水稻雄性不育与花药中类脂褐素的积累

细胞质雄性不育水稻不育系珍汕９７Ａ和其保持系珍汕９７Ｂ,处于不育期的光（温）敏核不育水稻Ｗ６１５４ｓ和培矮６４ｓ的花药中类脂褐素（ＬＦＬＰ）含量随花粉发育或败育而增高．不育花药中ＬＦＬＰ的形成速率比可育花药快,三核期的珍汕９７Ａ和不育期Ｗ６１５４ｓ的花药,其ＬＦＬＰ比相应具育性花药高２４％．用抗氧化剂ＧＳＨ、ＢＨＴ和Ｎ２处理离体的单核期花药,发现ＧＳＨ可降低珍汕９７Ａ和不育期的Ｗ６１５４ｓ的ＬＦＬＰ含量．结果认为,水稻雄性不育与膜脂过氧化作用的荧光产物类脂褐素的积累有关．     

Division of labor of anthers in heterantherous plants: flexibility of bee pollen collection behavior may serve to keep plants honest

Heteranthery is thought to reflect a division of labor, with some anthers serving a pollinator-feeding function and others serving a pollinating function. Mutualism theory predicts that each participant should try to maximize the benefit it receives from its partner: plants should allocate more pollen to pollination, and pollinators should collect more pollen. Accordingly, plant and pollinator may engage in a ‘tug of war’ with respect to pollen from each anther type, resulting in incomplete division of labor. Here, we explored this idea by conducting a fully factorial manipulation of the availability of pollen in long and short anthers of staminate flowers of Solanum houstonii. We found the following: (1) Bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) preferred to sonicate (collect pollen from) short anthers over long anthers, consistent with a role as feeding and pollinating anthers, respectively; (2) Blocking short anther pores alone increased sonication of long anthers and resulted in collection of pollen from long anthers; (3) Blocking long anther pores alone did not influence sonication of short anthers; (4) The increase in sonication of long anthers, when short anther pores are blocked, was greater when pollen was available in long anthers; (5) Despite shifting sonication effort to long anthers, bees do not move their bodies closer to long anther pores where pollen could be collected more effectively; and (6) analysis of the growth of corbicular loads over time spent buzzing indicates that significant amounts of pollen are collected from long anthers as well as short anthers. We conclude that bees can flexibly increase pollen collection from pollinating anthers, but are constrained from fully exploiting this pollen. This results in checks and balances between plant and bee that may help maintain heteranthery.     

太谷核不育小麦可育花药内游离脯氨酸的来源、利用及与不育花药败育的关系

太谷核不育小麦营养体内的游离脯氨酸能迅速地运入并积累于花药中,花药有将谷氨酸转化成脯氨酸的能力。脯氨酸向花药内以主动运输为主,能被DNP所抑制,与旗叶的功能密切相关。在发育阶段Ⅰ(小孢子释放前后),脯氨酸已不能由营养体运入不育花药,运输的障碍在花丝或花药中,不育花药缺乏游离脯氨酸可能是主要原因。发育阶段Ⅰ的可育花药内,脯氨酸是合成蛋白质或其他大分子物质的原料。因而,脯氨酸的缺乏可能是加速不育花药小孢子败育和小孢子释放后急剧解体的重要原因。     

Studio sui pigmenti liposolubili di Sternbergia lutea Ker-Gawl durante alcune fasi del suo ciclo biologico

Abstract

A study of Sternbergia lutea Ker-Gawl lipidsoluble pigments during some phases of its biological cycle. — In the present paper we have examined the pigments of Sternbergia lutea and their variations during some particular phases of its biological cycle in order to obtain useful information on their probable function in the plant. Therefore, we have analyzed the pigments of the leaves, floral scape, tepals and anthers. The results obtained show that Sternbergia lutea is characterized by the same pigment composition as that of the other higher plants. In addition to this, three further carotenoids have been observed (mainly in the tepals and anthers). Chromatographic and spectrophotometric properties of these new pigments indicate their relationship with carotene isomers that have already been examined. During the phases of vegetative cycle of Sternbergia lutea chlorophylls and carotenoids increase concomitantly with the growth of the plant. Carotenes reach a significant maximum value only in anthers. In the course of the necrosis (that obviously occurs in different stages for the various organs) is observed a higher decrease of chlorophylls (in the green tissues) and of the carotenes (in the anthers) while lutein and violaxanthin increase greatly (in the tepals).     

Amino acids in anthers of Milo and in cytoplasmic genetic male sterile sorghums (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) of Indian origin

Summary Amino acid composition of proteins from anthers of milo and Indian origin male steriles were determined. Comparison of amino acid between A and B lines showed lower contents of histidine, threonine, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine and phenylalanine and higher contents of alanine, serine, proline and tyrosine in line A compared to line B. Alanine content in anthers of A lines was more than two fold higher than that in the anthers from B lines. Marked differences in amino acid composition of anthers of A and B lines are suggestive of their involvement in male sterility. Cytoplasmic male steriles of Indian origin M35-1A and M31-2A showed greater similarity but differed from milo, VZM2A and B.     

The morphogenesis of dimorphic pollen and anthers in Tripogandra amplexicaulis. Light microscopy and growth analysis

A characteristic of the genus Tripogandra is the presence of two dissimilar whorls of anthers. In T. amplexicaulis the short filamented anthers (S anthers) develop fertile, spheroidal pollen, the long filamented ones (L anthers) develop elongated spores, which degenerate prior to anthesis. Meiosis is regular in both types but occurs approximately two days later in the L anthers. Developmental traits of the L spores are a continuous, uniaxial extension and a sigmoid course of growth in volume accompanied by progressive vacuolarization and growth of starch grains and usually no division. The number of spores in the L anthers amounts to only 60 % of that in the S anthers, but the values for anther fresh weight and pollen sac volume of the former eventually exceed those of the latter and the relative growth rate in these variables is consistently higher in the L anthers. The relative rate in dry weight, however, is similar for both anthers and the absolute rate is clearly lower in the L anthers. These growth characteristics are reflected in a greater vacuolarization of both spores and the amoeboid tapetum in the L anthers. Cytological features of male sterile plants with hypotrophy of the tapetum are related to the sterility syndrome of the L anthers and a common hypothesis for the deviating features is presented.     

水稻非花粉型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药发育过程中Ca2+的分布变化

钙在高等植物中被称为第二信使,与植物的有性生殖有关。为了研究水稻（Oryza sativa L.）花药中钙的定位与花粉败育的关系,利用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了非花粉型细胞质雄性不育系G37A及其保持系G37B花药的发育过程及其细胞中Ca^2＋ 的分布变化。研究发现,在2个材料间花药中钙的分布存在大量差异。G37B的可育花药在花粉母细胞时期及二分体时期,很少看到有Ca^2＋的沉积;而在单核花粉时期,Ca^2＋沉积急速地增加,主要定位在绒毡层细胞、花粉外壁外层及乌氏体的表面;随后花药壁上沉积的Ca^2＋减少而花粉的外壁外层仍然有很多Ca^2＋沉积物。相反,G37A的不育花药在花粉母细胞时期和二分体时期有大量的Ca^2＋沉积在小孢子母细胞和花药壁,中间层和绒毡层特别多。在二分体时期之后,不育花药的Ca^2＋沉积减少,特别是绒毡层内切向质膜附近的Ca^2＋几乎消失。但是同时期的可育花药中,有大量的Ca^2＋沉积在绒毡层。不育花药的Ca^2＋沉积在开花几天后消失。根据研究结果推测在不育花药发育早期中更多的钙离子与花粉败育有一定的关系。     

A comparison of in vitro flowers to in vivo flowers of haploid and diploidNicotiana tabacum L.

Thin cell layers (TCLs) were cultured from inflorescences of diploid (2n=4x=48) and haploid (2n=2x=24)Nicotiana tabacum L. "Samsun" and the subsequent flowers formed in vitro were then compared to in vivo flowers. Plants derived from TCLs possessed flowers that were typical of their seed or androgenetically-derived counterparts, whereas de novo flowers from TCLs were abnormal when compared to their counterparts. The TCLs of haploid plants produced more flower buds than diploid TCLs, and did so in a shorter period of time. In vitro flowers and anthers at both ploidy levels were considerably smaller than the in vivo flowers; in vitro flowers also had variable numbers of anthers and pistils. The embryogenic capacity of anthers taken from in vivo diploid flowers was 5 times greater than that of in vitro diploid or haploid anthers. In vivo haploid anthers produced no embryoids, whereas in vitro haploid anthers did produce embryoids. Observations of mitotic cells in root tips of plants derived from anther cultures of in vitro haploid flowers revealed a mixoploid nature. Diploid meiosis was regular and haploid meiosis was irregular regardless of the origin (in vitro or in vivo) of the flowers.Supported by state Hatch funds.     

Energy and Activated Oxygen Metabolisms in Anthers of Hubei Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice

The energy and activated oxygen metabolisms in male-sterile and fertile anthers of Hubei photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice (HPGMR)have been comparatively studied. Among the male-sterile anthers, lower total activities of cytochrome oxidase(COD), ATPase, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in six anthers of a spikelet were seen, which were equivalent to about 2–64%, 20–76%, 26–60%, 6–77%, 29–55%, respectively, of those of their fertile counterparts during different development stages of pollens. The sterile anthers lacked 1–5, 1, 1–2 isozyme bands of COD, POD and SOD, respectively, and also displayed lower content of ATP, higher contents of H202 and malondiald ehyde (MDA) and higher efficiency of O2- which were equivalent to about 14–77%, 152–424%, 153–238%, 230–340%, respectively, of those of their corresponding fertile ones. It is concluded that the physiological features of male-sterile anthers, viz. lower efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, higher efficiency of O2 and H202 generation, weaker activity of scavenger system of activated oxygen and higher level of lipid peroxidation, are indicative of some relationship between abnormal energy, activated oxygen metabolisms in male-sterile anthers and male-sterility in HPGMR.     

Lauraceous flowers from the Late Cretaceous of North Carolina, U.S.A.

Three new taxa with clear affinity to extant Lauraceae are described from the Santonian/ Campanian ( c .83 My, Late Cretaceous) Neuse River locality in North Carolina, U.S.A. A new lauraceous genus, Neusenia , is established to accommodate an excellently preserved flower with tetrasporangiate anthers and psilate pollen grains. Two additional lauraceous taxa are described but not named due to incomplete preservation. The fossil taxa described in this paper represent a variety of evolutionary lineages within Lauraceae with respect to inflorescence structure and anther morphology, including both distinctly pedicellate flowers and sessile, closely crowded flowers, as well as tetrasporangiate and disporangiate anthers. In light of the co-occurrence of both tetrasporangiate and disporangiate anthers in the Neuse River flora, the plesiomorphic state of lauraceous anthers is discussed. Mapped on a recent cladogram of Laurales, tetrasporangiate anthers appear to be primitive within Lauraceae. Thus, disporangiate 2-valvate anthers must have evolved independently at least three times in Laurales (in Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae, and Atherosperrnataceae/Gomortegaceae). In Hernandiaceae and Atherosperrnataceae/Gomortegaceae such anthers are interpreted to have originated from tetrasporangiate 2-valvate anthers through reduction of the septum in each theca, while in Lauraceae they may have originated in the same way and/or from reduction of two pollen sacs in a tetrasporangiate 4-valvate anther.     

光敏核不育水稻花药IAA的免疫组织化学分析

首次应用免疫组织化学分析方法对长日和短日处理后的农垦５８Ｓ和对照农垦５８（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）花药中的ＩＡＡ进行了定位研究和相对水平的比较。结果表明,此方法可反映游离态ＩＡＡ在花药中的分布及其相对水平的变化。从雌雄蕊原基形成期至单核晚期的５个时期中,经长日照处理的农垦５８Ｓ花药中的ＩＡＡ水平都低于短日照处理的农垦５８Ｓ及在不同光周期处理下的农垦５８花药。对花     

Immunohistochemical Analysis of IAA in Anthers of the Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice

The immunohistochemical localization of IAA and the comparison of their relative levels were carried out for the first time in the anthers of Nongken 58S and its wild type Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) after long-day and short-day treatments. The distribution of free-IAA in anthers and its dynamic variation could be reflected by this method. The results showed that the IAA level in the anthers of Nongken 58S after long-day treatment was much lower than that in short-day-treated Nongken 58S and those in wild type Nongken 58 in five stages from pistil and stamen primordia formation to late uninucleate stage. The possible reasons for IAA deficiency in Nongken 58S-LD anthers and its relationship with fertility alteration were also discussed.     

Prospects of androgenetic induction in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus</Emphasis> spp.

Anthers cultures of six Polish cultivars of pasture lupin (Lupinus L.) were examined for their androgenic response. Anthers with microspores at the uninucleate stage were isolated from flower buds and cultured in liquid media. Better viability of androgenetic structures was obtained when donor plants had grown under field as opposed to greenhouse conditions. A density of five anthers per 0.5 ml medium was more conducive to androgenetic induction than 25 anthers per 0.5 ml medium. Addition of 5% maltose to the induction medium and culture at 25°C without pre-treatment of flowers, buds or anthers promoted microspore release and division. The greatest frequency of androgenic callus, ~70% was developed from cvs. Katon, Wat (white lupin), in contrast to cvs. Legat, Juno (yellow lupin), Polonez and Sonet (narrow-leafed lupin) with callus induction ~30–40%. Despite various combinations of media tested, plant regeneration was not obtained from anther derived callus.     

棉花洞A型核雄性不育系花药败育过程中的生化变化

研究了陆地棉洞A型核雄性不育系(抗A1,MA)不育和可育花药不同发育时期可溶性碳水化合物、游离氨基酸和IAA、GA3、ABA含量的动态变化。结果表明,不育花药中可溶性糖含量偏高,缺乏淀粉积累;有4种游离氨基酸含量在可育与不育花药问存在显著差异,其中不育花药天门冬氨酸含量偏高,这可能是其败育的原因之一,而脯氨酸、精氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量异常,则是不育花药败育的结果;在花药主要败育时期之前,不育花药中ABA含量极显著偏高,IAA、GA3含量极显著偏低。不育花药中IAA、GA3、ABA含量变化与洞A型核雄性不育系花药败育密切相关。     

白菜细胞核雄性不育花药的细胞化学观察

对一种由一对隐性基因控制的白菜细胞核雄性不育和可育株的花药进行了细胞学和组织化学研究。种子播种后,有1／4植株为不育株,其余的为可育株。通过对不育株和可育株花药发育的细胞学观察,确认不育花粉的败育发生在小孢子发育时期。用组织化学的方法研究了可育株和不育株花药发育过程中的多糖和脂类的分布动态,发现在减数分裂前,可育花药和不育花药的药隔细胞中都储藏了大量的淀粉粒。二者的差异仅是不育花药的绒毡层细胞液泡化明显。在减数分裂后的小孢子发育时期,可育花药的绒毡层细胞具有将药隔细胞中的淀粉粒多糖吸收并转化成脂类的功能,小孢子及以后的二胞花粉中也积累了大量的脂类储藏物质。在不育花药中,虽然减数分裂后药隔细胞中的淀粉粒也都消失,但绒毡层细胞中的脂类物质相比很少,同时绒毡层细胞显示了明显的多糖反应,表明不育花药的绒毡层细胞将糖类转化为脂类的功能受阻。在小孢子的表面有些脂类物质,但在细胞质中却没有脂类积累。这一结果暗示在该种白菜细胞核雄性不育株中,由于花药绒毡层细胞转换多糖为脂类的功能失常,导致了小孢子的败育。     

白菜细胞核雄性不育花药的细胞化学观察

对一种由一对隐性基因控制的白菜细胞核雄性不育和可育株的花药进行了细胞学和组织化学研究。种子播种后,有1/4植株为不育株,其余的为可育株。通过对不育株和可育株花药发育的细胞学观察,确认不育花粉的败育发生在小孢子发育时期。用组织化学的方法研究了可育株和不育株花药发育过程中的多糖和脂类的分布动态,发现在减数分裂前,可育花药和不育花药的药隔细胞中都储藏了大量的淀粉粒。二者的差异仅是不育花药的绒毡层细胞液泡化明显。在减数分裂后的小孢子发育时期,可育花药的绒毡层细胞具有将药隔细胞中的淀粉粒多糖吸收并转化成脂类的功能,小孢子及以后的二胞花粉中也积累了大量的脂类储藏物质在不育花药中,虽然减数分裂后药隔细胞中的淀粉粒也都消失,但绒毡层细胞中的脂类物质相比很少,同时绒毡层细胞显示了明显的多糖反应,表明不育花药的绒毡层细胞将糖类转化为脂类的功能受阻。在小孢子的表面有些脂类物质,但在细胞质中却没有脂类积累。这一结果暗示在该种白菜细胞核雄性不育株中,由于花药绒毡层细胞转换多糖为脂类的功能失常,导致了小孢子的败育。     

Molecular and genetic characterization of two pollen-expressed genes that have sequence similarity to pectate lyases of the plant pathogen Erwinia

A set of cDNAs that are expressed in tomato anthers were isolated [24]. We further characterized two of these cDNAs (LAT56 and LAT59) and their corresponding genomic clones. LAT56 and LAT59 show low levels of steady-state mRNA in immature anthers and maximal levels in mature anthers and pollen. The LAT56 and LAT59 genes are single-copy in the tomato genome, and are linked on chromosome 3, approximately 5 cM apart. Although these cDNAs did not cross-hybridize, their deduced protein sequences (P56 and P59) have 54% amino acid identity. The LAT56 and LAT59 genes each have two introns, but they are located in non-homologous positions. P56 and P59 show significant protein sequence similarity to pectate lyases of plant pathogenic bacteria. The similarity of P56 and P59 to the bacterial pectate lyases is equivalent to the homology described for different pectate lyase sequences of the genus Erwinia. We suggest that the pollen expression of LAT56 and LAT59 might relate to a requirement for pectin degradation during pollen tube growth.Abbreviations LAT, late anther tomato - bp, base pairs - MA, mature anther - PL, pectate lyase - kb, kilobase (pairs)