beneath the lake ice appears to contain a record of past phytoplankton blooms undergoing decay. 相似文献
16.
The river types in Wallonia (Belgium) were defined according to the system B of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD)
taking into account obligatory and optional factors synthesized in three criteria: ‘size’, ‘slope’ and ‘natural region’. Under
the hypothesis that benthic invertebrate assemblages would be specialized according to river type, a set of 627 faunal samples
originating from an 11-year sampling period was tested to characterize river types with faunal assemblages.
A multivariate approach led to gather 23 river types into seven groups exhibiting similar faunal assemblages.
Using biocenotic metrics based on benthic invertebrate assemblages (e.g., the French standard IBGN), type-specific reference
conditions and ecological status class limits were defined for each ‘natural’ river type group. Ecological potential was defined
for heavily modified and for artificial (i.e., man-made canals) types.
An ‘ecological status’ evaluation strategy was therefore developed and applied in the southern – and more natural – part of
Wallonia, where many reference sites were available. In the northern part of Wallonia (i.e., the ‘Loess region’) where no
high quality site was available, the expert judgement took a larger part in the definition of the reference conditions and
of the ecological status class limits, in addition to the calculations. Two independent distribution gradients of taxa assemblages
resulted from multivariate ordination: a first ‘saprobity axis’, as the taxa-sensitivity to organic contamination was increasing
from ‘very resistant’ taxa (mainly located in the ‘Loess region’) to ‘sensitive’ and ‘very sensitive’ taxa (from the river
types belonging to the Condroz, the Famenne, the Arden and the Jurassic regions) and a second axis characterizing the Meuse-specific
faunal assemblage, gathering exotic species and typical limnophilous taxa of large heavily modified rivers. The ecological
status monitoring management system developed in this study – i.e., the definition of faunal river type groups, related reference
conditions and ecological status class limits – represents a proposal to be integrated in the ecological status assessment
of biological elements for the implementation of the WFD and was tested in Wallonia. For the period 2000–2002 involving 349
different sites, the element ‘benthic invertebrate fauna’ was in that way classified ‘high status’ for 31.5% of sites, ‘good
status’ for 31.5% and below ‘good status’ for 37% of sites. The best ecological status (i.e., 100% ‘high’ and ‘good’ status)
was found in river type ‘Arden’s xenotrophic brooks with strong slope’ and in river types 8large rivers with medium slope’.
The worst status was found in river types ‘Loess brooks and rivers with medium slope’. 相似文献
17.
Enrique Isla Dieter Gerdes Albert Palanques Núria Teixidó Wolf Arntz Pere Puig 《Polar Biology》2006,29(4):249-256
Downward particle fluxes measured by means of sediment traps to a shallow semi-closed bay (Johnson’s Dock, Livingston Island)
and to a deep basin in the western Bransfield Strait (Antarctic Peninsula) showed the important role of glaciers as sediment
carriers and suppliers to the ocean in a continent without major rivers such as Antarctica. The trap moored in Johnson’s Dock
collected coarse sediment (>1 mm mesh) not observed in the offshore traps, which mainly received fine sediment and faecal
pellets. The annual total mass flux (TMF) to the coastal zone (15 m) was 900- and three times that to mid-depth (500 m) and
near-bottom (1,000 m) traps, respectively. The fine sediment flux was especially important due to its biogenic particle contents.
Despite the differences in TMF to the coastal zone and near the bottom in the deep basin, the organic carbon (OC) flux was
similar in both environments (16 and 18 g m−2, respectively), whereas biogenic silica (BSi) flux increased three times with depth (75 and 201 g m−2, respectively). These fluxes imply that an important part of the particulate organic matter deposited in the coastal zone
is advected basinward within the fine-particle flux. Thus, benthos in deep areas depends largely on the lateral transport
of biogenic material produced in shallow environments near the coast. It is also proposed that the disintegration of Antarctic
ice shelves and the consequent increment of ice calving may produce local devastations of ecological importance not only on
the shallow but also on the rich Antarctic deep-sea benthic communities due to an increment of iceberg scouring and reduction
of the organic matter supply. 相似文献
18.
Currently, the impact of declining seasonal sea ice extent in the Arctic on polar food webs remains uncertain. Previously,
a range of proxy techniques has been employed to determine links between sea ice or phytoplankton primary production and the
Arctic marine food web, although it is accepted that such approaches have their limitations. Here, we propose a novel approach
to tracing sea ice primary production through Arctic food webs using the sea ice diatom biomarker, IP25. Various benthic macrofaunal specimens were collected between March and May 2008 from Franklin Bay in the Amundsen Gulf,
Arctic Canada, as part of the International Polar Year–Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study. Each specimen was analysed for
the presence of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 in order to provide evidence for feeding by benthic organisms on sea ice algae. IP25 was found in nineteen out of the twenty-one specimens analysed, often as the most abundant of the highly branched isoprenoid
biomarkers detected. The stable isotope composition of IP25 (δ13C = −17.1 ± 0.5‰) in the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus sp.) specimens was similar to that reported previously for this biomarker in Arctic sea ice, sedimenting particles and sediments.
It is concluded that detection of IP25 in Arctic benthic macrofauna represents a novel approach to providing convincing evidence for feeding on sea ice algae. It
is also proposed that analysis of IP25 may be used to trace trophic transfer of sea ice algal-derived organic matter through Arctic food webs in the future. 相似文献
19.
Stephen C. Jewett Lisa M. Clough Arny L. Blanchard William G. Ambrose Howard M. Feder Max K. Hoberg Alex V. Whiting 《Polar Biology》2009,32(11):1665-1680
Macrobenthos of the shallow (<10 m) nearshore marine waters of northern Kotzebue Sound was examined in 2002–2004 to (1) determine
nearshore community structure and (2) assess the influence of sewage disposal. A variable number of benthic stations were
sampled during three summers, with extensive effort at the disposal zone in 2003. The benthic community structure is similar
to other nearshore Arctic locations, and was similar to a previous benthic study done in 1986–1987. The potential of sewage
impact was assessed at the request of the community, because sewage is occasionally discharged into the Sound, in volumes
of up to 38 million liters, typically through the ice in early spring. Only minimal effects of disposal on the benthos were
evident and the effects could not be separated from the impacts of low salinity and relatively high water pigments. Low diversity
(H′) and species richness (d) and high biomass characterized stations in the sewage area. Parameters often associated with extreme sewage pollution, particularly
hypoxic and/or anoxic conditions and high abundance of opportunistic taxa, were not observed. Local traditional ecological
knowledge was solicited throughout the study, and was used to help define the area potentially affected by sewage disposal. 相似文献
20.
B. I. Sirenko 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2009,35(6):445-453
A comparison of the benthic macrofaunas of the Laptev and Weddell seas revealed considerable differences in the species composition
of the Arctic and Antarctic shelf faunas. In the Arctic, the infauna has the highest species diversity and plays the main
role in the benthic communities, whereas in the Antarctic the epifauna predominates. The main reasons for these essential
differences are (1) the different sediment composition at the time of formation of cold-water faunas, (2) the different productivity
of the ecosystems, (3) the different extent of exchange with the adjacent oceans, and (4) the different history of the origin
of both faunas. 相似文献