氯沙坦对肾血管性高血压大鼠血清中血管紧张素Ⅱ-1受体自身抗体产生的影响

目的和方法：采用两肾一夹型肾血管性高血压（RVH）模型,以合成的大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ－1受体（AT1R）细胞外第二环165－191位氨基酸序列作为特异性抗原,用ELISA法检测大鼠血清中血管紧张素Ⅱ－1受体自身抗体,动态观察（13周）氯沙坦（术后第2周开始,5mg/kg dig,连续12周）治疗对模型大鼠AT1R自身抗体产生的影响。结果：RVH组大鼠血清中AT1R自身抗体从术后1周起阳性率、滴度逐渐升高;给予氯沙坦治疗不仅可抑制模型大鼠心脏功能和结构的改变,而且使血清AT1R自身抗体的阳性率和滴度明显低于肾血管性高血压组。结论：氯沙坦有抑制AT1R自身抗体产生而达到降压的作用。     

四种不同高血压大鼠模型形成过程中血清抗AT1A受体自身抗体的检测

本实验采用不同的方法复制两肾-夹（two-kidney one-cliprenal hypertensive,2K1C）、神经性、DOCA-盐高血压和自发性高血压大鼠模型,观察AT1A受体自身抗体（AT1A-receptorautoantibodies,AT1A-AAs）在不同高血压发病的变化规律,同时对自身抗体生物活性进行分析。实验结果表明,在高血压发病过程中AT1A-AAs的阳性率和滴度均明显增加,在四种模型中,自发性高血压组最明显,2K1C和神经性组次之。AT1A-AAs的生物活性显示,可增加培养的新生鼠心肌细胞跳动频率和血管收缩张力。结果提示,自身免疫机制参与了高血压的形成,AT1A-AAs可能与心肌肥厚有关。     

大鼠源性AT1受体自身抗体的制备

目的:探讨大鼠源性的血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(Angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1受体)多肽免疫大鼠能否产生AT1受体自身抗体(autoantibodies against the angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1-AA),AT1-AA对自身组织的损伤作用.方法:22只雄性SD大鼠随机分为二组,免疫组16只,对照组6只.AT1受体细胞外第二环合成肽与载体血蓝蛋白偶联后再混合佐荆制备免疫液免疫大鼠,每隔3周加强免疫一次;对照组实行"假性免疫",但"免疫液"中不含有AT1受体细胞外第二环合成多肽.ELISA法检测血清AT1受体自身抗体;观察肾脏、心脏、肝脏和腹主动脉组织光镜和肾脏组织电镜的病理变化;生物机能实验鉴定AT1受体自身抗体;试验期15周.结果:免疫组大鼠于第3次加强免疫后出现AT1受体自身抗体,第4次加强免疫后抗体滴度进一步升高;免疫组大鼠血清可以增加新生鼠心肌细胞跳动频率;光镜及电镜未观察到明显的心脏、肾脏和肝脏病理改变.结论:大鼠源性AT1受体多肽能够诱导大鼠产生AT1受体自身抗体,此抗体对自身组织的损伤作用不明显.     

抗β1肾上腺素受体自身抗体的致心律失常效应

目的:观察抗β1肾上腺素受体自身抗体(β1AA)在心律失常患者血清中的分布特征并探究该抗体是否具有致心律失常作用。方法:选择临床各型心律失常、冠心病患者和正常健康体检者,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清中β1AA的滴度;提纯抗体阳性患者血清中的IgG抗体,给予正常大鼠,动态监测心电图的变化,观察心律失常发生频率。结果:β1AA在心律失常患者血清中的阳性率为52.8%,明显高于冠心病对照组(24.0%,P<0.01)与正常对照组(5.0%,P<0.01);β1AA可引发正常大鼠发生心律失常,其中以室性心律失常多见。结论:β1AA在心律失常患者血清中的分布呈高阳性率,并可致大鼠发生心律失常。     

大鼠脑穹窿下器官微量注射AngⅡ对肾近球小管Na+,K+-ATPase功能的影响

目的：探讨大鼠穹窿下器官（SFO）对外周肾小管钠泵的调节作用及机制。方法：在SFO分别微量注射血管紧张素II（AngII）,其中氯沙坦（losartan）组先用AngII的1型受体（AT1）拮抗剂losartan预处理后再注射AngII 放免法检测血清中内源性洋地黄样物质（EDLS）的水平和血浆AngII水平 微分离大鼠肾脏单根近球小管,液闪法测定小管管周膜钠泵活性。结果：①SFO注射AngII后,血清中EDLS在15 min开始升高,约60 min达高峰 ②肾近球小管钠泵活性在SFO注射AngII后30 min和60 min都显著下降 ③用losartan预处理SFO后,再注射AngII,血清EDLS水平升高和小管钠泵活性下降的效应被显著削弱。结论：大鼠SFO注射AngII后,肾近球小管钠泵活性将下降,原因可能与SFO注射AngII后,激动SFO的AT1受体,直接或间接升高血清EDLS水平有关。     

抗β1肾上腺素受体自身抗体的致心律失常效应

目的：观察抗β1肾上腺素受体自身抗体（β1AA）在心律失常患者血清中的分布特征并探究该抗体是否具有致心律失常作用。方法：选择临床各型心律失常、冠心病患者和正常健康体检者,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血清中目从的滴度;提纯抗体阳性患者血清中的IgG抗体,给予正常大鼠,动态监测心电图的变化,观察心律失常发生频率。结果：β1AA在心律失常患者血清中的阳性率为52．8％,明显高于冠心病对照组（24．0％,P〈0．01）与正常对照组（5．0％,P〈0．01）;β1AA可引发正常大鼠发生心律失常,其中以室性心律失常多见。结论：β1从在心律失常患者血清中的分布呈高阳性率,并可致大鼠发生心律失常。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体自身抗体致心血管损伤的研究进展

近年来的研究表明,异常的自身免疫应答是导致心血管疾病的重要因素之一。Wallukat等首次观察到先兆子痫患者血清中存在高阳性率、高滴度的血管紧张素受体Ⅱ1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R)自身抗体(AT1R autoantibody,AT1R-AA),该抗体可通过激活AT1R发挥类激动剂样的作用进而导致心肌和血管损伤,由此参与了多种心血管疾病的发生和发展。本文简要综述了近年来有关AT1R-AA的发现、心血管损伤作用及机制以及今后的临床应用前景的研究进展。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体通过激活心肌成纤维细胞参与心肌纤维化

心肌纤维化(myocardial fibrosis,MF)是造成心衰患者心脏重构的重要病理过程,但其病因并不完全清楚。已知血管紧张素II-1型受体自身抗体(angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody,AT1-AA)存在于心衰患者体内,但该抗体能否直接导致MF尚不明确。本文旨在探讨AT1-AA致MF的作用及其对心肌成纤维细胞(cardiac fibroblasts,CFs)的影响。通过主动免疫法建立AT1-AA阳性大鼠模型,于主动免疫8周时检测各指标,小动物心脏超声结果显示,AT1-AA阳性组大鼠心脏舒缩功能下降,心腔扩大、室壁变薄;HE染色结果显示,AT1-AA阳性组大鼠心肌纤维走向紊乱,有断裂现象;Masson染色结果显示,AT1-AA阳性组大鼠心肌间质和血管周围的胶原纤维沉积明显增多(P0.05);血压测量结果显示,AT1-AA不会引起大鼠的血压和心率变化。AT1-AA作用于分离培养的原代乳鼠CFs 48 h后,用CCK-8法和免疫荧光法检测CFs增殖情况,结果显示,AT1-AA可显著促进CFs增殖(P0.001);Western blot结果显示AT1-AA显著促进CFs中胶原蛋白I(collagen I,Col I)、Col III、基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)和MMP-9的表达(P0.05)。以上结果提示,AT1-AA可能通过激活大鼠CFs导致MF,进而导致心功能下降。     

MAPK信号途径在一氧化氮抑制大鼠心肌肥大中的作用

实验观察了一氧化氮（NO）前体L－精氨酸对肾性高血压大鼠心肌组织eNOS蛋白表达及亚硝酸盐／硝酸盐含量、MKP－1蛋白表达及MAPK活性的影响,以及与心肌肥厚的关系,采用两肾一夹Goldblatt肾性高血压模型,随机分为5组：L－精氨酸高、中、低剂量组,分别于术后第5周给予L－精氨酸50、150及450mg/kg;L－NAME组,腹腔注射L－NAME 10mg/kg,同时给予L－精氨酸150mg/kg;高血压对照组,正常饮水,以及另设的一假手术对照组。用药8周后,用插管法测量大鼠动脉血压、左心室重与体重比值,用胶内原位磷酸化法测MFAPK活性、免疫印迹法检测心肌组织eNOS及MKP－1蛋白表达、酶还原法测定心肌组织亚硝酸盐／硝酸盐－硝酸盐含量。结果表明：（1）L－精氨酸可明显抑制肾动脉狭窄术后的血压升高、左心室重与体重比增加,增加心肌组织eNOS、MKP-1蛋白表达及亚硝酸盐－硝酸盐含量,降低心肌组织MAPK活性,其中以150mg/kg组作用最为明显;（2）NOS抑制剂L－NAME可明显抑制－精氨酸的以上作用,肾性高血压大鼠心肌组织eNOS蛋白表达下降。NO生成减少及MKP－1蛋白表达下降以及MAPK活性增强可能与高血压及心肌厚形成有关,L－精氨酸通过促进心肌组织eNOS蛋白表达、增加NO产生和MKP－1表达、减弱MAPK活性而发挥抗高血压及心肌肥厚的作用。     

感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠心、肾AT1R的表达

目的对感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠的心肌、肾脏组织中的血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体（AT1R）在mRNA和受体水平的表达进行检测,探讨AT1R与盐敏感性高血压的关系。方法用乳鼠皮下注射辣椒辣素法建立模型。哺乳期后,大鼠被随机分成4组：对照＋正常盐饮食组（CON-NS）;对照＋高盐饮食组（CON-HS）;辣椒辣素＋正常盐饮食组（CAP-NS）;辣椒辣素＋高盐饮食组（CAP-HS）。至7周龄（分组饲养后第4周）处死大鼠,免疫组织化学方法和反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）分别检测大鼠心肌和肾脏AT1R蛋白,以及AT1 R mRNA的表达。结果①Wistar大鼠在给予不同程度的感觉神经损伤和饲料干预后,各组大鼠尾部收缩压均有明显增加,最终CAP-HS组的尾收缩压显著高于其他三组（P〈0.01）。②免疫组织化学结果显示,CAP-HS组组织有显著的AT1R蛋白表达（P〈0.01）;CON-HS组肾脏、心肌组织中AT1R蛋白表达高于CON-NS组（P〈0.05）。③RT-PCR检测基因表达,与对照组CON-NS相比,实验组CAP-HS的AT1R mRNA表达显著升高（P〈0.01）;CON-HS组肾脏、心肌组织中AT1 R mRNA表达有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠心、肾AT1R表达升高,AT1R表达水平的差异可能与盐敏感性高血压的形成有关。     

Changes in Autoantibodies against β1-Adrenoceptor and M2-Muscarinic Receptor during Development of Renovascular Hypertension in Rats

In recent years, autoantibodies to β1-adrenoceptor andM2-muscarinic receptor have been successively discoveredin the sera of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)[1–3] Iwata et al. [4] found that in a similar protocolwith 6-month myocardial hypertrophy, β1-adrenoceptorreceptor desensitization, increased Gi protein and G pro-tein-coupled receptor kinase-5 expression were in associ-ation with myocyte disorganization and interstitial fibrosis.So far, investigation in this field has focu…     

Altered expression of angiotensin AT1a and vasopressin V1a receptors and nitric oxide synthase mRNA in the brain of rats with renovascular hypertension.

Previous studies revealed that the brain angiotensinergic, vasopressinergic and nitrergic systems are involved in regulation of blood pressure and that their function is altered in various forms of hypertension. The purpose of our investigation was to determine whether expression of AT1a angiotensin receptors (AT1aR) mRNA, V1a vasopressin receptors (V1aR) mRNA and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) mRNA is altered in the brain of rats with the renovascular hypertension. Eight male Sprague Dawley (SD 2K,1C) rats were subjected to constriction of the left renal artery in order to produce the renovascular hypertension whereas nine SD rats underwent the sham surgery. In both groups blood pressure was determined before and after the surgery. Four weeks after the surgery the brain fragments were harvested for determination of mRNA expression. Competitive PCR method was applied for relative quantitative analysis of V1aR mRNA, AT1aR mRNA and NOS1 mRNA in the preoptic, diencephalic, mesencephalopontine, medullary and cerebellar fragments of the brain. Blood pressure was significantly higher in the 2K,1C than in the sham operated rats. In the preoptic, mesencephalopontine and medullary regions AT1aR mRNA expression was significantly lower in the 2K,1C rats than in the sham operated rats. The 2K,1C rats manifested also significantly higher expression of V1aR mRNA and NOS1 mRNA in the preoptic brain region in comparison to the sham operated rats. The study provides evidence for significant changes of expression of AT1aR mRNA, V1aR mRNA and NOS1 mRNA in the specific brain regions of rats with the renovascular hypertension.     

Age-related changes of Renin-Angiotensin system genes in white adipose tissue of rats.

The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the regulation of adipocyte growth and differentiation. We studied the influence of age, body weight, total body fat content, anatomical localization, and diet on the expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type 1 (AT 1 )-receptor genes in white adipose tissue of normal and postnatal overfed rats. Relative gene expression was measured in epididymal adipose tissue and liver of control and postnatal overfed (PNO) rats at the age of 4, 8, and 12 weeks using real time RT-PCR. Body fat content was determined by carcass analysis. Body weight and body fat content were only significantly greater in PNO rats when compared to control rats at the age of 4 weeks. At the age of 12 weeks, AGT expression was significantly decreased in both tissues. Furthermore, expression of the AT 1 -receptor gene was significantly decreased in liver but not in adipose tissue at 12 weeks of age. Postnatal overfeeding did not influence the expression levels of either gene at any time-point in either liver or adipose tissue. At the age of 24 weeks, AGT expression was significantly greater in epididymal than in subcutaneous adipose tissue, whereas no site-specific differences could be found for the AT 1 -receptor. We conclude that age and depot-specific mechanisms are of more importance for the expression of AGT and AT 1 -receptor genes during the first 12 weeks of age than a short period of overfeeding.     

Reaction patterns of the myocardial interstitium in different models of cardiac hypertrophy--stereological investigations

Several experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy were investigated in rats: 1. mild hypertrophy induced by physical exercise (18 weeks), 2. mild hypertrophy induced by renovascular hypertension (24 weeks), 3. moderate hypertrophy induced by renovascular hypertension in diabetic and non-diabetic animals (8 weeks), 4. moderate hypertrophy induced by renovascular hypertension in diabetic and non-diabetic animals (12 weeks), 5. moderate hypertrophy induced by thyroxin application (4 weeks), 6. mild hypertrophy in chronic uremia (5/6 nephrectomy, 3 weeks). It is concluded from quantitative stereological parameters of the left ventricular papillary muscles that 1. in hypertrophic hearts myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption, respectively, rather than the size of muscle fibres determine the capillary supply of the myocardium, 2. interstitial fibrosis occurs in hypertrophy induced by chronic pressure overload and depends on degree and duration of hypertension, 3. the extent of interstitial fibrosis in hypertension is magnified by diabetes mellitus, and 4. the interstitial fibrosis which occurs in chronic uremia is not caused by hypertension.     

Cardiac function of the diabetic renovascular hypertensive rat: effects of insulin and thyroid hormone treatment

The influences of hypertension and hypothyroidism on diabetic cardiomyopathy are not clear. We studied this problem further by characterizing the effects of chronic triiodothyronine (T3) treatment on cardiac performance of diabetic renovascular hypertensive (RVH) rats. Hypertension was effected by clipping the left renal artery of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and diabetes was induced 2 weeks later by streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg i.v.). The WKY strain was selected because it is relatively resistant to the cardiodepressant effects of diabetes, so that the influence of superimposed hypertension would be more apparent. Performance of working Krebs-Henseleit buffer perfused hearts was quantified by measuring left ventricular pressure and flow characteristics. The results showed that renovascular clipping caused a marked hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) but had no effect on perfused heart performance after 10 weeks. They also showed that diabetes during the final 8 weeks (i) caused a marked impairment in the performance of perfused hearts ex vivo of hypertensive rats but had no measurable effect in the normotensive WKY, (ii) had no effect on arterial pressure of either the normotensive or the hypertensive rats but reduced heart rate of hypertensive animals in vivo, and (iii) caused equivalent hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hypothyroidism (depressed serum T3 and T4 levels) of hypertensive and normotensive rats. Treatment of diabetic RVH rats with T3 (10 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) in vivo was nearly as effective as insulin therapy (10 U.kg-1.day-1) in preventing the cardiac dysfunction ex vivo and was as effective as insulin therapy in preventing the bradycardia in vivo and the decline loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of autoantibodies to the collagen-like region of C1q in hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome (HUVS) is an apparent autoimmune disorder that resembles SLE. We previously showed that C1q precipitins in HUVS sera are IgG autoantibody to human C1q. We have compared HUVS anti-C1q autoantibody to a similar autoantibody in the serum of some patients with SLE. As with anti-C1q autoantibody in SLE sera, the HUVS autoantibody binds only to the collagen-like region (CLR) of C1q. In both HUVS and SLE, IgG2 is the predominant subclass of IgG autoantibody and IgM autoantibody to C1q is uncommon. In both diseases, anti-C1q autoantibodies bind preferentially to surface-adsorbed C1q or CLR fragments compared to these antigens in solution. Finally, when HUVS or SLE autoantibodies were added to CLR-coated wells already bound, respectively, by SLE or HUVS autoantibodies, no increases in CLR binding were observed, suggesting that HUVS and SLE autoantibodies to C1q bind to the same CLR epitope(s).     

Endogenous angiotensin II enhances atherogenesis in apoprotein E-deficient mice with renovascular hypertension through activation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Renovascular hypertension is one of the most important risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis. However, very little is known about the role of angiotensin II (AII), a key regulator of blood pressure homeostasis, on renovascular hypertension-associated atherogenesis. To study a possible role of AII on atherogenesis, we generated apoE-deficient hypertensive mice with either normal or increased AII production by applying 1-kidney, 1-clip (1K1C) or 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) operation, respectively. Hypertension was successfully achieved in both mice groups, and was persistent for 8 weeks. Atherosclerosis quantification showed a marked increase in lesion area in aortic sinus of 2K1C mice as compared with 1K1C mice, suggesting a potential role of endogenous AII on atherogenesis. In the immunohistochemical analysis, induction of renovascular hypertension with 2K1C for 8 weeks led to an enhanced accumulation of macrophages in the aortic sinus, which was accompanied by a parallel increase in scavenger receptor A (SRA) expression on the macrophages. In in vitro experiments, although treatment of cells with increasing concentrations of AII (0.1 to 10 microM) affects neither SRA expression nor oxLDL uptake by macrophages, conditioned media (CM) derived from AII-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) increased macrophage uptake of oxLDL in association with an enhanced expression of SRA on the macrophages. These findings suggest that the increased generation of AII in renovascular hypertension may initiate and promote atherosclerosis by activation of VSMC.