生物芯片技术与食品分析

生物芯片检测技术是一种全新的微量分析技术。本文综述了生物芯片基本技术流程包括方阵构建、样品制备、化学反应和结果检测 ;探讨了生物芯片技术在食品分析中的应用前景 ;分析了生物芯片应用的技术障碍 ,旨在为生物芯片应用发展提供理论基础。     

杂交保护检测技术的应用

自杂交保护检测(Hybridization Protection Assay,HPA)技术首次被报道以来,在很多领域都得到了应用。本文综述了HPA技术的主要原理特性和应用的研究进展,包括微生物的鉴定检测、端粒和端粒酶检测、基因突变检测和基因多态性分析、mRNA转录水平监测和其他方面的应用,并对HPA技术在我国应用的局限和应用前景进行分析。     

分子生物学技术在肠道微生物研究中的应用进展

肠道微生物与宿主的健康状况息息相关,已成为当今的热点研究领域。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,高通量测序技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术和PCR-DGGE技术等凭借其高灵敏度、高通量、无需体外培养等优势,为研究微生物结构和功能基因组提供了新方法,并在肠道菌群的研究中应用广泛。本文对这三种分子生物学技术在肠道微生物研究中的应用进行了综述,总结了这三种技术在肠道微生物研究中的应用范围和优缺点,并展望了其在肠道微生物研究中的广阔应用前景。     

芦荟多糖、芦荟油、芦荟素的提取及应用

本文总结了国内外芦荟产品的开发和研究发展趋势 ,概述了芦荟多糖、芦荟油、芦荟素的应用 ,分析了膜分离技术 ,超临界流体CO2 萃取技术、制备性色谱分离技术在芦荟产品分离和提纯中的应用     

激光技术在农产品质量检测中的研究进展

近年来激光在农业领域得到广泛的应用和研究,其中的一个最新进展是将激光技术应用于农产品内部品质和安全性检测。本文介绍了农产品质量检测中的几种激光技术,包括应用激光的吸收与反射技术来检测农产品糖酸度、质地、PH值、成熟度、干物质等;应用激光诱导荧光技术来检测农产品的农药残留、叶绿素、成熟度;应用激光拉曼光谱技术来检测农产品水果损伤、农药残留。对农产品激光检测的未来发展趋势进行了探讨和展望。     

乙醇生物标志物检测技术研究

乙醇作为一种常见的饮用酒精，在代谢过程中会产生多种生物标志物，这些标志物在酒精滥用诊断、疾病研究和药物评估等领域具有重要的应用价值。文章旨在系统地探讨乙醇生物标志物的检测技术，包括不同检测方法的原理与应用，以及这些方法在临床和研究中的应用情况。文章重点阐述了液相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、核磁共振技术和生物传感器技术在乙醇生物标志物检测中的原理及应用，分析了乙醇生物标志物检测技术面临的挑战，如技术局限性、数据整合和个体差异等，并指出了这项技术未来的发展方向。综合来看，乙醇生物标志物检测技术在医学与科研领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

整体透明技术在植物生物学中的应用实例及其剖析

通过采用不同的透明剂和透明方法,对番茄（Lycopercicon esculenturm）侧根原基、加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）与一枝黄花（S．decurens）的亲和性识别反应和苏门白酒草（Conyza sumatrensis）的胚珠发育过程进行了观察,提供了整体透明技术在植物生物学中的应用实例,简要回顾了该技术在植物生殖生物学中的应用和发展状况,分析了该技术在植物生物学应用中的优势和不足,探讨了该技术应用中一些具体的技术环节,如透明剂的选择和使用以及与特殊用途显微镜的配合使用等方面的问题,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

新书介绍

质谱技术丛书——有机质谱在生物医药中的应用 本书深入浅出地论述了有机质谱在生物医药学中的应用,全书共6章,分别介绍了有机质谱在蛋白质组学中的应用、生物质谱在生物分子间非共价键相互作用研究中的应用、糖基化蛋白质的生物质谱分析、质谱技术在天然药物研究中的应用、质谱在组合化学研究中的应用、串联质谱技术与药代动力学和药物代谢研究。     

生物技术在化妆品中的应用

本文介绍了生物技术在化妆品行业中的应用情况,包括发酵技术、植物组织培养技术、干细胞技术、核酸技术在化妆品活性成分的研究开发上的利用,同时概括了生物技术在化妆品功效评价和安全评价方面上的应用。     

整体透明技术在植物生物学中的应用实例及其剖析

通过采用不同的透明剂和透明方法, 对番茄 (Lycopercicon esculentum)侧根原基、加拿大一枝黄花 (Solidago canadensis)与一枝黄花 (S. decurens)的亲和性识别反应和苏门白酒草 (Conyza sumatrensis)的胚珠发育过程进行了观 察, 提供了整体透明技术在植物生物学中的应用实例, 简要回顾了该技术在植物生殖生物学中的应用和发展状况, 分析了该技术在植物生物学应用中的优势和不足, 探讨了该技术应用中一些具体的技术环节, 如透明剂的选择和使用以及与特殊用途显微镜的配合使用等方面的问题, 并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

时间分辨荧光免疫分析在兽药残留检测中的应用

近年来,兽药残留引起食物中毒的报道日益增多,兽药残留检测的意义重大。传统的气相色谱法、液相色谱法存在前处理复杂、仪器成本昂贵等缺陷,酶联免疫吸附分析(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)灵敏度也不高,而时间分辨荧光免疫分析(time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay,TRFIA)操作简便、灵敏度高,已在兽药残留检测领域引起重视。介绍了TRFIA的原理和优势,综述了其在促生长繁殖类、瘦肉增产类和杀菌驱虫类兽药残留检测中的应用,并与传统方法进行了对比,TRFIA有望取代传统的检测方法成为兽药残留检测的常规方法。     

Spectrofluorimetric analysis of ethopabate in veterinary formulations with application to residue determination in chicken muscles and liver

Ethopabate is a veterinary drug used in the prophylaxis and treatment of coccidiosis in chickens. The presence of drug residues in edible tissues can be dangerous to human consumers. It may cause direct toxic effects, allergic reactions and increased bacterial resistance. A highly sensitive, simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of ethopabate in its veterinary formulations. The proposed method is based on measuring the native fluorescence of ethopabate in water at 364 nm after excitation at 270 nm. The fluorescence–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 2–100 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 2.9 ng/g and a limit of quantification of 9.8 ng/g for ethopabate. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of ethopabate in its commercial veterinary formulations and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the reference method. The method was extended to the determination of ethopabate residues in chicken muscles and liver, and the results were satisfactory. The recoveries obtained were in the 108.36–113.42% range. No organic solvents are used in the procedure, so it can be considered a type of ‘green’ chemistry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genotoxical, teratological and biochemical effects of anthelmintic drug oxfendazole Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in male and female mice

Oxfendazole, methyl-5 (6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, is a member of the benzimidazole family of anthelmintics. Anthelmintic benzimidazoles are widely used in meat producing animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) for control of endoparasites. The extensive use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals can cause the presence of small quantities of the drug residues in food. Maximum residue limit or "MRL" means the maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of a veterinary medicinal product which may be legally permitted recognized as acceptable in food. The FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1999) evaluations of toxicological and residue data, reported that oxfendazole (MRL) has toxicological hazards on human health. The toxicity of oxfendazole (MRL) was tested in male and female mice and their fetuses. Chromosomal aberrations, teratological examination and biochemical analysis were the parameters used in this study. The results show that oxfendazole MRL induced a mutagenic effect in all tested cell types. Also, oxfendazole exhibit embryotoxicity including teratogenicity. The biochemical results show that oxfendazole induced a disturbance in the different biochemical contents of all tested tissues. So, we must increase the attention paid to the potential risk of oxfendazole residues in human beings and should stress the need for careful control to ensure adherence to the prescribed withdrawal time of this drug.     

Current methodologies for the analysis of aminoglycosides

The aminoglycosides are a large and diverse class of antibiotics that characteristically contain two or more aminosugars linked by glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol component. Structures are presented for over 30 of the most important members of this family of compounds. The use of aminoglycosides in clinical and veterinary medicine and in agriculture is described. Qualitative methods for aminoglycoside analysis include X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). The major part of this article comprises a comprehensive review of quantitative methods for the determination of aminoglycosides. These are microbiological assay, radiochemical assay, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, fluoroimmunoassay and other immunoassays, spectrophotometric and other non-separative methods, gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Simple spectrophotometric methods may be adequate for the assay of bulk pharmaceuticals and their formulations. Microbiological assays make useful semi-quantitative screening tests for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in food, but rapid enzyme immunoassays are more suitable for accurate measurements of aminoglycosides in complex matrices. Automated immunoassays are the most appropriate methods for serum aminoglycoside determinations during therapeutic drug monitoring. HPLC techniques provide the specificity and sensitivity required for pharmacokinetic and other research studies, while HPLC–MS is employed for the confirmation of veterinary drug residues. The potential for further development of chromatographic and CE methods for the analysis of biological samples is outlined.     

Evaluation of a Cow-Side Test for Detection of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Milk from Cows with Mastitis

A modified Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) cow-side test was evaluated under field conditions. The principle of the test is to visualize reactions between test components and endotoxin from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. The practical purpose is to detect such bacteria in mastitic milk. Secretions from 789 udder quarters with clinical mastitis were examined by the LAL-test. Parallel quarter milk samples were sent to a mastitis laboratory for microbiological examination. Eleven veterinary surgeons in three veterinary districts in Norway performed the field investigations. Results of the LAL-test and culture agreed in 93% of all milk samples tested, agreement measured by kappa being 0.63. The sensitivity of the test in detecting Gram-negative bacteria was 63%, while the specificity was 97%. The predictive value of a positive test result was 70%, the figure being somewhat higher (75%) when the material was limited to milk samples without antibiotic residues. The predictive value of a negative test result was 95%. The LAL-test is considered to constitute a valuable cow-side test for the veterinary practitioner, aiding the selection of antibacterial drug of choice for the initial treatment of clinical mastitis.     

Analysis of veterinary drug residues in shrimp: a multi-class method by liquid chromatography-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to screen and confirm veterinary drug residues in raw shrimp meat. This method simultaneously monitors 18 drugs of different classes, including oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfonamides, quinolones, cationic dyes, and toltrazuril sulfone (TOLS). The homogenized shrimp meat is extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid. The extract is further cleaned using polymer-based SPE. A 50 mm phenyl column separates the analytes, prior to analysis with an ion trap mass spectrometer interfaced with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. This method is able to confirm oxytetracycline residues at 200 ng/g, toltrazuril sulfone at 50 ng/g, sulfaquinoxaline at 20 ng/g, and the other 15 drugs at 10 ng/g or lower levels. An estimate of the level of residues can also be made so that only confirmed samples above action levels will be sent for quantitation. The method is validated with both fortified and incurred samples, using multiple shrimp species as well. This multi-class method can provide a means to simultaneously monitor for a wide range of illegal drug residues in shrimp.     

Widespread Occurrence of Chemical Residues in Beehive Matrices from Apiaries Located in Different Landscapes of Western France

Background

The honey bee, Apis mellifera, is frequently used as a sentinel to monitor environmental pollution. In parallel, general weakening and unprecedented colony losses have been reported in Europe and the USA, and many factors are suspected to play a central role in these problems, including infection by pathogens, nutritional stress and pesticide poisoning. Honey bee, honey and pollen samples collected from eighteen apiaries of western France from four different landscape contexts during four different periods in 2008 and in 2009 were analyzed to evaluate the presence of pesticides and veterinary drug residues.

Methodology/Findings

A multi-residue analysis of 80 compounds was performed using a modified QuEChERS method, followed by GC-ToF and LC−MS/MS. The analysis revealed that 95.7%, 72.3% and 58.6% of the honey, honey bee and pollen samples, respectively, were contaminated by at least one compound. The frequency of detection was higher in the honey samples (n = 28) than in the pollen (n = 23) or honey bee (n = 20) samples, but the highest concentrations were found in pollen. Although most compounds were rarely found, some of the contaminants reached high concentrations that might lead to adverse effects on bee health. The three most frequent residues were the widely used fungicide carbendazim and two acaricides, amitraz and coumaphos, that are used by beekeepers to control Varroa destructor. Apiaries in rural-cultivated landscapes were more contaminated than those in other landscape contexts, but the differences were not significant. The contamination of the different matrices was shown to be higher in early spring than in all other periods.

Conclusions/Significance

Honey bees, honeys and pollens are appropriate sentinels for monitoring pesticide and veterinary drug environmental pollution. This study revealed the widespread occurrence of multiple residues in beehive matrices and suggests a potential issue with the effects of these residues alone or in combination on honey bee health.     

Development and validation of a method for the confirmation of halofuginone in chicken liver and eggs using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A method is described for the quantitative confirmation of halofuginone (HFG) residues in chicken liver and eggs. This method is based on LC coupled to positive ion electrospray MS-MS of the tissue extracts, prepared by trypsin digestion of the tissues followed by liquid-liquid extraction and final clean-up using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). The [M+H](+) ion at m/z 416 is monitored along with four transitions at m/z 398, 138, 120 and 100. The method has been validated according to the draft EU criteria for the analysis of veterinary drug residues at 15, 30 and 45 microg kg(-1) in liver and 5, 15 and 50 microg kg(-1) in eggs. The new analytical limits, CCalpha and CCbeta were calculated for liver and were 35.4 and 43.6 microg kg(-1), respectively.     

Immunoaffinity column clean-up techniques in food analysis: A review

This review provides a critical assessment of the applications of immunoaffinity columns for sample clean-up in the field of food safety. The performance of immunoaffinity columns are compared in terms of specificity, binding capacity and recovery, and commercial disposable columns are contrasted with home-made columns. Areas covered include multiple-use of columns, multiple-analyte columns, use with automated systems and validation of IAC methods. Publications illustrating the many varied applications of IAC for sample clean-up in the areas of mycotoxins, veterinary drug residues, pesticide residues, environmental contaminants and vitamins have been compiled, comparing extraction methods, achievable recovery, and illustrating the variety of end-detection methods that have been employed.     

Toxicological Implications and Inflammatory Response in Human Lymphocytes Challenged with Oxytetracycline

Antibiotics are widely used in zoo technical and veterinary practices as feed supplementation to ensure wellness of farmed animals and livestock. Several evidences have been suggesting both the toxic role for tetracyclines, particularly for oxytetracycline (OTC). This potential toxicity appears of great relevance for human nutrition and for domestic animals. This study aimed to extend the evaluation of such toxicity. The biologic impact of the drug was assessed by evaluating the proinflammatory effect of OTC and their bone residues on cytokine secretion by in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our results showed that both OTC and OTC‐bone residues significantly induced the T lymphocyte and non‐T cell secretion of interferon (IFN)‐γ, as cytokine involved in inflammatory responses in humans as well as in animals. These results may suggest a possible implication for new potential human and animal health risks depending on the entry of tetracyclines in the food‐processing chain.