哈茨木霉的培养及其对烟草疫霉生长的抑制研究

哈茨木霉是一类重要的植病生防因子。哈茨木霉TH-1分别在PDA培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查氏培养基和琼脂培养基上培养均能产孢,其中PDA培养基为最适培养基。PDA培养基上,菌丝生长适宜温度27．5℃～35℃,最适温度32．5℃,产孢最适温度27．5℃。菌丝生长适宜pH值为3～7,产孢适宜pH值为5-9,生长与产孢最适pH值为5。光照对菌丝生长影响不大但明显影响菌株的产孢数量,光照时间越长产孢量越大。对峙培养试验表明TH-1明显抑制疫霉菌的生长速率,其无菌滤液明显抑制烟草疫霉菌游动孢子的萌发,并抑制游动孢子芽管的伸长,TH-1对游动孢子萌发的相对抑制率为12．7％,对芽管生长长度的相对抑制率为63．1％。水解酶平板活性测定显示,TH-1产生β-1,3葡聚糖酶与纤维素酶,从而使烟草疫霉菌细胞壁的消解,产生非挥发性抗生素抑制烟草疫霉菌孢子萌发,但对菌丝生长影响不大。     

草酸青霉BZH-2002果胶酶固体发酵条件研究

对草酸青霉菌(Penixillium oxalicum)BZH-2002菌株固体发酵果胶酶的主要影响因子温度、初始pH值、含水量及接种量进行了实验探讨,确定了最佳培养条件：温度为30℃,初始pH值为4．8,固体培养基含水量控制在30～35ml/10g甜菜渣,接种量3～4%。同时对该菌株固体发酵提取液中果胶酶的酶学特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,该酶最适反应温度和pH分别为55℃和pH4．8,在40℃温度下和pH3．5～5．5范围内,酶活性较稳定。     

响应面法优化L.lactis WH11-1生成GABA的发酵条件

通过响应面分析的方法对L．1actis Willl-l发酵生产y-氨基丁酸的培养条件进行了优化。运用中心组合设计和响应面分析考察了接种量、初始pH值和培养温度对y-氨基丁酸产量的影响,得出最佳培养条件：接种量4．5％,初始pH值为6．0,培养温度为32℃。在此条件下培养96h,GABA生成量达8．63g／L,实验值与预测值基本相符。     

嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophile)液体发酵产生纤维素酶及酶学性质的研究

探讨了嗜热真菌Chaetomium thermophile产生纤维素酶的液体发酵条件及滤纸酶(FPA)的特性。采用液体发酵培养法,通过对碳源、氮源、培养时间、培养基的起始pH值及产酶过程中pH值和蛋白质含量变化的研究发现：在2％纤维素、1％可溶性淀粉为碳源;2．0％KNO3 0．2％酵母粉为氮源;起始pH值为6．5,50℃下培养9d后,各种酶活最高。发酵过程中,pH值和蛋白质的含量均在前3d下降,后升高。FPA的反应最适温度和pH值分别为60℃和5．5～6．0;且具有较高的热稳定性和DH稳定性。     

哈茨木霉的培养及其对烟草疫霉生长的抑制研究*

哈茨木霉是一类重要的植病生防因子。哈茨木霉TH-1分别在PDA培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查氏培养基和琼脂培养基上培养均能产孢,其中PDA培养基为最适培养基。PDA培养基上,菌丝生长适宜温度27.5℃~35℃,最适温度32.5℃,产孢最适温度27.5℃。菌丝生长适宜pH值为3~7,产孢适宜pH值为5~9,生长与产孢最适pH值为5。光照对菌丝生长影响不大但明显影响菌株的产孢数量,光照时间越长产孢量越大。对峙培养试验表明TH-1明显抑制疫霉菌的生长速率,其无菌滤液明显抑制烟草疫霉菌游动孢子的萌发,并抑制游动孢子芽管     

纳豆菌产生抗菌物质的培养条件的优化

对纳豆菌产生抗菌物质的培养基的组成进行了优化,并探讨了温度、pH、培养方式和接种量对纳豆菌生长及抗菌作用的影响,发酵的适宜温度为25℃－30℃,培养基的最适初始pH为6．5－7．5,最适接种量6％,振荡培养优于静置培养。     

均匀设计法对产几丁质酶细菌C4发酵条件的优化

系统研究了碳源,氮源,起始pH值、培养基装量、培养温度和时间等因素对细菌C4产几丁质酶的影响。结果表明,碳、氮源分别以胶体几丁质、KNO和蛋白胨最好;在起始pH值7．6—8．5,培养基装量为三角瓶体积的12％,培养温度28℃,振荡培养(180r／min)5d时最有利于几丁质酶的产生。在此基础上通过均匀设计法优化了发酵培养基配方。优化后的培养基配方为：胶体几丁质1．5％,蛋白胨0．55％,KNO3 0．3％,MgSO4 0．09％,Tween80 0．005％。在该条件下,几丁质酶活力达2．68U／mL,比在原基础培养条件下的酶活力提高90．1％。     

真菌发酵生产EPA及DHA影响因素的研究进展

对真菌发酵生产EPA及DHA的影响因素进行综述 ,介绍了菌种、碳源、氮源、C/N比、pH值、温度、发酵时间、通气量、代谢途径的调控、种龄和接种量等因素对EPA及DHA产量的影响。     

提高蛋白激发子产量的培养基及发酵条件的优化

为了进一步提高极细链格孢菌产蛋白激发子的产量,通过单因子和多因子试验与分析,筛选优化了适于极细链格孢菌产生蛋白激发子的培养基和培养条件,并检测了发酵过程中pH、还原糖、氨基氮和菌丝量变化以及与蛋白激发子产量的关系。结果表明,土豆淀粉和黄豆粉对蛋白激发子产量影响最大,其次是蛋白胨和无机盐。优化的发酵培养基主要成分（g／L）：碳源I 15、葡萄糖5、玉米淀粉5、土豆淀粉20、谷氨酸10、氮源I5、黄豆粉10、硫酸铵5。确定了优化的培养条件,调整培养基起始pH为7．0～7．5,将18h菌龄的种子培养液按10％接种量接种到装液量为75mL的500mL摇瓶中,在温度（28±1）℃、摇床转速180r／min下培养可获得理想的蛋白产量。在优化的培养基和培养条件下,发酵12～48h该菌进入对数生长期,48h进入稳定生长期,60h菌丝扣蛋白激发子产量达最高。蛋白产量与菌体生物量呈正相关,当还原糖、总糖量消耗到最低水平时,菌丝产量和蛋白激发子产量达最高。优化的培养基菌丝干重收率迭3．9g／100mL,蛋白激发子产量达到5．17g／L,比普通的土豆液体培养基提高近4倍。     

低温乳酸菌复合系的构建、培养条件优化及在玉米干秸杆微贮中的应用

[目的]研究筛选得到的低温乳酸菌复合菌系(LAC-1)的最佳培养条件及应用于玉米干秸杆微贮的效果.[方法]通过连续限制性培养的方法,以pH为指标进行低温乳酸菌复合系的筛选;利用单因素试验、Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面的分析方法对低温乳酸菌复合系的培养条件进行优化.[结果]筛选获得培养液pH下降迅速、变化稳定及接种干玉米秸杆后可降低发酵体系pH、提高发酵饲料感官品质的低温乳酸菌复合菌系LAC-1.培养时间对LAC-1的pH降低速度影响最大,温度次之,接种量影响最小;响应面分析LAC-1最佳的培养条件为培养温度9.5℃、接种量3.3％和培养时间139 h.经过优化,LAC-1培养过程中pH下降到4.0的时间比优化前缩短48 h,乳酸菌数提高了20.5％.LAC-1接种于干玉米秸秆发酵5d时,秸秆发酵体系pH降至4.1;与对照相比,秸秆发酵饲料可散发出甜酸香味,外观质地松散、色泽鲜亮,可溶性碳水化合物含量降低了46.3％,霉菌、恶臭醋酸杆菌和酵母菌数量显著降低,乳酸菌数量提高了33.3％.[结论]接种LAC-1可促进干玉米秸秆低温微贮进程,提高饲料品质.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor