ACC氧化酶和ACC合成酶反义RNA融合基因导入番茄和乙烯合成的抑制

从番茄品种强力米寿的总DNA中克隆番茄果实特异启动子2A11,以番茄成熟果实的RNA为模板,进行RT-PCR扩增,克隆番茄全长的ACC氧化酶基因和ACC合成酶基因片段。完成两个基因的克隆和测序后,将888bp的番茄ACC氧化酶基因和943bp的ACC合成酶基因片段串联,构成全长1837bp的融合基因。将该融合基因以反义的方向插入植物双元载体pYPX145中番茄果实表达特异启动子下游,获得ACC氧化酶基因和ACC合成酶基因融合的植物双元载体pOSACC。该载体外源基因表达单元的两端含两个烟草SAR序列,利于转基因的稳定遗传。以番茄栽培品种合作903子叶和下胚轴为外植体,利用根癌农杆菌进行基因转化,通过200mg/L卡那霉素选择和GUS检测,获得了105株番茄GUS阳性植株,转基因番茄果实在当代表现明显耐贮特点。经过4代的耐贮和果实农艺性状的综合选择,获得了两个表现良好的株系DR-1和DR-2,两株系果实乙烯释放量显著下降,是未转基因材料的9.5%,番茄的贮存期在50天以上。     

香蕉果实特异性ACC合酶基因启动子区的克隆及其功能初探

根据本实验室所获得的香蕉果实特异性ACC合酶cDNA序列,以改进的接头连接PCR方法通过两次步行从香蕉基因组中分别扩增并克隆了其基因5′旁侧区近端1.2kb和远端1.6kb的片段。通过拼接,构建出含有2505bp启动子区和转录起始位点下游86bp的共2591bp的基因5′旁侧区片段;其启发性动子区中34至28为推测的TATA盒序列,158至146为推测的CCAAT盒,与其它植物基因启动子结构相类似。将2.5kb启动子片段与β-葡糖苷酸酶(GUS)基因编码序列融合,用基因枪法将构建的嵌合基因转入香蕉叶、根和果实的细胞后,只在果实细胞中观察到报告基因的瞬时表达,从功能上证明了此25kb的启动子片段具有指导报告基因在香蕉果实中特异性表达的作用。同时构建5个含不同5′端缺失启动子与GUS融合基因的表达载体。瞬时表达结果表明可能负责果实特异性表达的调控区存在于转录起始位点至-1111的启动子区中,而在-1111至-608区间可能存在一个正控制区。     

甘蔗ACC氧化酶全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

ACC氧化酶是高等植物乙烯生物合成途径中的限速酶。根据报道的植物ACC氧化酶基因序列设计特异引物,从甘蔗cDNA文库中克隆到一ACC氧化酶基因片段,命名为GZ-ACO,该基因长792bp,与甘蔗基因组文库中克隆的ACO基因片段仅18个碱基之差。根据该cDNA片段序列,设计两对末端扩增的特异引物,利用RACE-PCR技术,获得GZ-ACO片段的5′端和3′端序列。用VectorNTI7.0软件对三个序列进行拼接和分析,结果得到全长的甘蔗GZ-ACO氧化酶基因。GZ-ACOcDNA核苷酸序列长1307bp,具有一个972bp完整的读码框,启动子ATG位于126bp,终止子TAA位于1097bp,推导编码323个氨基酸。系统进化分析表明,GZ-ACO基因氨基酸序列与其它植物已报道的ACC氧化酶基因具有65%~86%的同源率,且与单子叶禾本科植物首先聚类,其次与单子叶芭蕉科、兰科植物聚类,最后与双子叶植物聚类,与植物形态的系统进化结果一致。该基因已在DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank基因数据库注册,注册号为AY521566。     

康乃馨ACC氧化酶cDNA的克隆及其反义植物表达载体的构建

以康乃馨（Dianthus caryophyllus L.)花瓣为材料,用改进的异硫氰酸胍一步法提取总RNA,根据已报道的康乃馨ACC氧化酶（1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase,CO)基因的序列设计产合成一对引物,通过RT-PCR方法获得一约1.2kb特异片段,把该片段连接pGEM^(R)-Teasy vector上进行测序,其全长共1156bp,编码区915bp。共编码304个氨基酸残基,序列分析结果表明该序列与GenBankL35152中的康乃馨ACC氧化酶基因的cDNA序列完全相符,推断该基因在康乃馨种内可能是完全或高度保守的,随 后将此片段反向插入植物表达载体pBI121的35S启动子和NOS终止子之间,构建了一反义植物表达载体pBO;又把花特异表达启动子PchsA插入pBI121的HindⅢ Xbal位点构建中间载体pGHB,再把康乃馨ACC氧化酶基因反向插入中间载体pCHB的XbaI Satl位点构建成另一反义植物表达载体pCBO。     

香蕉果实成熟相关基因ACO1启动子区的克隆及其功能初探

根据已报道的香蕉课实表达ACC氧化酶基因（ACO1）的序列,用改进的接头连接PCR法从香蕉基因组中扩增并克隆了此基因5′旁侧区1526bp的片段,其中包含一个推测的TATA盒序列;与已公布的两个香蕉ACC氧化酶基因启动子序列（分别为934bp和1451bp）的相似性各为97．3％（Lopez-Gomez等）和88．8％（May和Kipp)。将4个含有不同大小启动子区的克隆片段与GUS基因编码区连接构建成嵌合成基因,通过基因枪轰击转入香蕉叶、根和果实的细胞后,瞬时表达结果表明不同大小的ACO1启动子区段都只在果实细胞中指导GUS基因表达,证明该启动子具有指导基因在果实中表达的功能,并推测负责果实特异性的顺式元件可能位于启动子近端0．7kb区段之内,在468至822的355bp区段内可能在与正控制有关的顺式元件。     

香蕉果实成熟相关基因ACO1启动子区的克隆及其功能初探

根据已报道的香蕉果实表达ACC氧化酶基因(ACO1)的序列,用改进的接头连接PCR法从香蕉基因组中扩增并克隆了此基因5′旁侧区1526bp的片段。其中包含一个推测的TATA盒序列;与已公布的两个香蕉ACC氧化酶基因启动子序列(分别为934bp和1451bp)的相似性各为97.3%(López-Gómez等)和88.8%(May和Kipp)。将4个含有不同大小启动子区的克隆片段与GUS基因编码区连接构建成嵌合基因,通过基因枪轰击转入香蕉叶、根和果实的细胞后。瞬时表达结果表明不同大小的ACO1-启动子区段都只在果实细胞中指导GUS基因表达,证明该启动子具有指导基因在果实中表达的功能;并推测负责果实特异性的顺式元件可能位于启动子近端0.7kb区段之内,在468至822 的355bp区段内可能存在与正控制有关的顺式元件。     

苹果多酚氧化酶双链RNA干扰（RNAi）研究

以成熟苹果果实的RNA为模板,经RT—PCR扩增并克隆苹果多酚氧化酶(APPO)长度为710bp的反义、正义基因片段。以副球菌中类胡罗卜素合成有关的(crtW crtY)融合基因片段YYT为间隔区。将APPO反义基因片段、YYT和APPO正义基因片段串联,构成全长为2446bp的DNA并插入到植物双元载体pYPX145中,构成可表达苹果多酚氧化酶双链RNA的植物双元载体pYF7704。以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法转化苹果栽培品种红富士,通过50mg／L卡那霉素筛选和GUS检测,获得了转基因苹果抗性芽。荧光定量RT—PCR检测结果显示,转基因苹果抗性芽内多酚氧化酶基因的干扰效果达91．69％以上,研究结果证实多酚氧化酶双链RNA干扰在转基因苹果上是可行的。     

番茄ACC合成酶cDNA克隆及其对果实成熟的反义抑制

利用RT—PcR技术克隆了ACC合成酶多基因家族成员之－LE-ACC2编码区约1．7kb的cDNA,经酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,反向插入到植物表达载体pBin437中,构建了表达Acc合成酶反望RNA的二元载体。经农杆菌途径转化番茄“丽春”品种后,通过PCR检测从抗卡那霉素再生植株中筛选到6株转基因植株,Southern杂交确证了外源基因是以单拷贝插入到番茄染色体中;对果实乙烯释放的测定结果表明转基因番茄果实的乙烯释放量仅为对照的30％左右,在室温下转基因番茄果实采后保存60 d以上仍然没有变红、软化。以上结果表明其反义RNA在转基因番茄中的表达能有效地抑制乙烯的生物合成从而延缓果实成熟,表现出良好的耐储保鲜特性。对转基因植株子一代(T1)的分析结果进一步表明反义ACC合成酶基因以典型的单基因方式传到子代。通过对子二代的分析已初步筛选到一 个耐储藏的转基因番茄纯合品系。     

苹果多酚氧化酶双链RNA干扰(RNAi)研究

以成熟苹果果实的RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增并克隆苹果多酚氧化酶(APPO)长度为710bp的反义、正义基因片段.以副球菌中类胡罗卜素合成有关的(crtW+crtY)融合基因片段YYT为间隔区,将APPO反义基因片段、YYT和APPO正义基因片段串联,构成全长为2446bp的DNA并插入到植物双元载体pYPX145中,构成可表达苹果多酚氧化酶双链RNA的植物双元载体pYF7704.以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法转化苹果栽培品种红富士,通过50mg/L卡那霉素筛选和GUS检测,获得了转基因苹果抗性芽.荧光定量RT-PCR检测结果显示,转基因苹果抗性芽内多酚氧化酶基因的干扰效果达91.69%以上,研究结果证实多酚氧化酶双链RNA干扰在转基因苹果上是可行的.     

鸭梨ACC氧化酶基因cDNA片段的克隆及农杆菌介导的反义遗传转化

研究根据ACC氧化酶基因的保守序列设计一对特异性引物。以鸭梨果实为试材,借助RT,PCR方法扩增得到一条长度为831bp的鸭梨ACC氧化酶基因eDNA片段,该片段编码276个氨基酸残基,与其它梨品种ACC氧化酶基因序列同源性均在94％以上。将此片段反向插入真核表达载体pBI121的CaMV35S启动子和NOS终止子之间,构建了鸭梨ACC氧化酶基因的反义表达载体．并在农杆菌LBA4404的介导下实现对鸭梨组培苗的遗传转化。经PCR鉴定证实共有4株鸭梨组培苗中外源基因得到成功转化,Southern杂交显示在这4株转基因鸭梨中除有1株外源基因呈双拷贝外,其余3株中外源基因均以单拷贝形式存在。     

Different effects on ACC oxidase gene silencing triggered by RNA interference in transgenic tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent trigger for specific gene silencing of expression in a number of organisms and is an efficient way of shutting down gene expression. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ACC to ethylene, a plant growth regulator that plays an important role in the tomato ripening process. In this research, to produce double-stranded (ds)RNA of tomato ACC oxidase, we linked the sense and antisense configurations of DNA fragments with 1,002-bp or 7-nt artificially synthesized fragments, respectively, and then placed these under the control of a modified cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The dsRNA expression unit was successfully introduced into tomato cultivar Hezuo 906 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Molecular analysis of 183 transgenic plants revealed that the dsRNA unit was integrated into the tomato genome. With respect to the construct with the 1,002-bp linker, the severity of phenotypes indicated that 72.3% of the transformed plants had non-RNA interference, about 18.1% had semi-RNA interference, and only 9.6% had full-RNA interference. However when the construct with the 7-nt linker was used for transformation, the results were 13.0%, 18.0%, and 69.0%, respectively, indicating that the short linker was more efficient in RNAi of transgenic tomato plants. When we applied this fast way of shutting down the ACC oxidase gene, transgenic tomato plants were produced that had fruit which released traces of ethylene and had a prolonged shelf life of more than 120 days. The RNA and protein analyses indicated that there was non-RNA interference, semi-RNA interference and full-RNA interference of ACC oxidase in the transgenic tomato plants.     

Transformation of Cucumis melo cv. Hetau with Tomato Antisense ACC Synthase Gene

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system of Cucumis melo L. cv. Hetau was established. Regenerated plantlets were obtained from cotyledons after preculture, shoot inducing culture and root inducing culture. A high regeneration rate was achieved up to 58%. Cucumis melo was transformed with the antisense tomato ACC synthase gene in binary vector pMQ6 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer. Kanamycin resistant plantlets were obtained on MS medium with 6 mg/L zeatin, 50 mg/L kanamycin and 650 mg/L cefotaximine. PCR and molecular hybridization analysis showed that tomato ACC synthase antisense cDNA was integreted into the genome of C. melo.     

Differential expression of antisense in regenerated tobacco plants transformed with an antisense version of a tomato ACC oxidase gene

Ethylene production was measured during vegetative and reproductive development in normal tobacco plants and in transgenic tobacco plants carrying antisense genes for tomato ACC oxidase driven by the 35S CaMV promoter (Hamilton et al., 1990). When expressed in three independently derived transgenic plants, the antisense ethylene gene failed to affect ethylene production in young/mature leaves or in stems but it did inhibit ethylene production in roots by 37–58%. Ethylene production in developing flowers (i.e. from small unopened flower buds up until open flowers at anthesis) was not affected in transgenic plants but ethylene production in fruits was inhibited by 35%. The most dramatic effect on ethylene production in transgenic plants was seen immediately after wounding leaf tissue, in which case the antisense gene inhibited wound ethylene production by 72%. Thus, the antisense gene composed of a 35S CaMV promoter driving a heterologous ACC oxidase sequence had differential effects on ethylene production in tobacco plants.     

番茄ACC合酶反义基因对河套蜜瓜的转化

河套蜜瓜（CucumismeloLcvHetau）的子叶经预培养。芽诱导和生根培养,获得再生小植株,诱导率达58％。取带有番茄ACC合酶反义基因的双元载体pMQ6／JM109与农杆菌（Agrobacteriumtumefaciens）LBA4404经三亲融合后,与在MS0上萌发5d、并在MS＋1mg／LNAA培养基上预培养3d的子叶共培养48h,然后转入含50mg／L卡那霉素的MS＋6mg／LZT的芽诱导培养基中,1l个月后诱导生芽,待芽长1．5－2cm时转入生根培养基中,1－2周后可诱导产生大量的根,形成完整的转基因小植株。经PCR和分子杂交检测证明,目的基因已整合入河套蜜瓜的基因组中。     

甜蛋白Brazzein基因在番茄果实中的特异表达

西瓜(Citrullus vulgaris S.)来源的AGPL1启动子在番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)果实中具有较强的特异性驱动功能。将该启动子与甜味蛋白基因Brazzein融合构建植物表达载体, 通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法成功地进行了对番茄的遗传转化, 获得转化植株。组织化学法、PCR特异扩增、Southern杂交分析及RT-PCR检测, 表明Brazzein基因已整合到转基因番茄植株基因组中并且稳定表达。通过AGPL1果实特异启动子的调控, 在不改变果实其他性状的前提下提高了番茄果实甜味品质, 并为甜蛋白的生产提供经验。     

The Production of Marker-Free Genetically Engineered Broccoli with Sense and Antisense ACC synthase 1 and ACC oxidases 1 and 2 to Extend Shelf-Life

The production of transgenic broccoli (Brassica oleracea) with increased shelf-life using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated co-transformation protocol is reported. An Agrobacterium rhizogenes Ri vector, pRi1855:GFP was constructed to allow expression of the green fluorescent protein to identify insertion of Ri T_L-DNA into plant cells. The Brassica oleracea ACC synthase 1 and ACC oxidase 1 and 2 cDNAs in sense and antisense orientations were co-transformed into GDDH33, a doubled haploid calabrese-broccoli cultivar. Transformation efficiency was 3.26%, producing 150 transgenic root lines, of which 18 were regenerated into mature plants. The floral buds from T₀ broccoli heads were assayed for post-harvest production of ethylene and chlorophyll levels. Buds from T₀ lines transformed with ACC oxidase 1 and 2 constructs produced significantly less post-harvest ethylene at 20 °C than the untransformed plants and chlorophyll loss was significantly reduced over a 96 h post-harvest period. The T₀ plants transformed with sense and antisense ACC synthase 1 had a significantly reduced 24 h post-harvest ethylene peak and delayed chlorophyll loss. A positive correlation between post-harvest bud ethylene production and chlorophyll loss was described by a regression. This demonstrates that the shelf-life of a very perishable vegetable may be increased up to 2 days at 20 °C by reducing post-harvest ethylene production.     

转ipt和反义ACO基因番茄的叶片衰老相关特性

以ipt和反义ACO转化的两类转基因番茄纯系为材料,研究在植株不同生长发育阶段,不同叶位中,与叶片衰老相关的生理生化指标.结果表明:两类基因导入番茄后,均可增强内源iPA和IAA表达水平,增加或保持番茄叶片的叶绿素含量、提高光合效率,进而明显地延缓植株的叶片衰老,提高单株果实产量.但它们调控叶片衰老的途径不同,ipt主要通过提高CTK的水平延缓叶片衰老,而反义ACO则主要是通过抑制乙烯生成,间接提高IAA的水平来实现.