打浆中木聚糖酶处理对未漂硫酸盐桉木浆打浆性能的影响

为了提高Streptomyces griseorubens LH-3木聚糖酶的酶促打浆效果,我们分别研究了在打浆前和打浆中添加酶的酶促打浆工艺。打浆前加酶处理未漂硫酸盐桉木浆,酶剂量达到20 IU/g dry pulp时,打浆度增幅达到最大值,打浆度提高16.2%。打浆前酶处理未漂硫酸盐桉木浆,打浆至560SR打浆度,与对照实验比节约打浆能耗约12.5%。打浆中酶处理未漂硫酸盐桉木浆,酶剂量达到30 IU/g dry pulp时,打浆度增幅达到最大值,打浆度提高25.5%。打浆中LH-3木聚糖酶处理未漂硫酸盐桉木浆,打浆至570SR打浆度,与对照实验比节约打浆能耗约18.8%。实验表明,Streptomyces griseorubens LH-3木聚糖酶酶促打浆能有效提高纸浆的打浆性能,明显降低打浆能耗,同时发现在打浆中加酶比在打浆前加酶会取得更好的打浆效果,开发了一种高效的酶促打浆工艺。     

制取微晶纤维素的野生植物原料

微晶纤维素是一种新型的纤维素衍生物,其产品广泛应用于医药、食品、化妆品及轻化工等领域。目前生产该产品多以栽培植物如棉花、稻秆、麦秸或木浆等为原料,从开发植物资源、降低生产成本的角度,不妨以野生植物原料代替栽培植物。文中介绍一种制取微晶纤维素的野生植物—苔草。     

扫描电镜技术在微晶纤维素的吸附性能研究中的应用

本文介绍了８１２树脂包埋微晶纤维素（ＭＣＣ）然后进行台面腐蚀的扫描电镜样品制备的方法，此方法制备了ＭＣＣ样品可在扫描电镜下观察到其内部的微观变化，是进行微晶纤维素吸附性能研究的理想方法。     

纤维二糖抑制外切纤维素酶水解作用机理的分析

纤维二糖是纤维素分子的结构单元, 也是纤维素酶水解纤维素时的主要产物. 它能强烈抑制纤维素酶的水解作用, 但并不影响酶对纤维素的吸附. 红外、荧光、圆二色谱分析表明, 纤维二糖可结合在外切纤维素酶活性部位附近的色氨酸残基上形成“位阻效应”, 从而阻止纤维素分子链进入活性中心. 同时, 结合纤维二糖后, 外切纤维素酶分子构象发生了较大变化, 致使吸附纤维素后不能导致微纤维的分离, 为“无效吸附”.     

棉花纤维发育关键酶对氮素的响应及其与纤维比强度形成的关系

大田栽培条件下,于2005～2006年在江苏南京（118°50′E,32°02′N,长江流域下游棉区）以美棉33B（平均比强度32cN／tex）和科棉1号（平均比强度35cN／tex）2个品种为材料,进行氮素水平（O（零氮）,240（适氮）和480kgN／hm^2（高氮））实验,研究棉花纤维发育关键酶（蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）活性变化特征对氮素的响应及其与纤维比强度形成的关系．结果表明,棉纤维发育关键酶活性及其基因表达强度均受氮素影响,并影响棉纤维素的累积特征及纤维比强度的形成．蔗糖合成酶活性随铃龄增加呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在铃龄31天,其基因表达强度在7～21天维持较高水平;氮素水平间比较,以240kgN／hm^2处理的蔗糖合成酶活性及其基因表达强度最高,酶活性高表达持续时间长．β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性随铃龄增加呈下降趋势,其基因表达在铃龄7～24天间呈单峰曲线,铃龄18天时达到峰值;氮素水平间比较,以240kgN／hm^2处理的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性最高,其基因表达量在纤维发育前期（铃龄9～12天）较低,之后大幅增加且稳定表达．240kgN／hm^2下棉纤维发育关键酶的上述变化促进纤维素累积持续期长且整个纤维发育过程中纤维素累积速率平缓,最终形成纤维比强度较高。     

氮素对不同开花期棉铃纤维比强度形成的生理基础的影响

于2005年在江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)和徐州(黄河流域黄淮棉区)棉田设置不同氮素水平(零氮：0 kg N·hm^-2,适氮：240 kg N·hm^-2,高氮：480 kg N·hm^-2)试验,研究氮素对不同开花期棉铃(伏前桃、伏桃和秋桃)纤维比强度形成生理基础的影响.结果表明：与适氮处理相比,零氮处理显著降低了棉铃对位叶氮浓度,增加了C/N,影响程度随开花期的推迟而加大,导致伏桃、秋桃对位叶制造和运输光合产物的能力在棉铃发育中后期大幅度下降,棉纤维的相对生长速率以及纤维发育关键酶蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性降低,纤维素快速累积持续期缩短,纤维比强度显著降低;高氮处理显著增加了棉铃对位叶氮浓度,降低了C/N,影响程度随开花期的推迟而降低,其降低了伏前桃、伏桃发育过程中光合产物向纤维分配的比例、棉铃发育前中期的纤维发育关键酶活性及纤维素累积速率,导致其纤维比强度亦显著降低.综合分析认为,适宜的施氮量可以协调棉花的“源库”关系,有利于促进不同开花期棉铃高纤维比强度的形成.与适氮处理相比,零氮处理的伏前桃、伏桃和秋桃纤维比强度分别降低了1.8%、5.8%和13.0%,高氮处理则分别降低了8.2%、7.4%和-2.4%.     

裂褶菌纤维二糖脱氢酶吸附纤维素性质

纤维二糖脱氢酶（ＣＤＨ）可以吸附棉花、微晶纤维素和酸处理纤维素,４ｍｉｎ便都达到平衡。与纤维素酶明显不同,该酶的Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ吸附曲线都是一条直线,为典型的单结合位点模型（ｏｎｅ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎｇ－ｓｉｔｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ）。观察到ｐＨ值、温度、乙二醇和ＮａＣｌ对ＣＤＨ吸附微昌纤维素有影响,并进行了讨论。     

降解纤维素的“超分子机器”研究进展

综述了目前关于纤维小体组装模式、纤维小体结构多样性及人工设计纤维小体等方面的研究进展.纤维小体是某些厌氧菌产生的由多个亚基共同组装而成的大分子机器,是致力于组织、协调多种酶组分协同高效催化降解木质纤维素的胞外蛋白质复合体.纤维小体是厌氧微生物水解纤维素的主体,具有非常高效的打破结晶纤维素的结晶结构和降解纤维素链的作用.纤维小体对木质纤维素降解的高效性来自于其自发组装而成的复杂的高级结构,其结构的复杂性因不同的厌氧微生物而有所不同.     

纤维充填技术的超微结构研究

采用聚乙二醇包埋技术,制备出了由纤维充填的漂白硫酸盐阔叶木浆(LBKP)、漂白化学热磨机械浆(BCTMP)、杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆(APMP)3种浆料纤维扫描电镜样品,并观察和分析了碳酸钙颗粒在纤维细胞的壁、腔和间隙中的分布情况,结果表明,通过氢氧化钙和二氧化碳反应生成碳酸钙的充填技术,有利于改善3种浆料的成纸强度.     

生孢噬纤维细菌的滤纸纤维素的降解过程研究

生孢噬纤维细菌(Sporocytophaga)是能够降解纤维素的滑动细菌,它可将滤纸和棉花纤维素完全降解;但其可测得的纤维素酶活性极低。为研究其纤维素降解机制,本文采用扫描电子显微镜观察了一株生孢噬纤维细菌(Sporocytophaga sp.) JL01对滤纸纤维素的降解过程,分析了在此过程中滤纸纤维素的降解与菌体形态变化之间的关系。结果表明：生孢噬纤维细菌在纤维素降解过程中,形成长度为2.5μm～4.0μm可弯曲的细长杆状细胞,该细长杆状细胞通过与纤维素分子的吸附或嵌入纤维素中完成对纤维素的降解;在降解后期,杆状细胞转化为直径约为0.6μm的小孢囊休眠细胞。     

Micromechanical understanding of the cell-wall structure

For improving properties of pulp fibres, a better understanding of the relationships between its macroscopic mechanical properties, fibre ultrastructure, and properties of the wood polymers is important. This paper discusses such relations between elastic properties of fibres, their matrix structure and the wood polymer elastic constants. It is argued that an orientation of all of the wood polymers in the direction of the cellulose microfibrils is most likely. The elastic longitudinal modulus of cellulose is well described by the value of 134 GPa dominating the longitudinal fibre properties. In the transverse direction the amorphous polymers play a more important role.     

与杨树木材密度、纤维性状相关的SSR分子标记

通过对美洲黑杨 (Populusdeltoides)×青杨 (P .cathayana)的 68个F2 、双亲及其 4个F1无性系田间随机区组设计 ,5次重复 ,分析了与木材材性有关的木材密度、纤维长、纤维宽以及微纤丝角等性状。结果表明 :纤维长有明显的杂种优势 ,控制该性状表现的基因之间具有正效应的互作 ;控制木材基本密度的基因之间具有负效应的互作。结合SSR分子标记结果 ,采用单因素方差分析法进行标记与性状的相关分析 ,共找到与木材密度、纤维长、纤维宽以及微纤丝角相关联的标记分别为 5、7、4、2个 ;青杨在这 4个材性性状方面也具有对性状起贡献的标记 ,如与木材密度相关的PMGC2 873 1(贡献率 4 88% )标记 ,与纤维长相关的PMGC456 3 (贡献率 2 2 96% )、PMGC2 70 2 2 (贡献率9 17% )标记 ,与纤维宽相关的PMGC2 40 8 1(贡献率 7 18% )标记 ,与微纤丝角相关PMGC2 52 5 1(贡献率 16 59% )标记 ,在育种中如果能正确加以利用 ,也可起到一定的材性改良作用     

Water interaction in paper cellulose fibres as investigated by NMR pulsed field gradient

In this paper, water diffusion coefficients were measured using NMR pulsed field gradient, on a variety of paper materials made from predominantly cellulose fibre and nanofibres, derived from wood, with different dimensions, internal porosity, and chemical composition. The moisture content ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 g of water/g of dry fibre. Diffusion measurements were made both in the plane and through the thickness of the sheet. All data was generally well fitted by a simple two component diffusion model. For moisture contents less than 0.55 and 0.85 g/g for measurements in the plane and through the thickness, respectively, it was found that both diffusion components increased approximately linearly with moisture content, with the faster diffusion coefficient being approximately five times larger than the smaller. The water appeared, within errors, to be evenly split between two components. The measured diffusion coefficients were not affected by fibre dimensions, internal structure or chemical composition, but were consistently higher when measured in the plane.     

Postponed sowing does not alter the fibre/wood ratio or fibre extractability of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa)

Because hemp is a short-day plant, postponing the sowing date might be a suitable strategy to obtain shorter and smaller plants around flowering, when primary fibres are 'ripe' enough to be harvested. Smaller plants can be processed on existing flax scutching and hackling lines and might have fibre characteristics that are desirable for producing high-quality 'long fibres' for yarn spinning.
It was investigated whether sowing beyond the normal sowing period in the Netherlands affects the ratio in which fibres and wood are produced, and what proportion of these fibres are long fibres, suitable for long fibre spinning. About 400 stem samples were fractioned into retting losses, wood, tow, and long fibre, and the ratios between fractions were analysed using multiple linear regression analyses.
A normal sowing date at the end of April was compared with a postponed sowing date at the end of May. The total fibre/wood ratio was not affected. More than 95% of the variance in total fibre was accounted for by the wood weight per stem (55.5%), the variety (+33.3%) and the stem part (+6.5%). The amount of long fibre per stem mainly depended on the amount of the total fibre per stem (95.4% variance was accounted for) and the stem part (+2.0%).
For economic reasons, it could be interesting to grow two successive high-quality hemp crops in one growing season. Therefore, in an additional experiment with one variety, the effect of sowing fibre hemp up to 12 weeks later than normal on the quantity and quality of the fibres was studied. Postponing the sowing date up to 12 weeks had no important effects on retting losses, the total fibre/wood ratio, and the long fibre/total fibre ratio. It is therefore technically possible to grow two successive hemp crops. Whether this fits well in farming systems and a hemp production chain remains to be studied.     

Short-term effects of nitrogen availability on wood formation and fibre properties in hybrid poplar

The application of nitrogen-containing fertilisers is one approach used to increase growth rates and productivity of forest tree plantations. However, the effects of nitrogen fertilisation on wood properties have not been systematically assessed. The aim of this work was to document the impacts of nitrogen fertilisation on wood formation and secondary xylem fibre properties. We used three fertilisation treatments in which the level of ammonium nitrate was adjusted to 0, 1 and 10 mM in a complete nutrient solution applied daily over a period of 28 days in standardised greenhouse experiments with clonal material of Populus trichocarpa (Torr and Gray) × deltoides (Bartr. ex Marsh). We showed that there was a short-term and repeatable response in which xylem fibre morphology and secondary cell wall structure adapt to a shift in N availability. Under high-nitrogen exposure, xylem fibres were 17% wider and 18% shorter compared to the adequate nitrogen treatment. A very significant thickening of the fibre cell walls was also observed throughout the stem of trees receiving the high-N treatment. It appeared that cell wall structure was greatly affected by the high-N treatment as fibres developed a modified inner cell wall layer. Histological observations indicated that the internal cell wall layer was enriched in cellulose and chemical determinations showed that wood contained more holocellulose. Together, these results indicate that the response of poplar to nitrogen availability may involve marked effects on secondary xylem formation.     

Sowing density and harvest time affect fibre content in hemp (Cannabis sativa) through their effects on stem weight

Sowing density and harvest time are considered important crop management factors influencing fibre quantity and quality in hemp (Cannabis sativa). We investigated whether the effects of these factors are essentially different or that both factors affect stem weight and thereby total and long‐fibre content. The effects of all combinations of three sowing densities and three harvest times were studied for six different stem parts. Almost 500 samples consisting of stem parts from 50 plants and with a length of 50 cm were tested. Fibres were extracted by a controlled warm‐water retting procedure, followed by breaking and scutching. The initial sample weight was fractionated into retting losses, wood, tow and long fibre. In both Italy and the Netherlands, crops were successfully established with different stem densities (99–283 m^?2), plant heights (146–211 cm) and stem diameters (4.5–8.4 mm) at harvest. Stem dry matter yields (6.8–11.7 Mg ha^?1) increased with a delay in harvest time but were not affected by sowing density. Retting loss percentages were lower in lower stem parts and decreased with later harvest because maturation was associated with increasing amounts of fibre and wood. Within a certain stem part, however, the absolute retting losses were constant with harvest time. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the amount of fibre in a hemp stem is almost completely determined by the weight and the position of that stem part. When the plant grows, the increase in dry matter is split up into fibres and wood in a fixed way. This total fibre/wood ratio was highest in the middle part of the stem and lower towards both bottom and top. Sowing density and harvest time effects were indirect through stem weight. The long‐fibre weight per stem increased with the total fibre weight and hence with stem weight. Stem weight increased with harvest time; as harvest time did not affect plant density, the highest long‐fibre yields were obtained at the last harvest time. The long fibre/total fibre ratio was lowest in the bottom 5 cm of the stems but similar for all other parts. Sowing density and harvest time effects again were indirect. Fibre percentages in retted hemp decreased with increasing stem weights towards a level that is presumably a variety characteristic. The dry matter increase between harvests, however, is much more important with respect to total and long‐fibre yield.     

Assessment of flax and hemp fibres in terms of their impact on the growth performance and health status of weaned piglets

Weaning is a critical phase in intensive piglet production marked by the frequent occurrence of digestive disorders posing health and economic burden. To stave off such weaning-related problems, antibiotics and supplements containing high levels of ZnO are often used. In this study, we investigated whether natural fibres obtained from two plants known for their dietary fibre profile and antioxidant properties: flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), can serve as a health-promoting diet supplement. The study was conducted on a total of 191 Polish Large White piglets from 18 L, from their birth to 56 days of age. Piglets were divided by litters into six groups: W1.5, F1.5, H1.5, W2.0, F2.0, and H2.0. Groups W1.5, F1.5, and H1.5 received feed supplemented with 1.5% fibre from wood cellulose (W), flax (F), and hemp (H), respectively, while groups W2.0, F2.0, and H2.0 received feed with a higher 2.0% content of the same fibres. Flax and hemp fibres were characterised by a complex composition, antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic acids, and low risk of mycotoxin contamination. Flax fibre resulted in best weight gains and feed conversion ratio (P ≤ 0.05) of piglets, while hemp fibre had higher positive effect on antioxidant status (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the other two fibre additives. Neither flax nor hemp fibres had any adverse effect on the haematological and biochemical blood parameters. Piglets receiving a diet with 1.5% added fibre showed better growth performance, while diet supplementation with 2% fibre had a beneficial effect on the content of butyric acid in the small intestinal chyme (P ≤ 0.05). The results suggested that both flax and hemp fibres can be innovative feed additives for weaned piglets. However, further studies should be conducted in commercial farms, as the effects of dietary fibre could vary in more challenging environmental conditions.     

On the Lamellar Structure of the Tracheid Cell Wall

Abstract: It is clear that cross sections of wood cells show a lamellar structure. This paper investigates the orientation of this lamellar structure of spruce (Picea abies) tracheids using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cross sections of spruce wood were produced through fracturing in longitudinal bending and tensile testing. When investigated with SEM, the fracture surfaces show a structure of mostly larger radial lamellae, in the order of 30 - 100 nm, i.e., agglomerations of a few cellulose aggregates. Thin transverse sections of the fracture zones investigated with atomic force microscopy show concentric lamellae with a width in the order of a single cellulose aggregate, i.e., 15 - 25 nm. No structural connection to the splinters in the radial direction can be seen. It is suggested that the radial lamellar structure is a consequence of the energy released during fracturing of the wood samples and that the undistorted wood has a concentric lamellar structure on a smaller structural level.     

Enhanced cellulose degradation using cellulase-nanosphere complexes

Enzyme catalyzed conversion of plant biomass to sugars is an inherently inefficient process, and one of the major factors limiting economical biofuel production. This is due to the physical barrier presented by polymers in plant cell walls, including semi-crystalline cellulose, to soluble enzyme accessibility. In contrast to the enzymes currently used in industry, bacterial cellulosomes organize cellulases and other proteins in a scaffold structure, and are highly efficient in degrading cellulose. To mimic this clustered assembly of enzymes, we conjugated cellulase obtained from Trichoderma viride to polystyrene nanospheres (cellulase:NS) and tested the hydrolytic activity of this complex on cellulose substrates from purified and natural sources. Cellulase:NS and free cellulase were equally active on soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); however, the complexed enzyme displayed a higher affinity in its action on microcrystalline cellulose. Similarly, we found that the cellulase:NS complex was more efficient in degrading natural cellulose structures in the thickened walls of cultured wood cells. These results suggest that nanoparticle-bound enzymes can improve catalytic efficiency on physically intractable substrates. We discuss the potential for further enhancement of cellulose degradation by physically clustering combinations of different glycosyl hydrolase enzymes, and applications for using cellulase:NS complexes in biofuel production.     

杀线虫天然产物Chaetoglobosin A合成的表观遗传调控证据

通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)、高分辨率质谱(HRMS)和~H和~(13)C核磁共振(NMR)证明1株球毛壳菌Chaetomiumglobosum NKl02产生的杀根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)成分为球毛壳甲素(Chaetoglobosin A)。C.globosum NK102能够利用微晶纤维素、杨树叶和木屑合成ChA。在12 d发酵液中,3种培养基获得的ChA产量由高到低的顺序为PDA、杨树叶、微晶纤维素和木屑,产量分别为26.49、9.38、4.47和0.47 mg/L。通过在微晶纤维素培养基中添加表观遗传沉默抑制药物表明:100μmol/L 5′-AZA的添加使得ChA的产量提高至原来的3.6倍,100μmol/L SAHA将ChA的产量提高到原来的2.4倍,DMSO使得ChA的产量提高到原来的1.7倍。这个结果预示ChA的合成的某些基因受到表观遗传调控。