Global trends in plant transgenic science and technology (1973-2003)

Transgenic science and technology are fundamental to state-of-the-art plant molecular genetics and GM crop improvement. Monitoring the scale and growth of this area of science is important to scientists, national and international research organizations, funding bodies, policy makers and, because of the GM debate, to society as a whole. Literature statistics covering the past 30 years reveal a dramatic increase in plant transgenic science in Asia during the past decade, a sustained expansion in North America and, recently, a slow down in the rest of the world. With the exception of the output of China and India, publications focusing on the development of transgenic technology have been slowing down, worldwide, since the early mid-1990s, a trend that contrasts with the increase in GM crop-related studies.     

Microparticle bombardment as a tool in plant science and agricultural biotechnology

Microparticle bombardment technology has evolved as a method for delivering exogenous nucleic acids into plant cells and is a commonly employed technique in plant science. Desired genetic material is precipitated onto micron-sized metal particles and placed within one of a variety of devices designed to accelerate these "microcarriers" to velocities required to penetrate the plant cell wall. In this manner, transgenes can be delivered into the cell's genome or plastome. Since the late 1980s microparticle bombardment has become a powerful tool for the study of gene expression and production of stably transformed tissues and whole transgenic plants for experimental purposes and agricultural applications. This paper reviews development and application of the technology, including the protocols and mechanical systems employed as delivery systems, and the types of plant cells and culture systems employed to generate effective "targets" for receiving the incoming genetic material. Current understanding of how the exogenous DNA becomes integrated into the plant's native genetic background are assessed as are methods for improving the efficiency of this process. Pros and cons of particle bombardment technologies compared to alternative direct gene transfer methods and Agrobacterium based transformation systems are discussed.     

Achievement of genetics in plant reproduction research: the past decade for the coming decade

In the last decade, a variety of innovations of emerging technologies in science have been accomplished. Advanced research environment in plant science has made it possible to obtain whole genome sequence in plant species. But now we recognize this by itself is not sufficient to understand the overall biological significance. Since Gregor Mendel established a principle of genetics, known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance, genetics plays a prominent role in life science, and this aspect is indispensable even in modern plant biology. In this review, we focus on achievements of genetics on plant sexual reproduction research in the last decade and discuss the role of genetics for the coming decade. It is our hope that this will shed light on the importance of genetics in plant biology and provide valuable information to plant biologists.     

复合性状转基因植物的应用现状与安全评价

复合性状转基因植物能够同时表达两个或多个外源基因,可以满足种植者多元化需求和带来多重效益,成为目前转基因植物研发及应用的一个重要趋势。世界各国由于监管理念不同,对育种复合后代的遗传稳定性和基因互作的看法不同,对复合性状转基因植物的安全评价采取了不同的模式。综述了目前复合性状转基因植物的应用现状、不同国家的评价模式,并提出了我国对复合性状转基因植物安全评价的建议。     

2009年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2009年中国植物科学在水稻和拟南芥研究等方面取得“爆发性”的快速发展。中国科学家在植物科学各领域中取得了大量的原创性研究成果, 尤其是在基于新一代测序技术和计算生物学理论的基因组学、水稻功能基因挖掘、激素受体和信号转导以及转基因作物产业化和生态安全性研究等方面取得一系列重大进展, 受到了国内外广泛关注。该文对2009年中国本土植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件, 并展现我国科学家们所取得的杰出成就。     

Review article: Commercialization of whole‐plant systems for biomanufacturing of protein products: evolution and prospects

Technology for enabling plants to biomanufacture nonnative proteins in commercially significant quantities has been available for just over 20 years. During that time, the agricultural world has witnessed rapid commercialization and widespread adoption of transgenic crops enhanced for agronomic performance (herbicide‐tolerance, insect‐resistance), while plant‐made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) and plant‐made industrial products (PMIPs) have been limited to experimental and small‐scale commercial production. This difference in the rate of commercial implementation likely reflects the very different business‐development challenges associated with ‘product’ technologies compared with ‘enabling’ (‘platform’) technologies. However, considerable progress has been made in advancing and refining plant‐based production of proteins, both technologically and in regard to identifying optimal business prospects. This review summarizes these developments, contrasting today’s technologies and prospective applications with those of the industry’s formative years, and suggesting how the PM(I)P industry’s evolution has generated a very positive outlook for the ‘plant‐made’ paradigm.     

Harvesting the Promising Fruits of Genomics: Applying Genome Sequencing Technologies to Crop Breeding

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are being used to generate whole genome sequences for a wide range of crop species. When combined with precise phenotyping methods, these technologies provide a powerful and rapid tool for identifying the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits and for predicting the breeding value of individuals in a plant breeding population. Here we summarize current trends and future prospects for utilizing NGS-based technologies to develop crops with improved trait performance and increase the efficiency of modern plant breeding. It is our hope that the application of NGS technologies to plant breeding will help us to meet the challenge of feeding a growing world population.

This article is part of the PLOS Biology Collection “The Promise of Plant Translational Research.”

     

Revisiting GMOs: Are There Differences in European Consumers’ Acceptance and Valuation for Cisgenically vs Transgenically Bred Rice?

Both cisgenesis and transgenesis are plant breeding techniques that can be used to introduce new genes into plant genomes. However, transgenesis uses gene(s) from a non-plant organism or from a donor plant that is sexually incompatible with the recipient plant while cisgenesis involves the introduction of gene(s) from a crossable—sexually compatible—plant. Traditional breeding techniques could possibly achieve the same results as those from cisgenesis, but would require a much larger timeframe. Cisgenesis allows plant breeders to enhance an existing cultivar more quickly and with little to no genetic drag. The current regulation in the European Union (EU) on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) treats cisgenic plants the same as transgenic plants and both are mandatorily labeled as GMOs. This study estimates European consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for rice labeled as GM, cisgenic, with environmental benefits (which cisgenesis could provide), or any combination of these three attributes. Data were collected from 3,002 participants through an online survey administered in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2013. Censored regression models were used to model consumers’ WTP in each country. Model estimates highlight significant differences in WTP across countries. In all five countries, consumers are willing-to-pay a premium to avoid purchasing rice labeled as GM. In all countries except Spain, consumers have a significantly higher WTP to avoid consuming rice labeled as GM compared to rice labeled as cisgenic, suggesting that inserting genes from the plant’s own gene pool is more acceptable to consumers. Additionally, French consumers are willing-to-pay a premium for rice labeled as having environmental benefits compared to conventional rice. These findings suggest that not all GMOs are the same in consumers’ eyes and thus, from a consumer preference perspective, the differences between transgenic and cisgenic products are recommended to be reflected in GMO labeling and trade policies.     

Advances in selectable marker genes for plant transformation

Plant transformation systems for creating transgenics require separate process for introducing cloned DNA into living plant cells. Identification or selection of those cells that have integrated DNA into appropriate plant genome is a vital step to regenerate fully developed plants from the transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are pivotal for the development of plant transformation technologies because marker genes allow researchers to identify or isolate the cells that are expressing the cloned DNA, to monitor and select the transformed progeny. As only a very small portion of cells are transformed in most experiments, the chances of recovering transgenic lines without selection are usually low. Since the selectable marker gene is expected to function in a range of cell types it is usually constructed as a chimeric gene using regulatory sequences that ensure constitutive expression throughout the plant. Advent of recombinant DNA technology and progress in plant molecular biology had led to a desire to introduce several genes into single transgenic plant line, necessitating the development of various types of selectable markers. This review article describes the developments made in the recent past on plant transformation systems using different selection methods adding a note on their importance as marker genes in transgenic crop plants.     

农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策

伴随千百年来自然物种进化与人类科技进步,世界农业育种经历了原始育种、传统育种和分子育种三个时代的跨越。生物育种是生物技术育种的简称,属于从转基因育种3.0版跨入智能设计育种4.0版、集各种前沿技术大成的新一代分子育种技术,其中最具代表性的包括培育革命性和颠覆性新品种的全基因组选择、基因编辑和合成生物技术。回顾了国内外农业转基因和生物育种技术的发展历程,分析了我国生物育种面临的严峻挑战,提出了加快我国生物育种技术创新的产业化对策。     

The international dimensions of neuroethics

Neuroethics, in its modern form, investigates the impact of brain science in four basic dimensions: the self, social policy, practice and discourse. In this study, we analyzed a set of 461 peer-reviewed articles with neuroethics content, published by authors from 32 countries. We analyzed the data for: (1) trends in the development of international neuroethics over time, and (2) how challenges at the intersection of ethics and neuroscience are viewed in countries that are considered developed by International Monetary Fund (IMF) standards, and in those that are developing. Our results demonstrate a steady increase in global participation in neuroethics from 1989 to 2005, characterized by an increase in numbers of articles published specifically on neuroethics, journals publishing these articles, and countries contributing to the literature. The focus from all countries was on the practice of brain science and the amelioration of neurological disease. Indicators of technology creation and diffusion in developing countries were specifically correlated with increases in publications concerning policy implications of brain science. Neuroethics is an international endeavor and, as such, should be sensitive to the impact that context has on acceptance and use of technological innovation.     

Targeting metabolic pathways for genetic engineering abiotic stress-tolerance in crops

Abiotic stress conditions are the major limitations in modern agriculture. Although many genes associated with plant response(s) to abiotic stresses have been indentified and used to generate stress tolerant plants, the success in producing stress-tolerant crops is limited. New technologies are providing opportunities to generate stress tolerant crops. Biotechnological approaches that emphasize the development of transgenic crops under conditions that mimic the field situation and focus on the plant reproductive stage will significantly improve the opportunities of producing stress tolerant crops. Here, we highlight recent advances and discuss the limitations that hinder the fast integration of transgenic crops into agriculture and suggest possible research directions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant gene regulation in response to abiotic stress.     

Engineering Aspects of Carriers for Immobilized Biocatalysts

Global meat and milk consumption is exponentially increasing due to population growth, urbanization and changes in lifestyle in the developing world. This is an excellent opportunity for developing countries to improve the livestock sector by using technological advances. Biotechnology is one of the avenues for improved production in the “Livestock revolution”. Biotechnology developments applied to livestock health, nutrition, breeding and reproduction are improving with a reasonable pace in developing countries. Simple bio-techniques such as artificial insemination have been well implemented in many parts of the developing world. However, advanced technologies including transgenic plant vaccines, marker assisted selection, solid state fermentation for the production of fibrolytic enzymes, transgenic fodders, embryo transfer and animal cloning are confined largely to research organizations. Some developing countries such as Taiwan, China and Brazil have considered the commercialization of biotechnology in the livestock sector. Organized livestock production systems, proper record management, capacity building, objective oriented research to improve farmer’s income, collaborations with the developed world, knowledge of the sociology of an area and research on new methods to educate farmers and policy makers need to be improved for the creation and implementation of biotechnology advances in the livestock sector in the developing world.     

Current and Future Transgenic Whole-Cell Biosensors for Plant Macro- and Micronutrients

From the soil, plants take up macronutrients (calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur) and micronutrients (boron, chloride, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc). In acidic soils, aluminum can interfere with nutrient uptake. There is a need for improved diagnostic tests for these soil-derived minerals that are inexpensive and sensitive, provide spatial and temporal information in plants and soil, and report bioavailable nutrient pools. A transgenic whole-cell biosensor detects a stimulus inside or outside a cell and causes a change in expression of a visible reporter such as green fluorescent protein, and thus can convert an invisible plant nutrient into a visible signal. Common transgenic whole-cell biosensors consist of promoter-reporter fusions, auxotrophs for target analytes that are transformed with constitutively expressed reporters, riboswitches and reporters based on Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). Here, we review transgenic plant biosensors that have been used to detect macronutrients and micronutrients. As plant-based biosensors are limited by the requirement to introduce and optimize a transgene in every genotype of interest, we also review microbial biosensor cells that have been used to measure plant or soil nutrients by co-inoculation with their respective extracts. Additionally, we review published transgenic whole-cell biosensors from other disciplines that have the potential to measure plant nutrients, with the goal of stimulating the development of these diagnostic technologies. We discuss current limitations and future improvements needed, and the long-term potential of transgenic whole-cell biosensors to inform plant physiology, improve soil nutrient management, and assist in breeding crops with improved nutrient use efficiency.     

抗蚜基因及其转基因植物的研究进展

在我国目前的环境条件下,蚜虫作为农业害虫和植物病毒的传播者,已经成为严重威胁农业生产发展重要的害虫之一。抗蚜植物基因工程可以有效抑制蚜虫危害,并且随着对生命科学的深入理解和技术手段的日益成熟,得到广泛的关注和重视。抗蚜植物基因工程的核心是抗蚜基因的筛选、转抗蚜基因植物的培育以及生物安全性。本文讨论了多种抗蚜基因,并重点论述雪花莲凝集素和苋菜凝集素基因在目前科学研究和生产实践的应用。     

Selecting the fruits of your labors

Generation of transgenic plants exhibiting traits of interest requires the marriage of several technologies including gene transfer, selection and plant regeneration. Variety is the driver for these technologies because of the breadth of plant species requiring modification. A new selectable marker gene, pflp, has been applied to the recovery of orchid plants that exhibit resistance to a major bacterial disease that plagues the orchid industry. pflp as a selection system might be adaptable to many crops.     

基于学科类别和富集分析的生物安全研究领域学科交叉研究*

随着合成生物学、基因编辑等典型两用性新兴生物技术的发展,生物安全作为一个具有显著交叉性的研究领域引起了国际各界的广泛关注。利用Web of Science数据库的论文数据,基于期刊学科类别分析了生物安全研究的学科交叉现状和时序演化,并采用富集分析方法研究了不同国家的学科交叉倾向差异。结果表明,20世纪以来,生物安全研究与其他学科的交叉融合日益广泛,动植物科学、环境和生态学、社会科学、微生物学、农业科学是其交叉融合最多的学科领域。不同国家生物安全研究的学科交融情况有所差异,欧美主要国家的学科交叉情况对我国有很好的借鉴之处。以期为生物安全特定研究领域的学科交叉研究提供一种新的方法探索,并为强化我国生物安全研究领域学科交叉和探索新的科研方向提供参考。     

Expression of endogenous proteins in maize hybrids in a multi-location field trial in India

Genetically modified (GM) crops undergo large scale multi-location field trials to characterize agronomics, composition, and the concentration of newly expressed protein(s) [herein referred to as transgenic protein(s)]. The concentration of transgenic proteins in different plant tissues and across the developmental stages of the plant is considered in the safety assessment of GM crops. Reference or housekeeping proteins are expected to maintain a relatively stable expression pattern in healthy plants given their role in cellular functions. Understanding the effects of genotype, growth stage and location on the concentration of endogenous housekeeping proteins may provide insight into the contribution these factors could have on transgenic protein concentrations in GM crops. The concentrations of three endogenous proteins (actin, elongation factor 1-alpha, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were measured in several different maize hybrids grown across multiple field locations over 2 years. Leaf samples were collected from healthy plants at three developmental stages across the growing seasons, and protein concentrations were quantified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for each protein. In general, the concentrations of these three endogenous proteins were relatively consistent across hybrid backgrounds, when compared within one growth stage and location (2–26%CV), whereas the concentrations of proteins in the same hybrid and growth stage across different locations were more variable (12–64%CV). In general, the protein concentrations in 2013 and 2014 show similar trends in variability. Some degree of variability in protein concentrations should be expected for both transgenic and endogenous plant-expressed proteins. In the case of GM crops, the potential variation in protein concentrations due to location effects is captured in the current model of multi-location field testing.     

Production of transgenic rice with agronomically useful genes: an assessment

Rice is the most important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Yield enhancement to increase rice production is one of the essential strategies to meet the demand for food of the growing population. Both abiotic and biotic features limit adversely the productivity of rice growing areas. Conventional breeding has been an effective means for developing high yielding varieties, however; it is associated with its own limitations. It is envisaged that recent trends in biotechnology can contribute to the agronomic improvement of rice in terms of yield and nutritional quality as a supplement to traditional breeding methods. Genetic transformation of rice has demonstrated numerous important opportunities resulting in the genetic improvement of existing elite rice varieties and production of new plant types. Significant advances have been made in the genetic engineering of rice since the first transgenic rice plant production in the late 1980s. Several gene transfer protocols have been employed successfully for the introduction of foreign genes to rice. In more than 60 rice cultivars belonging to indica, japonica, javanica, and elite African cultivars, the protocol has been standardized for transgenic rice production. Selection and use of appropriate promoters, selectable markers, and reporter genes has been helpful for development of efficient protocols for transgenic rice in a number of rice cultivars. The present review is an attempt to assess the current state of development in transgenic rice for the transfer of agronomically useful genes, emphasizing the application and future prospects of transgenic rice production for the genetic improvement of this food crop.