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1.
Biomedical technologies like MRI scans offer a way for carers and people with dementia to ‘see’ pathology, as a means to reorient
their perceptions of the body and functionality. Through interpretive and syncretic processes, the MRI and the diagnosis of
dementia facilitate the incorporation of the clinical category ‘dementia’ into social understandings of illness and care in
India. Complex shifts occur as families and providers move from socio-cultural explanations of disruption to bio-social etiologies
of the disease ‘dementia’ and then to socio-ecological frameworks of causality. Both the biomedicalisation of illness and
the localisation of illness occur as the clinical category ‘dementia’ is folded into local understandings of illness and care.
Through elucidating how the dialectic between biomedical and local knowledge is operationalized, we offer insights into how
dementia is absorbed and appropriated into Indian cultural contexts. 相似文献
2.
Psychological evidence suggests that laypeople understand the world around them in terms of intuitive ontologies which describe
broad categories of objects in the world, such as ‘person’, ‘artefact’ and ‘animal’. However, because intuitive ontologies
are the result of natural selection, they only need to be adaptive; this does not guarantee that the knowledge they provide
is a genuine reflection of causal mechanisms in the world. As a result, science has parted ways with intuitive ontologies.
Nevertheless, since the brain is evolved to understand objects in the world according to these categories, we can expect that
they continue to play a role in scientific understanding. Taking the case of human evolution, we explore relationships between
intuitive ontological and scientific understanding. We show that intuitive ontologies not only shape intuitions on human evolution,
but also guide the direction and topics of interest in its research programmes. Elucidating the relationships between intuitive
ontologies and science may help us gain a clearer insight into scientific understanding. 相似文献
3.
Dawn Sanders 《Kew Bulletin》2010,65(4):677-680
Professor Stephen Hopper has suggested that ‘possibly the most significant future challenge facing plant conservation is the
achievement of a global shift in value systems towards acceptance of the old cultural wisdom that humans are part of, not
separate from, nature’. Here I examine this challenge for contemporary humanity experiencing increasingly divergent ‘lifeworlds’
and ask if it is possible to be ‘all netted together’, and achieve cultural consilience in the face of increasing plant extinction.
The first part of the article explores a hybrid approach to botanical education, where ‘border crossings’ between ‘Pokémon’
and plant-based inquiry might facilitate 21st century urban children to engage more intimately with the living world. The
second part highlights how botanic gardens can facilitate expressions of lost botanical knowledge carried through human migration
from rural to urban contexts. The article ends with a discussion intended to provoke interdisciplinary discourse between botanical
science and botanical education, contextualised within the wider literature that examines the role of botanic gardens. 相似文献
4.
Nancy J. Nersessian 《Acta biotheoretica》1982,31(4):205-218
The origins of the ‘incommensurability problem’ and its central aspect, the ‘meaning variance thesis’ are traced to the successive
collapse of several distinctions maintained by the standard empiricist account of meaning in scientific theories. The crucial
distinction is that between a conceptual structure and a theory. The ‘thesis’ and the ‘problem’ follow from critiques of this
distinction by Duhem, Quine and Feyerabend. It is maintained that, rather than revealing the ‘problem’, the arguments leading
to it simply show the inadequacy of the reductionist theory of meaning. The genuine remaining problem is that of the development
of a new theory of meaning in science.
This paper was written while I was Visiting Fulbright Research Scholar at the University of Leiden and the Museum Boerhaave,
Leiden. 相似文献
5.
Neil Maclean 《Dialectical Anthropology》2010,34(3):347-373
This article offers a close analysis of a ‘classic’ body of ethnographic material on the rhetoric and ritual accompanying
bridewealth exchange and argues both for the perspective it provides on the dynamics of cultural continuity, and for the contemporary
significance of such continuity for theorising the politics of globalisation. Munn’s study on ‘spacetime’ provides a perspective
on bridewealth, both as praxis of continuity and of articulation with global processes. I conclude this article by posing
the question of whether subjects such as the Maring of Papua New Guinea can be said to have agency at the global level. I
argue that the condition of such agency is the alienation of that agency from their specificity as subjects. 相似文献
6.
Söderqvist T 《Journal of the history of biology》2011,44(4):633-650
Today, scientific biography is primarily thought of as a way of writing contextual history of science. But the genre has other
functions as well. This article discusses seven kinds of ideal–typical subgenres of scientific biography. In addition to its
mainstream function as an ancilla historiae, it is also frequently used to enrich the understanding of the individual construction of scientific knowledge, to promote
the public engagement with science, and as a substitute for belles-lettres. Currently less acknowledged kinds of scientific
biography include its use as a medium for public and private, respectively, commemoration. Finally, the use of scientific
biography as a research (virtue) ethical genre, providing examples of ‘the good life in science’, is emphasized. 相似文献
7.
There is an urgent need to develop the underlying theory and principles of “sustainability science,” based on an understanding
of the fundamental interactions between nature and humans. This requires a new research and education paradigm that embraces
biocomplexity, integrates the physical, biological, and social sciences, and uses a coupled, human–natural systems approach.
An initiative aligned with this paradigm and approach, and centered on the Hawaiian Island’s unique mountain-to-sea ecosystems,
is developing at the University of Hawai‘i. These ecosystems, extending from upland tropical forests to the fringing coral
reefs, correspond to the roughly wedge-shaped catchments, traditionally called ahupua‘a in the Hawaiian language. Despite the collapse of the ahupua‘a system and, tragically, the Native Hawaiian population, its legacy of ecological and cultural stewardship remains. This legacy,
and the potential of these ecosystems as microcosms for addressing the core questions of sustainability science, has provided
the impetus for a growing number of projects employing a social–ecological systems perspective. An overview of three projects
that employ a “learning community” approach and cultural stewardship perspective inspired by the ahupua‘a system is provided. These include the Ecosystems Thrust Area of Hawai‘i EPSCoR, a U.S. National Science Foundation research
infrastructure program, focused on ecosystem research and monitoring activities; a sustainability curriculum program, Mālama I Ka ‘Āina, of the College of Education; and a project that builds on programs of the Division of Ecology and Health and its affiliated
Asia-Pacific Center for Infectious Disease Ecology, linking ecosystem resilience and infectious diseases. 相似文献
8.
Science-based approaches to support the conservation of marine biodiversity have been developed in recent years. They include
measures of ‘rarity’, ‘diversity’, ‘importance’, biological indicators of water ‘quality’ and measures of ‘sensitivity’. Identifying
the sensitivity of species and biotopes, the main topic of this contribution, relies on accessing and interpreting available
scientific data in a structured way and then making use of information technology to disseminate suitably presented information
to decision makers. The Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) has achieved that research for a range of environmentally critical species and biotopes over the past four years and has
published the reviews on the MarLIN Web site (www.marlin.ac.uk). Now, by linking the sensitivity database and databases of survey information, sensitivity mapping
approaches using GIS are being developed. The methods used to assess sensitivity are described and the approach is advocated
for wider application in Europe. 相似文献
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11.
Doogab Yi 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(4):589-636
The existing literature on the development of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering tends to focus on Stanley
Cohen and Herbert Boyer’s recombinant DNA cloning technology and its commercialization starting in the mid-1970s. Historians
of science, however, have pointedly noted that experimental procedures for making recombinant DNA molecules were initially
developed by Stanford biochemist Paul Berg and his colleagues, Peter Lobban and A. Dale Kaiser in the early 1970s. This paper,
recognizing the uneasy disjuncture between scientific authorship and legal invention in the history of recombinant DNA technology,
investigates the development of recombinant DNA technology in its full scientific context. I do so by focusing on Stanford
biochemist Berg’s research on the genetic regulation of higher organisms. As I hope to demonstrate, Berg’s new venture reflected
a mass migration of biomedical researchers as they shifted from studying prokaryotic organisms like bacteria to studying eukaryotic
organisms like mammalian and human cells. It was out of this boundary crossing from prokaryotic to eukaryotic systems through
virus model systems that recombinant DNA technology and other significant new research techniques and agendas emerged. Indeed,
in their attempt to reconstitute ‹life’ as a research technology, Stanford biochemists’ recombinant DNA research recast genes
as a sequence that could be rewritten thorough biochemical operations. The last part of this paper shifts focus from recombinant
DNA technology’s academic origins to its transformation into a genetic engineering technology by examining the wide range
of experimental hybridizations which occurred as techniques and knowledge circulated between Stanford biochemists and the
Bay Area’s experimentalists. Situating their interchange in a dense research network based at Stanford’s biochemistry department,
this paper helps to revise the canonized history of genetic engineering’s origins that emerged during the patenting of Cohen–Boyer’s
recombinant DNA cloning procedures. 相似文献
12.
Olivier Rieppel 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(5):607-622
Taking its clues from Popperian philosophy of science, cladistics adopted a number of assumptions of the empiricist tradition.
These include the identification of a dichotomy between observation reports and theoretical statements and its subsequent
abandonment on the basis of the insight that all observation reports are theory-laden. The neglect of the ‘context of discovery’,
which is the step of theory (hypothesis) generation. The emphasis on coherentism in the ‘context of justification’, which
is the step of evaluation of the relative merits of alternative theories. The appeal to a total evidence approach in phylogenetic
inference. And finally, a silence about causation, which results in an instrumentalist approach to phylogeny reconstruction.
This paper explores how these empiricist assumptions are embedded in phylogenetic systematics, and why these assumptions are
problematic for cladists (or any taxonomists). 相似文献
13.
Thomas Efferth Ph.D. 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2001,120(1):57-63
Summary Biomedical research is characterized by a tremendous expansion of knowledge in recent years. Alongside, biomedical research
is in the focus of public inerest. Hence, highest quality standards are required to meet the expectations of the scientific
community and of the public. A panel of instruments of quality management helps to strenghthen productivity of biomedical
research, i.e. 1. improved institutionalization of research; 2. productivity-oriented distribution of ressources; 3. evaluations
and 4. quality standards for the performance of research. Quality management is a matter of a vivid discussion in Germany
and professors and junior faculty members alike are generally open-minded towards quality management activities to improve
output-oriented research.
Contents of this paper have been given as lecture at the symposium “Quality management in phoniatries and pedaudiology” on
the occasion of the 75th birthday of Prof. G. Kittel at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (organization: Prof. U. Eysholdt and Asst. Prof.
F. Rosanowski). 相似文献
14.
Margarita Pérez-Jiménez Antonio Carrillo-Navarro José Cos-Terrer 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,108(1):55-62
Somatic peach plants were regenerated from callus derived from the base of stem explants of the scion cultivars ‘UFO-3’, ‘Maruja’,
‘Flariba’ and ‘Alice Bigi’, and the peach × almond rootstocks ‘Garnem’ and ‘GF677’. A protocol for organogenic plant regeneration
was developed using three culture media containing different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indolebutyric acid
to produce organogenic calli. Shoots were obtained from sliced calli after their transfer to a differentiation culture medium
containing 2 mg l−1 BA and 1 mg l−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid. Using this procedure, up to 29 regenerated plants per callus were obtained. The highest regeneration
rate was obtained with the peach × almond rootstocks. This work provides an effective protocol that could be utilized for
peach transformation research. 相似文献
15.
R. P. Dunne 《Coral reefs (Online)》2010,29(1):145-152
Throughout the coral reef scientific literature, there are many examples where the words ‘synergy’ and ‘synergism’ are being
misused, particularly in the area of study involving interactions between physical stressors. This Perspective discusses the
concept of synergy and more generally, interactions; summarises the tools available for detecting and interpreting interactions,
including the use of ANOVA, generalized linear models, classification and regression trees and isobolographic analysis; and
critically examines specific areas of the scientific literature where synergy has been reported. The aim is to promote further
discussion of this topic, avoid future misuse of the term, and assist future experimental design and research into this subject. 相似文献
16.
Pablo Schyfter 《Biology & philosophy》2012,27(1):29-48
Social scientific and humanistic research on synthetic biology has focused quite narrowly on questions of epistemology and
ELSI. I suggest that to understand this discipline in its full scope, researchers must turn to the objects of the field—synthetic
biological artifacts—and study them as the objects in the making of a science yet to be made. I consider one fundamentally
important question: how should we understand the material products of synthetic biology? Practitioners in the field, employing
a consistent technological optic in the study and construction of biological systems, routinely employ the mantra ‘biology
is technology’. I explore this categorization. By employing an established definition of technological artifects drawn from
the philosophy of technology, I explore the appropriateness of attributing to synthetic biological artifacts the four criteria
of materiality, intentional design, functionality, and normativity. I then explore a variety of accounts of natural kinds.
I demonstrate that synthetic biological artifacts fit each kind imperfectly, and display a concomitant ontological ‘messiness’.
I argue that this classificatory ambivalence is a product of the field’s own nascence, and posit that further work on kinds
might help synthetic biology evaluate its existing commitments and practices. 相似文献
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Kumar D 《Genomic Medicine》2007,1(3-4):95-104
The concept of ‘evidence-based medicine’ dates back to mid-19th century or even earlier. It remains pivotal in planning, funding
and in delivering the health care. Clinicians, public health practitioners, health commissioners/purchasers, health planners,
politicians and public seek formal ‘evidence’ in approving any form of health care provision. Essentially ‘evidence-based
medicine’ aims at the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the
care of individual patients. It is in fact the ‘personalised medicine’ in practice. Since the completion of the human genome
project and the rapid accumulation of huge amount of data, scientists and physicians alike are excited on the prospect of
‘personalised health care’ based on individual’s genotype and phenotype. The first decade of the new millennium now witnesses
the transition from ‘evidence-based medicine’ to the ‘genomic medicine’. The practice of medicine, including health promotion
and prevention of disease, stands now at a wide-open road as the scientific and medical community embraces itself with the
rapidly expanding and revolutionising field of genomic medicine. This article reviews the rapid transformation of modern medicine
from the ‘evidence-based medicine’ to ‘genomic medicine’. 相似文献
20.
Marc Ereshefsky 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(4):553-568
This paper examines the species problem in microbiology and its implications for the species problem more generally. Given
the different meanings of ‘species’ in microbiology, the use of ‘species’ in biology is more multifarious and problematic
than commonly recognized. So much so, that recent work in microbial systematics casts doubt on the existence of a prokaryote
species category in nature. It also casts doubt on the existence of a general species category for all of life (one that includes
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes). Prokaryote biology also undermines recent attempts to save the species category, such as
the suggestion that species are metapopulation lineages and the idea that ‘species’ is a family resemblance concept. 相似文献