贡嘎山地区主要植被类型和分布

贡嘎山位于青藏高原东南缘横断山系大雪山脉中段,主峰海拔高7556m。该地区有维管束植物185科,869属,约2500种。其植物区系特点为:区系成分起源古老;物种分化显著,特有种丰富;成分复杂,地理替代明显。贡嘎山主要植被类型有:冷杉、云杉组成的亚高山针叶林;松、铁杉组成的中山针叶林;松、杉、柏、油杉组成的低山针叶林;铁杉、桦木、槭树组成的针叶、阔叶混交林;樟、楠、阔楠、石栎、青冈等组成的常绿阔叶林;栎、桦、槭、杨、桤等组成的落叶阔叶林;高山栎类组成的硬叶常绿阔叶林;杜鹃、柳、圆柏等组成的高山灌丛;仙人掌(Opuntia monacantha)、金合欢、羊蹄甲等组成的河谷灌丛;嵩草(Kobresia)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)、韭和风毛菊、绢毛菊、绵参(Eriophyton wallichii)等组成的高山草甸与高山流石滩稀疏植被。贡嘎山地区水平地带性植被为常绿阔叶林,它兼有我国亚热带东部和西部常绿阔叶林的特点。贡嘎山东坡植被垂直带谱是:1.常绿阔叶林带,海拔1100—2200m。2.山地针叶、阔叶混交林带,2200—2500m。3.亚高山针叶林带,2500—3600m。4.高山灌丛草甸带,3600—4600m。5.高山流石滩稀疏植被带,4600—4900m。6.永久冰雪带,海拔4900m以上。贡嘎山西坡植被垂直带谱是:1.亚高山针叶林带,海拔2800—4000m。2.高山灌丛草甸带,4000—4800m。3.高山流石滩稀疏植被带,4800—5100m。4.永久冰雪带,海拔5100m以上。     

广东新港自然保护区植被的主要类型及其分布

本文参考《中国植被》采用的植被分类原则。根据现有资料,把新港自然保护区的植被划分为４个植被型１６个群系１８个群落,并对各主要类型及其分布作了简要的描述。     

泰国森林植被的主要类型

泰国的主要森林植被大致可分为常绿林和落叶林两大类（森林植被型组）和热带雨林、山地常绿林、半常绿林、针叶林、红树林、干旱龙脑香林及落叶混交林等七亚类（森林植被型）．本文简要阐述了各类森林的地理分布、层次结构和主要树种组成．     

百山祖自然保护区主要植被类型概述

对近20年来多次调查的资料进行系统整理,将百山祖植被主要划分成6个植被类型：常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、针叶林、山地矮林和山地灌草丛,其下可分为22个群系：同时对群落的种类组成、结构和演替趋势作了概述。。     

青藏高原主要植被类型生物生产量的比较研究

以１８种群落类型的实测为数据和１０１３块森林测树样地的估算数据为基础,首次系统地分析和比较了青藏高原主要植被类型生物生产量的构成规律及分布格局。亚高山暗针叶 生物量一般在３００ｔ／ｈｍ＾２以上,最高可达约１６００ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,叶生物量８～３９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,根茎比０．１～０．２,生产量８～１３ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ;高山灌丛类型生物量２０～４０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,叶生物量３～６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,根茎比０．４～０．８     

湖北自然植被概况:植被研究历史、分布格局及其群落类型

本文在文献研究和野外调查数据的基础上,从植被研究历史、植被类型组成和分布规律等方面,介绍了湖北省自然植被研究情况,并参考“《中国植被志》编研”拟定的分类系统,拟定了新的湖北省自然植被分类系统.湖北植被研究历史可大致分为三个阶段,分别是标本采集和森林资源勘察阶段(20世纪70年代前)、全面调查和植被区划阶段(20世纪70...     

子午岭森林与灌丛植被的主要类型及特征的研究

子午岭森林植被主要类型有油松林、侧柏林、辽东栎林、山杨林、小叶杨林、白桦林、油松—辽东栎林、侧柏—辽东栎林、辽东栎—山杨林、白桦—山杨—辽东栎林、辽东栎—山杨—槭树—漆树杂木林等11个群丛。子午岭灌丛植被主要类型有沙棘灌丛、单瓣黄刺玫灌丛、樱草蔷薇灌丛、白刺花灌丛、虎榛子灌丛、牛奶子灌丛、山杏灌丛、山桃灌丛、酸枣灌丛、杠柳灌丛、红皮柳—皂柳—乌柳灌丛、白刺花—酸枣—单瓣黄刺玫灌丛等12个群丛。     

广西金钟山自然保护区主要植被类型的特征

金钟山自然保护区计有种子植物101科273属514种,落叶栎林分布面积最广。随海拔升高,植被依次呈现出4个分布带:沟谷落叶阔叶林、沟谷常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林、山地苔藓矮林和山地常绿阔叶林。该区主要有4个分布区类型:世界分布、热带分布、温带分布和中国特有分布,其中热带分布占总属数的75.21%,表明本保护区的植物分布具有热带性质。其天然植被类型可划分为5个植被型组,7个植被型含暖性针叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、竹林和草丛,2个植被亚型含南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林、山顶阔叶矮林,以及33个群系。     

青藏高原各主要植被类型特征及环境差异

青藏高原高海拔引起的地形、气候和土壤空间差异造就了其独特的植被类型及其空间变化,当前研究缺乏针对青藏高原全域范围内各植被类型特征和环境差异的定量与系统性分析。针对青藏高原特殊的地理环境和植被类型,选用植被、地形、土壤、气候4个维度共计58个空间化指标,采用频数分布统计方法对这些指标开展了定量分析,系统揭示了青藏高原全域范围内各主要植被类型的特征及环境差异。通过定量分析发现,大部分的环境及植被特征指标对青藏高原各主要植被类型的区分度较高,其中,遥感归一化植被指数、植被净初级生产力、裸地覆盖度、海拔、土壤温度、年最低温度、年总蒸散发7个指标对青藏高原各主要植被类型的区分度较高。揭示的青藏高原各主要植被类型的特征及环境差异,可提高灌丛和草地之间、各草地类型之间、高山苔原-垫状-稀疏植被与其他植被类型之间的可区分性,有助于解决青藏高原植被精细分类中广泛存在的灌丛和草地区分、草地类型细分、高山苔原-垫状-稀疏植被识别和山地垂直地带植被识别四个难点问题。研究结果一方面可服务于青藏高原的植被精细分类,另一方面也可服务于青藏高原的自然地带划分、生物多样性和生态系统功能评估、地表物质循环研究等。     

The Geographical Distribution and Floristic Composition of the Orchids in the Gongga Mountain Region,Sichuan

The Gongga Mountain Region, located on the eastern fringe of QinghaiXizang Plateau and at the north-eastern end of Hengduan Mountains, is one of the well-known large mountain areas in Sichuan Province. There are forty five high peaks with the elavation of 6000 m or over in the area, among which the Gongga Mountain is the highest one, with its summit being at the altitude of 7556 m, whereas the Dadu River Valley in the eastern part of the area is only 1150 m above sea level; The relative height in the region is thus about 6400 m. As we know so far the orchids in Gongga Mountain Region comprise 34 genera and 75 species with 1 variety, of which 12 species are epiphytes, 59 species with 1 variety terrestrials and 4 species saprophytes (Table 1.). I. The geographical distribution in the Gongga Mountain Region. The vertical distribution of the orchids in the area. Eastern flank: There are 39 species with I variety of orchids at 1150-2300 (-2400) m alt. in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone, of which 12 species, such as Bulbophyllum andersonii, Dendrobium hancockii, Otochilus porrecta, etc., are epiphytic (including a semiepiphyte, Pleione bulbocodioides), 25 species with 1 variety, such as Bletilla formosana, Calanthe davidii, Cypripedium henryi, etc., are terrestrial, and 2 species are saprophytic (i.e. Gastrodia elata and Neottia listeroides), the upper limit of the real epiphytic orchids is 1800 m alt. At the altitude 2300(-2400)-3600 (-3800) m, in the coniferous forest zone, found are 23 species, including 20 terrestrial species with 1 variety, such as Amitostigma gonggashanicum, Calanthe fimbriata, Coeloglossum viride, etc., 2 saprophytic species (Neottia acuminata and Risleya atropurpurea) and one semiepiphytic species. There are only 2 terrestrial species (i.e. Cypripedium tibeticum and Orchis chusua) at 3600(-3800)-4000m alt., in alpine shrub zone, the upper limit of the terrestrial orchids being 4000 m alt. At 4000-4400 m alt., in alpine meadow zone no orchids have so far been found. Western flank: There are 14 species of orchids, such as Habenaria limprichtii, Hemipilia flabellata, Satyrium ciliatum, etc., at 2300-2800 m alt., in the river valley shrub zone, and they all belong to the terrestrial orchids. At the altitude of 28003800m, in the coniferous forest zone found are 19 species of orchids, among which 18 species are terrestrial (such as Amitostigma monanthum, Cephalanthera longifolia, Peristylus coeloceras, etc.) and one is saprophytic. There are only 4 species of terrestrial orchids (i.e. Cypripedium tibeticum, Gymnadenia orchidis, Orchis chusua and O. diantha) at 3800-4800 m alt., in the alpine shrub-meadow zone, the upper limit of vertical distribution of terrestrial orchids being 4400 m alt. Twelve species here are common to the eastern flank. II. The floristic composition of orchids in Gongga Mountain Region. 1. Twenty three species, belonging to 13 genera, are widespread in Whole EastAsian Region. 2. Eight species, belonging to 8 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. 3. Forty one species with 1 variety, belonging to 24 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, more than five times the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. 4. The floristic features of the orchids in the area. (1) The floristic elements are mainly temperate and subtropical ones. (2) The life form is mostly terrestrial. (3) The species endemic to China are prolific (35 species with 1 variety, belonging to 18 genera, are endemic to China, and 26 species with 1 variety are distributed in south-western China and its adjacent region; Amitostigma gonggashanicum is endemic to the area). The floristic composition of orchids in the area is characterized by the dominance of terrestrial species and temperate and subtropical East-Asian elements, though with a few Indo-African tropical elements (such as genus Satyrium (1 species) ). In conclusion, it may be considered that the species of orchids are abundant and floristic elements are comparatively complex in the Gongga Mountain Region.     

Vegetation Characteristics and Its Distribution of Qilian Mountain Region

The main vegetation types and distributional characteristics in the Qilian Mountain region were studies. It is shown that characteristic of the Vegetation is evidanced by eeo-geography marginal effect and plateau zone law. The vegetation of this region is affected considerably by the vegetation around the Qilian Mountain region, but is advantageous for all kinds of alpine vegetations, and has an evident similarity and an extensive unanimity with those of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. On the other hand, the vegetation of the area has its specificity difference with the plateau plane. So, the authors consider to classify the Qilian Mountain region as the secondary unit of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau vegetation region.     

上海的主要自然植被类型及其分布

上海位于北纬30˚23′一31˚37′,东经120˚50′一121˚45′。西北与江苏省,西南与浙江省相邻。土地面积约6000平方公里。佘山,大金山等低山丘陵,植物区系成分主要由山毛榉科(Fagaceae),樟科(Lauraceae)山茶科(Theaceae),胡桃科(Juglandaceae),蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和禾本科(Gramineae)等组成。以青冈(Gyclobalanopsis glauca)、红楠(Machilus thunbergii),苦槠(Gastanopsis sclerophylla)为主的常绿阔叶林、亚热带竹林(水竹Phyllostachys congesta)是上海地带性植被。目前次生的白栎林(Quercus fabri)和各类灌丛分布很广。上海境内的中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的北界,应以冈身一线为界(即外冈,南翔,莘庄、马桥、柘林和漕泾一线)。     

贡嘎山典型植被地上生物量与碳储量研究

采用典型样地调查和异速生长模型相结合的方法,测定了贡嘎山东坡垂直带谱上常绿与落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、亚高山暗针叶林、高山灌丛4种典型植被类型的地上部分生物量与碳储量.结果表明,(1)随着海拔的升高,植被地上生物量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其生物量分别为:常绿与落叶阔叶混交林233.49 t/hm2、针阔叶混交林524.55 t/hm2、暗针叶林415.81 t/hm2、高山灌丛20.86 t/hm2,而相应的单株树木平均地上生物量分别为320.11 kg、1 140.78 kg、623.15 kg、11.89 kg,显示出与植被垂直带生物量相一致的变化趋势.(2)不同树木器官的含碳率中,以叶片的平均含碳率(48.25％)最高,依次为树枝(4 6.29％)、树干(4 4.65％);海拔从低到高的4个垂直带植被碳储量分别为103.60 t/hm2、245.26 t/hm2、192.99 t/hm2、9.82 t/hm2.研究认为,年平均降水量与地上生物量显著相关,是影响贡嘎山植被垂直带地上生物量分异的重要气候因子.     

辽宁东部的主要植被类型及其分布

辽宁东部位于铁岭一营口一线以东地区。北部为山地,属于长白植物区系区。南部为辽东半岛丘陵,属于华北植物区系区,并具有一些耐寒性的亚热带植物。红松(Pinus koraiensis)、沙松(Abies holophylla)—阔叶混交林和油松 (Pinus tabulaeformis)、赤松(P.densiflora)、落叶阔叶林是辽宁东部的地带性植被。但是,目前次生的蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林和各类灌丛分布很广。以开原一南杂木一青城子一青椅山线为界把辽东分为两个植被地带：1)北部为温带针叶阔叶混交林地带;2)南部为暖温带落叶阔叶林地带。在暖温带落叶阔叶林地带内,熊岳一青椅山线的东南部为亦松栎林亚地带,西北部为油松栎林亚地带。     

晋东南山地种子植物区系研究

晋东南山地有野生种子植物974种,隶属于456属125科,其中裸子植物7科11属15种,被子植物118科445属959种(其中双子叶植物104科396属833种,单子叶植物14科,49属126种)。种子植物属的区系成分复杂多样,以温带成分占绝对优势(温带属250属,占总属数的60．98％)。种子植物种的区系成分中,中国特有种占绝对优势,共有383种,占总种数的39．32％,它们是构成晋东南山地森林植被和灌丛植被的建群种和优势种的主要成分。     

河北省邢台西部山区种子植物科的区系分析

邢台西部山区位于河北太行山脉的南段,区内植物种类丰富,共有野生种子植物93科,393属,823种,其中含23种以上的优势科有12科,反映区系地方特征的表征科有10科,区域单种科、单属科共37科,植物生活型以草本为主;本区系具明显的温带性质,同时,与热带又有一定的历史渊源;区系成分复杂,与其它地区植物区系联系广泛,具有过渡性,在起源上又具有古老性。研究结果表明,本区系是河北省植物区系的重要组成部分,在太行山区具有较强的代表性。