作物生长温度效应的非线性模型及其比较研究

通过严密的数学证明,发现了前人关于作物生长温度效应非线性模型之间的内在联系,修正了有关学者对模型参数定义的局限性,提出了一个通用的作物生长温度效应非线性模型,本研究还将该模型与笔者最近提出的基于高斯方程的非线性模型进行了比较研究,介绍了应用SAS软件求取两个模型相关参数的方法,并以马铃薯生育期模拟为例进行了实证研究,表明这两个模型均有良好的适用性。     

基于GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区作物生产潜力模拟研究

从YIELD模型的来源、输入文件及基本参数,模型中作物生产力计算各个子模型以及计算流程4个方面作了简单的叙述,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域晋西狼窝沟为例,在地理信息系统（GIS）技术十,应用YILD模型对该流域的作物生产潜力进行了模拟,并从作物类型,地类,耕作措施及气候条件4个方面对影响该流域作物产量的因素进行了分析。结果表明,该模型对不同作物的模拟产量在总体上与实体产量基本相符合,表明模型可以应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的作物产量模拟之中,对于不同地类来说,坝地的土壤水分和以力条件明显高于梯田和坡耕地,因而坝地的模拟产量地高于梯田和坡地,但三者之间的差距没有实测产量显著,耕作措施是提高作物生产力的有效途径,对地膜覆盖,梯田以及施肥等耕作措施的模拟产量表明,这3种耕作措施均能有效的物生产力;其产量提高率均平均在85％以上,其中以施肥对作物的增产作用最大,增产率高达95％,,这与实测产量资料基本一致;气候条件是影响作物生产的直接因素,模拟结果表明模型对降水量和温度等气候条件十分敏感,不同年份降水量和温度的差异将直接导致作物生产力的显著不同。对YIELD模型的模拟结果分析表明,该模型可以有效地应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的作物生产潜力研究。     

利用遥感技术实现作物模拟模型区域应用的研究进展

作物模拟模型从单点发展到区域应用时,模型中一些宏观资料的获取和参数的区域化方面出现困难,利用遥感技术将实现作物模拟模型的区域应用．文中综述了近年来遥感反演作物模型所需的地表生物物理参数的方法、利用遥感信息直接获取生物量的途径和遥感信息与作物模拟模型之间时空匹配问题等方面的研究概况,重点介绍了利用遥感技术实现作物模拟模型区域应用的3种解决方案(强迫型、调控型和验证型)及其研究进展,并讨论了目前存在的问题和今后研究的方向．     

温室中生菜生长动态及生产潜力的模拟模型

以作物生理生态过程为基础,以试验所得的数据为主要作物参数,用Ｃ语言编程,建立了温室生菜生产的模拟模型．根据对周年１１茬生菜进行模拟的结果,作物光温生产潜力比现实生产力高１４．９％,作物的抽苔期精确度达到与实际抽苔期仅差±１天的水平．只需对模型中的部分作物参数进行修改,就可用该模型进行其它叶菜类作物的生长动态模拟和预测．     

作物发育温度非线性效应Beta模型的特征分析

Beta模型在反映温度对作物发育非线性效应方面被广泛采用.为使该函数满足在设定的最适温度下函数值取值最大的条件,得到Beta模型的特殊形式.分析认为,该模型满足温度对作物发育影响的三基点规律、较好地反映发育速率对温度变化的响应特征、温度三基点在模型中应比较明确的3个规范性要求,具有较强的变化特征表达能力,可以近似表达二次函数、高斯函数等函数的变化.分析了Beta模型与积温法计算结果的关系.通过对Beta模型一阶和二阶导数的分析,明确了其变化特征,指出已有研究对参数P生物学意义解释的不妥之处,提出作物发育速度对温度的非线性响应是感温性的本质特征的观点,并从新的视角肯定了参数P在一定程度上可以作为作物感温性强弱的度量.     

作物生产力模型及其应用研究

从农业生态环境的角度论述了作物生产力模型的产生背景,讨论了作物生产力模型发展的幼年期、少年期、青年期和成熟期4个阶段,从科学研究,农业作物管理和农业决策分析等方面论述了作物生产力模型在保护农业生态环境中的作用,讨论了作物生产力模型的不足之处主要为简单的模型的地区适应性不强,而复杂的模型则由于参数的难以获取,且不同研究区域基础数据格式的一致性问题,也导致模型的地区适应性比较弱,因而提出要建立通用,统一的数据格式,以使作物生产力模型在不同地区易于推广应用;最后针对作物生产力模型普遍适应性能比较弱的问题,对作物生产力模型与地理信息系统的结合进行了研究,并综述了目前在作物生产力模型的界面友好化方面的一些工作,提出建立通用的作物生产力模型界面是今后发展的重点所在。     

温室作物生物量积累率二阶差分模型

为了研究温室作物生物量积累的变化过程,本文构建了一类二阶差分模型,该模型具有有界性、单调性与全局渐近稳定性.对实验数据的模拟表明,该模型能很好解释温室黄瓜生物量轨迹运动趋势与干重积累率增长特性,比原有的生长模型拟合效果好.     

两种作物套种生态系统动态模型的建立及分析

本文主要建立小麦、大豆两种作物套种共生生态系统的Volterra方程模型．分析该模型得知,此生态系统是相互竞争的,其自身增长率因环境因素而受抑制,且是全局稳定的．其次计算出该生态系统在平衡状态处受到标准扰动之后,向平衡状态恢复的时间,有利套种作物生长的调控。     

遥感信息应用于区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长模拟的研究进展

第2生产水平(即水分限制条件)下的大范围作物生长动态模拟研究具有十分重要的现实意义.目前,区域尺度上水分限制条件下作物生长模拟存在一定的难度,而遥感信息与作物生长模拟模型的结合,可以为区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长发育模拟及产量估算提供了一条行之有效的途径.本文简要回顾了遥感与作物生长模拟模型结合研究的发展概况,指出了区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长模拟需要解决的问题,并在已有遥感反演土壤水分状况研究的基础上,简述了遥感信息应用于区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长模拟的研究方法,并探讨了当前该领域研究的其他可能途径及需要进一步研究和解决的科学问题.     

土壤干旱胁迫对作物影响的模拟研究进展

用于模拟土壤干旱胁迫对作物影响的模型分为两类,一是水分管理模型,此类模型并不模拟作物的生长发育,但可以用于灌溉管理;二是作物生长模拟模型,这类模型模拟作物生长的主要过程(如叶片生长、生物量的积累与分配等),通常以实际蒸腾与潜在蒸腾的比值估算土壤干旱胁迫对作物光合的影响,近年来发展的耦合模型将植物的碳同化、蒸腾、能量平衡以及气孔行为相耦合,使得土壤干旱胁迫对作物影响的模拟更具机理性。本文从不同模型模拟土壤干旱对作物影响的原理入手,阐述了水分管理模型(FAO水分生产函数模型)、作物生长模型(Aqua Crop模型、CERES-Maize模型、WOFOST模型、EPICphase模型、耦合模型)等具有代表性模型是如何模拟土壤干旱胁迫对作物生长发育和(或)产量影响的,提出了作物模型模拟土壤干旱胁迫影响时应着力解决的问题:完善干旱对作物物候的影响模拟;考虑花期不遇对作物产量影响的模拟;考虑后续持续影响的模拟机制;发展更加基于物理和生理过程的模型。提出:作物模型的发展还需要多领域如模型程序员、田间试验、植物生理学家的相互协同与发展,田间试验研究是作物模型发展不可或缺的数据来源与坚实基础。     

Recurrent and synchronous insect pest outbreaks in forests

A minimal model for the interactions of trees, insects, and their enemies suggests a simple formula for splitting all forests where insect outbreaks can occur into two categories: where outbreaks are periodic and endogenously generated and where outbreaks are triggered by exogenous factors and are, in general, recurrent but aperiodic. The formula is in full agreement with all field studies in which various phenomena triggering insect outbreaks have been identified. The observed consequences of introductions and removals of insects are also well predicted by the minimal model. But, even more surprisingly, the model allows a simple and explicit condition for the synchronization of outbreaks in spatially extended forests to be derived analytically. This condition is, in general, satisfied when the insect is a so-called pest, that is, when the outbreaks are extreme. The model also predicts the possibility of traveling waves of insect outbreaks.     

Aerodynamic Interactions Between Wing and Body of a Model Insect in Forward Flight and Maneuvers

The aerodynamic interactions between the body and the wings of a model insect in forward flight and maneuvers are studied using the method of numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations over moving overset grids. Three cases are considered, including a complete insect, wing pair only and body only. By comparing the results of these cases, the interaction effect between the body and the wing pair can be identified. The changes in the force and moment coefficients of the wing pair due to the presence of the body are less than 4.5% of the mean vertical force coefficient of the model insect; the changes in the aerodynamic force coefficients of the body due to the presence of the wings are less than 5.0% of the mean vertical force coefficient of the model insect. The results of this paper indicate that in studying the aerodynamics and flight dynamics of a flapping insect in forward flight or maneuver, separately computing (or measuring) the aerodynamic forces and moments on the wing pair and on the body could be a good approximation.     

昆虫多状态发育的生存分析

针对昆虫种群变态发育过程,本文给出了一个多状态生存函数的模型。使用生存分析的方法对模型进行丁分析。本文还对有关的生存参数如各状态的死亡风险,发育风险,年龄特征死亡率,年龄特征发育率以及状态发育历期等进行了讨论并且给出了它们的极大似然估计值。关于马铃薯块茎蛾数值例子的分析表明所提出的摸型用来描述昆虫种群的发育过程是有效的。本文的结论可以做为组建描述昆虫种群多状发育的年龄一状态特征生命表的理论基础。     

昆虫抗菌肽结构、性质和基因调控

昆虫抗菌肽是昆虫先天免疫系统中非常重要的一类效应分子。昆虫抗菌肽带正电荷,分子量小,大多数少于100个氨基酸残基。根据结构可以将昆虫抗菌肽分为一些不同的家族。昆虫抗菌肽不同的抗菌谱表明,它具有不同的作用机制。以果蝇为模式生物研究表明,昆虫抗菌肽的基因调控涉及到多个信号通路及大量的信号分子。     

Modeling of the forest insect population size: a game theory approach

A game theory model of insect population dynamics is proposed. For the case when the population may be in one of two states: when physiological processes are directed to growth and reproduction, and when physiological processes are directed to the development of defense reactions, outbreaks of mass reproduction of insect populations may occur in conditions when population and environment have the "memory", and the state of population and environment depends on their state at the previous time moment. In the framework of the model, the well known effect of insect phase variation during the outbreak of reproduction is explained.     

A model for analyzing insect stage-frequency data when mortality varies with time

A model is developed for the analysis of insect stage-frequency data which may be applied to populations with age-dependent mortality. The analysis of stage-frequency data is divided into two steps. In the first step, the number of different mortality rates and their values are estimated. The second step provides estimates of developmental rates and variances for each developmental stage and in addition provides estimates of the number of recruits to each stage. The model may be used both in analysis and prediction of insect stage frequencies. Hence, in addition to estimating developmental and mortality rates from stage-frequency data, it may also be used as a simulation model for an insect population. The model is applied to two populations of Hemileuca oliviaeCockerell , a lepidopterous pest of New Mexico grasslands. The model identifies, in the two populations, different mortality rates that are related to plant productivity.     

昆虫杆状病毒流行病模拟模型及Java模拟软件

研究昆虫杆状病毒流行病模拟模型,对确定基因工程改造杆状病毒的主攻方向,明确病毒病田间流行的机制与关键因素,以及制定生物防治策略,均具有重要的理论与实践意义.本研究研制了用于昆虫杆状病毒流行病模拟的数学模型和Java模拟软件,该模型包括描述种群动态的一个微分方程组,描述气温变化、作物生长及病毒动态的若干模型等.模拟软件用...     

The biology of insecticidal activity and resistance

Identifying insecticide resistance mechanisms is paramount for pest insect control, as the understandings that underpin insect control strategies must provide ways of detecting and managing resistance. Insecticide resistance studies rely heavily on detailed biochemical and genetic analyses. Although there have been many successes, there are also many examples of resistance that still challenge us. As a precursor to rational pest insect control, the biology of the insect, within the contexts of insecticide modes of action and insecticide metabolism, must be well understood. It makes sense to initiate this research in the best model insect system, Drosophila melanogaster, and translate these findings and methodologies to other insects. Here we explore the usefulness of the D. melanogaster model in studying metabolic-based insecticide resistances, target-site mediated resistances and identifying novel insecticide targets, whilst highlighting the importance of having a more complete understanding of insect biology for insecticide studies.     

Comparing the plant virus spread patterns of non-persistently transmitted virus and persistently transmitted virus using an individual-based model

To compare the spread patterns between two types of plant viruses, non-persistent virus (NPV) and persistent virus (PV), we developed a spatially-explicit individual-based model. Our probability-based model is driven by the actions of insect vectors that are affected by interactions with host plants and plant viruses, considering both biological and behavioral components of their relationship. As a model system, we used potato virus y and potato leafroll virus, respectively for NPV and PV, potato for host plant, and Myzus persicae for the insect vector; empirical results from previous studies were acquired and adjusted to be used as our parameter values. Our simulation results showed that initial infection of PV in the field resulted in over 1.3 times greater number of insect vectors while causing approximately 7 times greater number of virus-infected plants compared to NPV by the end of simulation. Furthermore, spatial analysis showed that PV-infected plants showed greater aggregation in the field, forming larger patches compared to NPV-infected plants. Our results demonstrated the importance of host plant and insect vector manipulation by plant viruses as well as biological properties such as infectious period in the insect on the difference in overall spread pattern.     

Spatially explicit models of Turelli-Hoffmann Wolbachia invasive wave fronts

This paper examines different mathematical models of insect dispersal and infection spread and compares these with field data. Reaction-diffusion and integro-difference equation models are used to model the spatio-temporal spread of Wolbachia in Drosophila simulans populations. The models include cytoplasmic incompatibility between infected females and uninfected males that creates a threshold density, similar to an Allee effect, preventing increase from low incidence of infection in the host population. The model builds on an earlier model (Turelli & Hoffmann, 1991) by incorporating imperfect maternal transmission. The results of simulations of the models using the same parameter values produce different dynamics for each model. These differences become very marked in the integro-difference equation models when insect dispersal patterns are assumed to be non-Gaussian. The success or failure of invasion by Wolbachia in the simulations may be attributed to the insect dispersal mechanism used in the model rather than the parameter values. As the models predict very different outcomes for the integro-difference models depending on the underlying assumptions of insect dispersal patterns, this emphasizes that good field data on real (rather than idealized) dispersal patterns need to be collected before models such as these can be used for predictive purposes.