金锈菌属一新种一祁连金锈菌

本文报道寄生在青海云杉(Picea　crassifolia Kom．)针叶上的一种新的金锈菌,命名祁连金锈菌(Ghrysomyra qilianensis Wang,Wu et B．Li sp．nov.。其发育阶段[O.I]在云杉上,[Ⅲ] 在青海杜鹃(Rhododendron przewalskii Maxim.)叶背,缺[II]。     

栅锈菌属一新种

本文报告在包头市采于茜草科六月雪[Serissa serissoides(DC.)Druce]上的锈菌一新种——六月雪栅锈菌[Melampsora serissicola Shang,R.X.Li et D.S.Wang]。茜草科和六月雪属为栅锈菌属真菌的新报道寄主科、属。     

中国锈菌新种

本文报告锈菌新种10种,其中7种采自福建省武夷山区,3种采自东北大、小兴安岭、长白山等地。它们是Coleosporium choerospondiatis寄生在羊矢果(南酸枣)[Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill] 上; Coleosporium myripnoidis寄生在蚂蚱腿子(Myripnois diotca Bunge)上; Coleosporium serratulae寄生在麻花头(Serratula sp.)上; Puccinia centellaeasiattcae寄生在亚洲积雪草[Centella asiatiea (L.) Urban] 上; Puccinia tukienensis寄生在高秆珍珠茅[Scleria terrestris (L.) Foss]上; Aecidium holboelliae寄生在五叶瓜藤(Holboellia fargesii Reaub.)上; Aecidium metaplexis寄生在萝藦[Metaplexis iaponica (Thunb.) Makino]上; Aecidium ueolitseae寄生在密叶新木姜[Neolitsea confertifolia (Hemsl.) Merr.]上;Uredo iridis-ruthenicae寄生在紫苞鸢尾[Iris rutheniea Ker-Gawl.]上; Uredo prodigiosa寄生在垂条悬钩子(Rubus reflexus Ker-Gawl.)上。以上10个新种模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

我国樟科楠木属上锈菌新变种——紫楠锈菌

本文报道我国天目山锈菌的一个新变种,即紫楠锈菌[Kernella lauricola (Thirum.) Thirum. var. phoebae Ge et T. Xu var. nov.],由于其寄主,冬孢子柱长度,冬孢子壁色泽、厚度等与印度报道的木姜子锈菌[Kernella lauricola(Thirum)Thirum]显然不同,故建立为新变种,新变种有汉文和拉丁文描述。     

新疆醉马芨芨上柄锈菌属一新种

本文报道了寄生在禾本科植物醉马芨芨[Achnatherum inebrians(Hance) Keng]上的柄锈菌属(Puccinia)一新种,即醉马芨芨柄锈菌(Puccinia achnatheri-inebriantis Z. Y. Zhao sp. nov.)。上述新种有汉文和拉丁文描述,并有新种与羽茅柄锈近似种的讨论。     

青藏高原东缘的锈菌资料Ⅲ.禾本科植物柄锈菌补记

本文报告采自云南及青海的四种禾本科植物柄锈菌。其中鹅冠草Roegneria kamojiOhwi上的鹅冠草柄锈菌Puccinia roegneriae J.-y. Zhuang & S.-x. Wei为新种。纤毛鹅冠草Roegneria ciliaris(Trin.) Nevski上的日本猬草柄锈菌Puccinia asperellae-japonicae Hara,弓果黍Cyrtococcum patens(L.) A. Camus上的东方柄锈菌Puccinia orientalis(H.Syd., P. Syd. & Butl.) Arth. & Cumm.以及乱子草Muhlenbergia hugelii Trin.上的乱子草柄锈菌Puccinia schedonnardi Kell. & Swing.为我国新记录种。对新种作了拉丁文描述。对其余的三个新记录种都作了讨论。本研究引用的中国标本(包括新种的模式)保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

中国白锈菌科分类研究 Ⅱ.爵床科上一新种及十字花科上的已知种

本文报道爵床科(Acanthaceae)上的尖药草白锈新种(Albugo aechmantherae Zhang etY.X.Wang sp.nov.)和十字花科(Cruciferae)上已知种白锈菌[A.candida(Pers.)O.Kuntze]及大孢白锈[A.macrospora(Togashi)S.Ito]的寄主新记录和寄主植物国内新记录。新种有汉文和拉丁文描述及形态图。     

四种云杉的核型分析

首次报道了中国珍稀濒危保护植物长叶云杉 ( P. smithiana ( Wall.) Boiss.)和康定云杉 ( P. likian-gensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.montigena( Mast.) Cheng ex Chen)及我国特产的青海云杉 ( P.crassif oliaKom.)和林芝云杉 ( P.likiangensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.linzhiensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)的核型。它们的核型公式都是 K( 2 n) =2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm (林芝云杉有 1条 B染色体 ) ,染色体相对长度组成分别为 2 n=1 4 M2 +8M1 +2 S,2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S,2 L +1 0 M2 +1 0 M1 +2 S,和 2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S.均为 2 A (除青海云杉 1 A外 )核型类型。     

宁夏贺兰山青海云杉根系共生真菌的分离与鉴定

[背景]青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)是中国特有植物,具有极高的生态价值,是西北地区重要的森林更新树种和荒山造林树种,其生长发育及其抗逆性与根系共生真菌多样性密切相关.[目的]从青海云杉根系分离并鉴定定殖的可培养共生真菌,阐明青海云杉根系可培养共生真菌的种类组成,为共生真菌在青海云杉育苗、造林及生态恢复...     

海南岛玉米上的多堆柄锈菌

<正> 在采集植物病害标本的过程中,我们曾于1972年12月中旬在海南岛乐东县尖峰地区“金-03”号玉米自交系的植株上采得一种锈菌——多堆柄锈菌(Puccinia polysora Underw.)。其后,1974年和1979年在该岛的陵水及崖县等地亦分别采到过此菌。据 Weber(1973)和 Kranz(1978)等报道,P.polysora广泛地发生于世界热带地区的玉米上;在我国,戴芳澜等(1937)、天云章(1949)、谌多仁(1963)以及戚佩坤(1978)等所报道的国内玉米上的锈菌均属于高粱柄锈菌 P.sorghi。作者在海南岛玉米上采得的这种锈菌(P.polysora),国内尚无报道。     

Damage caused by the Green Spruce Aphid to Norway and Sitka spruce needles

Three-month-old needles of Sitka spruce were less susceptible to Elatobium abietinutn than 15-month-old needles. Symptoms appeared after longer aphid feeding times but only a proportion of damaged needles fell. After short feeding periods symptoms appeared in more Norway spruce needles than in Sitka spruce, whereas longer feeding periods resulted in more needles producing symptoms in the Sitka spruce. The symptoms took 4—6 days longer to appear in Norway spruce, and needle fall followed a longer feeding period than on Sitka spruce. Following 72 h feeding, needle fall occurred more quickly on Sitka spruce than on Norway spruce. The time taken for needle fall to occur was inversely related to the feeding time in Sitka spruce but such a response was not evident in Norway spruce. The results are discussed in relation to the differences exhibited in the probing behaviour of the aphid on the two spruces.     

The effect of previously infested spruce needles on the growth of the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum, and the effect of the aphid on the amino acid balance of the host plant

The effect of chlorosis induced in needles of Sitka and Norway spruce by the green spruce aphid on growth of the aphid is investigated, and the effect of infestation of the aphid on amino acid levels in Sitka spruce foliage is reported. On both Sitka and Norway spruce green spruce aphids were heavier when reared on chlorotic (previously infested) needles than when reared on green (previously uninfested) needles. The effect was more pronounced on Sitka than on Norway spruce. Infestation of the aphid altered the amino acid balance of Sitka spruce foliage but not the concentration of total amino acids. Possible causes of chlorosis, the influence of individual amino acids on aphid growth, the potential effect of chlorosis on outbreaks of the aphid and the differences in susceptibility of Sitka and Norway spruce to damage by the aphid are discussed.     

Photosynthetic performance,chloroplast pigments,and mineral content of various needle age classes of spruce (Picea abies) with and without the new flush: an experimental approach for analysing forest decline phenomena

Summary Damage in the older needles of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, FRG) appears to result primarily from nutrient imbalances rather than from direct effects of air pollutants on the mesophyll of the needles. Support for this conclusion was obtained by altering the nutrition of older needles through the removal of terminal buds on several branches from a damaged and an undamaged spruce tree in spring. Various photosynthetic parameters, as well as the chloroplast pigment and nutrient concentrations, of 1- to 3-year-old needles on manipulated branches were compared with those of branches on which the new flush was allowed to develop during the course of the growing period. Removal of terminal buds affected only the 1-year-old needles. Elimination of the new flush resulted in a higher Ca and Mn content of the needles of the undamaged tree. This treatment also resulted in an increase of the photosynthetic capacity (under saturating light and CO₂ conditions), carboxylation and light use efficiency, as well as net photosynthesis under natural conditions of the 1-year-old needles on the yellow chlorotic tree. This was accompanied by higher chlorophyll concentrations and an increase in Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn content, and no visible signs of chlorosis developed in the experiment. By contrast, the needles of twigs in which the new flush was allowed to develop exhibited reductions in mineral content in the middle of the year. This was especially true for the elements Mg and Ca, and was accompanied by needle chlorosis and a depression of the capacity of photosynthesis. Thus it appears that there is a close relationship between the development of needle damage and nutrient imbalances in spruce. The retranslocation of elements from the 1-year-old needles to the new flush seems to play a major role in the development of needle bleaching. This approach thus supports the hypothesis described above and confirms a preliminary test with a similar experimental design, which had been conducted earlier.     

Diversity of endophytic fungi of single Norway spruce needles and their role as pioneer decomposers

The diversity of endophytic fungi within single symptomless Norway spruce needles is described and their possible role as pioneer decomposers after needle detachment is investigated. The majority (90%) of all 182 isolates from green intact needles were identified as Lophodermium piceae. Up to 34 isolates were obtained from single needles. Generally, all isolates within single needles had distinct randomly amplified microsatellite (RAMS) patterns. Single trees may thus contain a higher number of L. piceae individuals than the number of their needles. To investigate the ability of needle endophytes to act as pioneer decomposers, surface-sterilized needles were incubated on sterile sand inoculated with autoclaved or live spruce forest humus layer. The dry weight loss of 13-17% found in needles after a 20-week incubation did not significantly differ between the sterilized and live treatments. Hence, fungi surviving the surface sterilization of needles can act as pioneer decomposers. A considerable portion of the needles remained green during the incubation. Brown and black needles, in which the weight loss had presumably taken place, were invaded throughout by single haplotypes different from L. piceae. Instead, Tiarasporella parca, a less common needle endophyte, occurred among these invaders of brown needles. Needle endophytes of Norway spruce seem thus to have different abilities to decompose host tissues after needle cast. L. piceae is obviously not an important pioneer decomposer of Norway spruce needles. The diversity of fungal individuals drops sharply when needles start to decompose. Thus, in single needles the decomposing mycota is considerably less diverse than the endophytic mycota.     

Growth characteristics of Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii) planted on the northern Japanese hillsides exposed to strong winds

Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii), a native species typically found in northern Japan, has been used in reforestation on hillsides exposed to strong winds. In the reforestation areas, there are south-facing (S-slope) and northwest-facing slopes (NW-slope). Climatic conditions are contrasting between the two slopes, with shallower snow cover on the S-slopes. We compared growth responses of the spruce to micro-environment between the S- and NW-slopes through soil nutrients, needle longevity, water status, photosynthesis, and nutrients in the needles. These parameters were measured in needles exposed above the snow in winter and in lower needles protected by snow cover. High-position needles suffered from drought stress, especially in winter, and needles were shed early in the year on both slopes. Low-position needles did not suffer from drought stress, and maintained a high photosynthetic rate on both slopes. However, needle longevity was reduced on the S-slope, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the needles decreased with needle age. Soil nutrient concentrations were low on the S-slope, which suggests that the needles on the S-slope may remobilize nutrients from aged needles to younger needles prior to shedding. This characteristic is probably an adaptation in Sakhalin spruce to poor soil conditions.     

Factors determining the distribution of the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum, on young and mature needles of spruce

1. The green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum , was less active and more likely to feed when on mature rather than young needles of Sitka spruce.
2. Compared with survival on mature needles, survival of aphids on young needles was significantly reduced, especially on newly flushed needles, but became less so as the needles matured. The survival of aphids kept close to, but not in contact with, young needles was similarly reduced.
3. On young needles stripped of epicuticular wax, aphids were less active and fed and survived for longer than aphids on untreated young needles. In contrast, the supply of additional amino acids to shoots bearing young needles did not significantly improve the survival of aphids on these needles.
4. In a choice test, aphids were able to discriminate between epicuticular wax from young and mature needles. The reciprocal transfer of wax between young and mature needles reversed the aphids' marked preference for mature needles.
5. These results indicate that the aphid is deterred from settling and feeding on young needles by a volatile substance present in the epicuticular wax.     

Effects of elevated pCO2 and/or pO3 on C-, N-, and S-metabolites in the leaves of juvenile beech and spruce differ between trees grown in monoculture and mixed culture.

Three and four-year-old saplings of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) grown in monoculture and mixed culture were exposed in phytotrons to (1) ambient air, (2) elevated pO(3), (3) elevated pCO(2), or (4) elevated pCO(2) plus elevated pO(3). After 5 months, the contents of soluble sugars, starch, soluble amino compounds, non-structural proteins (NSP), as well as reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione were determined in the leaves of both species in order to assess the effects of the gaseous regimes on primary metabolism. Elevated pO(3) did not affect sugar and starch levels in beech leaves in monoculture, but significantly increased sugar levels in beech leaves grown in mixed culture. In spruce needles, sugar levels tended to be enhanced in both culture types. Individual and combined exposure of elevated pCO(2) led to an increase in non-structural carbohydrate (soluble sugars plus starch) levels in beech and spruce leaves of both culture types. Differences in the responses of non-structural carbohydrate levels to elevated pCO(2) between beech and spruce were apparent from different contributions of sugars and starch to the increase in carbohydrate levels. Exposure to elevated pCO(2) and/or elevated pO(3) did not affect the levels of soluble amino compounds and NSP in beech leaves, but reduced amino compound levels in spruce needles of both culture types. Elevated pO(3) increased GSH levels in the leaves of both tree species in both culture types, while GSSG levels in monoculture were reduced in beech leaves, but significantly enhanced in spruce needles. Elevated pCO(2) reduced GSSG levels in beech and spruce leaves in monoculture, and GSH levels in spruce needles of both culture types. The combination of elevated pCO(2) and pO(3) increased GSSG levels in beech leaves of both culture types and in spruce needles in monoculture, but reduced GSH levels in spruce needles of both culture types. Apparently, under each gaseous regime, the culture type significantly altered primary metabolism of the leaves of beech and spruce.     

Enhanced ethylene emissions from red and norway spruce exposed to acidic mists

Acidic cloudwater is believed to cause needle injury and to decrease winter hardiness in conifers. During simulations of these adverse conditions, rates of ethylene emissions from and levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in both red and Norway spruce needles increased as a result of treatment with acidic mists but amounts of 1-malonyl(amino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid remained unchanged. However, release of significant quantities of ethylene by another mechanism independent of ACC was also detected from brown needles. Application of exogenous plant growth regulators such as auxin, kinetin, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid (each 0.1 millimolar) had no obvious effects on the rates of basal or stress ethylene production from Norway spruce needles. The kinetics of ethylene formation by acidic mist-stressed needles suggest that there is no active inhibitive mechanism in spruce to prevent stress ethylene being released once ACC has been formed.     

Chemolithoautotrophic Nitrifiers in the Phyllosphere of a Spruce Ecosystem Receiving High Atmospheric Nitrogen Input

Evidence is presented for the first time that chemolithoautotrophic ammonia oxidizers (CAO) and chemolithoautotrophic nitrite oxidizers (CNO) colonize in appreciable cell numbers the phyllosphere of spruce trees in a forest ecosystem exposed for decades to high levels of atmospheric nitrogen (The Höglwald Forest, Bavaria, Germany). The results strongly indicate that both, CAO and CNO are predominantely located inside the spruce needles, most likely within the stomatal cavity. These results are further supported by field experiments of NH₃ uptake into twigs on intact spruce trees in the presence and absence of 10 Pa acetylene, an inhibitor of the ammonia monooxygenase of CAO. It is clearly demonstrated for the first time that in situ uptake of NH₃ from the atmosphere into spruce needles exposed to high levels of atmospheric N is not catalyzed exclusively by the tree, but is the result of combined activities of both, the spruce trees and the chemolithoautotrophic nitrifiers colonizing the needles.     

A reappraisal of flight regulation in the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum

Alate formation and its importance in the population dynamics of Elatobium abietinum is examined. It is concluded that alate formation is related to high soluble nitrogen levels in Sitka spruce needles. In N.E. Scotland the proportion of the population developing as alatae was related to aphid density. The apparently differing status of alatae in S. England may be related to differences in the physiology of the host caused by heat input. In Scotland alate formation may cause a decline in spruce aphid populations when densities are very high but, at the densities normally encountered in Scotland and Germany only small proportions of the populations become alate. In these areas the population collapses in late June or early July occur in response to low soluble nitrogen levels in the spruce needles. The role of alate adults in the formation of new colonies following migration to uncolonised hosts is discussed.