模式识别受体Dectin-1与天然免疫反应

在免疫反应早期,抗原递呈细胞表达的模式识别受体通过识别内、外源配体在清除衰老宿主细胞、分子以及防御感染中发挥重要作用。新近发现的树突状细胞相关性C型植物血凝素-1(dendritic cell—associated C-type lectin-1,Dectin-1)作为β-葡聚糖的主要受体,广泛分布于单核巨噬细胞系统、树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)及中性粒细胞等。本文对Dectin-1分子结构、细胞组织分布及其在诱导、调控局部和全身免疫、炎症反应中的作用进行概述。     

固有免疫应答与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究进展

固有免疫应答在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,As)的发生和发展中起重要作用．固有免疫应答细胞,包括单核/巨噬细胞、肥大细胞、自然杀伤细胞、中性粒细胞和树突状细胞,是机体抵御微生物和异物入侵的第一道防线．这些细胞广泛参与As中泡沫细胞形成、斑块内基质降解、细胞凋亡、血管新生和斑块破裂等事件．模式识别受体是免疫细胞上识别病原体(或某些内源性成分)相关分子模式的一类受体分子,包括Toll样受体和NOD样受体,介导固有免疫应答反应．Toll样受体在固有免疫应答细胞中具有不同程度的表达,在As中具有不同的作用,如TLR2和TLR4对As起促进作用,而TLR3具有As保护作用．NLRP3炎性体与动脉血管壁的早期损伤有关．对固有免疫应答细胞及模式识别受体在As形成中的作用进行深入研究,不仅有助于理解As的形成过程,而且还能为临床上防治心血管类疾病提供了新的治疗靶点和诊断指标．     

Toll样受体与肿瘤免疫

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor)是天然免疫系统中最重要的模式识别受体,在病原体感染过程中对入侵病原体的识别,激活免疫应答起重要作用。近年发现Toll样受体在多种肿瘤的发生过程中起重要的调控作用。Toll样受体在肿瘤细胞中具有表达,并且Toll样受体信号诱导的促炎症反应是肿瘤发生的必要条件,但是有些Toll样受体的配体仍然表现出极强的抗肿瘤活性,目前,Toll样受体在肿瘤免疫中的机制研究已经成为Toll样受体作为药物靶点的临床应用的关键。本文对Toll样受体在肿瘤免疫中的机制进行综述。     

Toll样受体介导的脂磷壁酸生物学效应

Toll样受体是新近发现的一组介导天然免疫的受体。Toll样受体在革兰阳性茵脂磷壁酸的各生物学效应中发挥了启动作用,Toll样受体的信号通路是最终产生天然免疫的途径,在脂磷壁酸抗感染免疫中Toll样受体2、Toll样受体4起了关键作用。脂磷壁酸在抗肿瘤免疫等其他生物学效应中的作用还有待进一步证实。另外介绍了一些受体相关分子MyD88、MD-2、CDl4,它们在Toll样受体介导的脂磷壁酸各生物学效应的信号传导中起了重要作用。     

TLR4信号通路介导病毒性急性肺损伤与ARDS的研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)是参与非特异性免疫的Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白分子,可识别病原相关分子模式(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)并在病原体侵入体内的早期阶段激活机体的免疫应答,在响应宿主细胞对微生物病原体的识别中起重要作用,是机体抵抗感染疾病的重要屏障.以流感病毒和冠状病毒为代表的呼吸道病毒感染在临床具有极高的发病率和死亡率.此类病毒感染细胞后可通过模式识别受体和病原体相关分子模式相互作用激活宿主的先天免疫系统,诱发宿主产生过激的炎症反应从而引发"细胞因子风暴",最终导致急性肺损伤与急性呼吸窘迫综合症而致人死亡.因此,本文就Toll样受体家族中的Toll样受体4介导的信号通路为对象,就其介导的信号通路在流感病毒与冠状病毒复制及其在导致病毒性急性肺损伤与ARDS形成中的作用及靶向抑制该通路治疗病毒性肺炎的研究进展作一综述,以供同行参考.     

Toll 样受体研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll－like receptors,TLRs）是新近发现的先天性免疫系统中的细胞跨膜受体及病原模式识别受体之一,在急性炎症反应细胞吞噬作用的调节和细胞信号转导及细胞凋亡中起重要作用,简要综述了Toll样受体的发现、分布、基因定位与结构特点、配体特异性及其介导的信号通路,并对其研究意义与前景作了简述。     

克柔假丝酵母菌通过Dectin-1/Syk信号通路活化巨噬细胞自噬

目的探究Dectin-1/Syk信号通路在克柔假丝酵母菌激活RAW264.7细胞自噬中的作用。方法以特异性抗体封闭RAW264.7细胞表面TLR-2、TLR-4及Dectin-1受体,免疫蛋白印记检测克柔假丝酵母菌刺激后LC3II的表达量;通过白皮杉醇及Raf-1抑制剂分别阻断RAW264.7细胞Syk及Raf-1磷酸化,观察对克柔假丝酵母菌激活细胞自噬的影响;采用SiMi Transfection Reagents转染Atg5siRNA,检测不同时间段RAW264.7细胞对克柔假丝酵母菌的杀菌率。结果封闭细胞膜Dectin-1、阻断Syk磷酸化显著抑制克柔假丝酵母菌诱导RAW264.7细胞LC3II的表达,而封闭细胞膜TLR-2或TLR-4,以及阻断Raf-1磷酸化对于克柔假丝酵母菌刺激下LC3II的表达无显著影响。敲低Atg5后RAW264.7细胞在感染6h后对克柔假丝酵母菌的杀菌率显著降低。结论 Dectin-1/Syk信号通路介导了克柔假丝酵母菌激活RAW264.7细胞自噬,并且自噬功能参与了该细胞对克柔假丝酵母菌的杀灭作用。     

植物与病原菌互作的分子机制研究进展

植物的先天免疫主要包括模式识别受体对保守的微生物病原相关分子模式的识别和抗病蛋白对效应蛋白的识别。植物与病原体互作过程中存在广泛的信号交流,信号分子在植物与病原体的互作攻防中发挥了重要的调控作用,决定了二者的竞争关系。当前,大量植物与病原体互作中的信号分子被定位和克隆,其作用方式被揭示。本文总结了这些信号分子及其在植物免疫过程中的作用机制,主要包括植物细胞表面的模式识别受体分子对病原相关分子模式的识别与应答,植物抗病蛋白对病原体效应蛋白的识别与应答,以及免疫反应下游相关信号分子及其在植物抗病中的作用。此外,本文对未来相关研究提出了展望。     

TLR/MyD88信号通路与自身免疫性疾病

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是近年来发现的一类模式识别受体,通过识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP),激活天然免疫.TLR信号还通过上调抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cells,APC)表面共刺激分子及APC分泌的炎症细胞因子调节获得性免疫.TLR/MyD88信号在自身免疫性疾病的发病过程中起重要作用.本文介绍了TLR/MYD88信号通路及其在自身免疫病如实验性自身免疫脑脊髓膜炎、类风湿性关节炎、实验性自身免疫性葡萄膜炎、实验性自身免疫性心肌炎和自身免疫性肾小球肾炎等发生发展中的作用.     

C型凝集素受体与抗真菌免疫

Toll样受体(TLR)的发现为研究病原生物的识别和免疫应答的起始开辟了新的视角,然而近期研究发现"非-TLR"受体在该过程尤其在抗真菌免疫中亦起着重要作用.其中研究甚为活跃的是C型凝集素受体(CLR)家族的一些成员,包括甘露糖受体、DC-SIGN、Dectin-1、Dectin-2及胶原凝集素.本文对这些受体在真菌识别、摄取、杀伤及其在宿主免疫反应的诱导和调节中所发挥的作用予以综述.     

The role of Dectin-1 in the host defence against fungal infections

Dectin-1 is an innate immune pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that, through its ability to bind β-glucans, is involved in the recognition of several pathogenic fungi. Dectin-1 can stimulate a variety of cellular responses via the Syk/CARD9 signalling pathway, including phagocytosis, cytokine production and the respiratory burst. Several advances in our understanding of Dectin-1 immunobiology have been made in recent years, including characterisation of additional signalling pathways and demonstration of its ability to directly induce the development of adaptive immunity. However, the physiological role of many of the functions of this receptor is still unclear. This review aims to provide an update on Dectin-1 and its role within antifungal immune responses, focussing on progress made in the last two years.     

Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor

Dectin-1 is a natural killer (NK)-cell-receptor-like C-type lectin that is thought to be involved in innate immune responses to fungal pathogens. This transmembrane signalling receptor mediates various cellular functions, from fungal binding, uptake and killing, to inducing the production of cytokines and chemokines. These activities could influence the resultant immune response and can, in certain circumstances, lead to autoimmunity and disease. As I discuss here, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these functions has revealed new concepts, including collaborative signalling with the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the use of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), that have implications for the role of other non-TLR pattern-recognition receptors in immunity.     

An emerging role for calcium signalling in innate and autoimmunity via the cGAS-STING axis

Type I interferons are effector cytokines essential for the regulation of the innate immunity. A key effector of the type I interferon response that is dysregulated in autoimmunity and cancer is the cGAS-STING signalling axis. Recent work suggests that calcium and associated signalling proteins can regulate both cGAS-STING and autoimmunity. How calcium regulates STING activation is complex and involves both stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms. One of these is calmodulin-mediated signalling that is necessary for STING activation. The alterations in calcium flux that occur during STING activation can also regulate autophagy, which in turn plays a role in innate immunity through the clearance of intracellular pathogens. Also connected to calcium signalling pathways is the cGAS inhibitor TREX1, a cytoplasmic exonuclease linked to several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we summarize these and other findings that indicate a regulatory role for calcium signalling in innate and autoimmunity through the cGAS-STING pathway.     

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors and innate immunity

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a signalling lipid that regulates many cellular processes in mammals. One well‐studied role of S1P signalling is to modulate T‐cell trafficking, which has a major impact on adaptive immunity. Compounds that target S1P signalling pathways are of interest for immune system modulation. Recent studies suggest that S1P signalling regulates many more cell types and processes than previously appreciated. This review will summarise current understanding of S1P signalling, focusing on recent novel findings in the roles of S1P receptors in innate immunity.     

Beta-glucan activates microglia without inducing cytokine production in Dectin-1-dependent manner

Microglia are the resident mononuclear phagocytic cells that are critical for innate and adaptive responses within the CNS. Like other immune cells, microglia recognize and are activated by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns. beta-glucans are pathogen-associated molecular patterns present within fungal cell walls that are known to trigger protective responses in a number of immune cells. In an effort to better understand microglial responses to beta-glucans and the underlying response pathways, we sought to determine whether Dectin-1, a major beta-glucan receptor recently identified in leukocytes, plays a similar role in beta-glucan-induced activation in microglia. In this study, we report that Dectin-1 is indeed expressed on the surface of murine primary microglia, and engagement of the receptor with particulate beta-glucan resulted in an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase, a hallmark feature of the Dectin-1 signaling pathway. Moreover, phagocytosis of beta-glucan particles and subsequent intracellular production of reactive oxygen species were also mediated by Dectin-1. However, unlike in macrophages and dendritic cells, beta-glucan-mediated microglial activation did not result in significant production of cytokines or chemokines; thus, the interaction of microglial Dectin-1 with glucan elicits a unique response. Our results suggest that the Dectin-1 pathway may play an important role in antifungal immunity in the CNS.     

The role of Toll-like receptor signalling in the pathogenesis of arthritis

Recent evidence highlighted the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as key recognition structures of the innate immune system. The activation of TLRs initiates the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, tissue destructive enzymes, and type I interferons. In addition, TLR signalling plays an important role in the activation and direction of the adaptive immune system by the upregulation of costimulatory molecules of antigen presenting cells. Considering the important role of TLR signalling as a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity it has been proposed that a dysregulation in TLR signalling might be associated with autoimmunity. In this review, recent studies on TLR signal transduction pathways activated by corresponding ligands are summarized and evidence for a possible role of TLR signalling in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.     

Demonstration of β-glucan receptors in the skin of aquatic mammals—a preliminary report

Using immunohistochemistry, the study clearly demonstrates three important β-glucan receptors (Ficolin/P35, MBL, Dectin-1; members of the lectin-complement pathway of innate immunity) in the integument of six marine and freshwater aquatic mammals (Northern fur seal, Common seal, Walrus, Coypu, Capybara, Otter), but only weakly in two dolphin species. Most of the non-dolphin mammals exhibited strong reactions, especially with regard to the skin glands (tubular apocrine glands, sebaceous glands), for L-Ficolin/P35 and MBL. Distinct reaction staining could also be observed in the epidermis and the outer epithelial sheath of primary hair follicles. Positive Dectin-1 staining was limited to secretory cells of the apocrine tubular glands, and to peripheral and central cells of sebaceous glands of the seals. The Capybara was the only animal to show a clear Dectin reaction in the epidermis (stratum granulosum). The findings are discussed with regard to the constant and high microbial challenge of the skin in the aquatic medium, and variations in hair density of the animals.     

Ligands for the beta-glucan receptor, Dectin-1, assigned using "designer" microarrays of oligosaccharide probes (neoglycolipids) generated from glucan polysaccharides

Dectin-1 is a C-type lectin-like receptor on leukocytes that mediates phagocytosis and inflammatory mediator production in innate immunity to fungal pathogens. Dectin-1 lacks residues involved in calcium ligation that mediates carbohydrate-binding by classical C-type lectins; nevertheless, it binds zymosan, a particulate beta-glucan-rich extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and binding is inhibited by polysaccharides rich in beta1,3- or both beta1,3- and beta1,6-linked glucose. The oligosaccharide ligands on glucans recognized by Dectin-1 have not yet been delineated precisely. It is also not known whether Dectin-1 can interact with other types of carbohydrates. We have investigated this, since Dectin-1 shows glucan-independent binding to a subset of T-lymphocytes and is involved in triggering their proliferation. Here we assign oligosaccharide ligands for Dectin-1 using the neoglycolipid-based oligosaccharide microarray technology, a unique approach for constructing microarrays of lipid-linked oligosaccharide probes from desired sources. We generate "designer" microarrays from three glucan polysaccharides, a neutral soluble glucan isolated from S. cerevisiae and two bacterial glucans, curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis and pustulan from Umbilicaria papullosa, and use these in conjunction with 187 diverse, sequence-defined, predominantly mammalian-type, oligosaccharide probes. Among these, Dectin-1 binding is detected exclusively to 1,3-linked glucose oligomers, the minimum length required for detectable binding being a 10- or 11-mer. Thus, the ligands assigned so far are exogenous rather than endogenous. We further show that Dectin-1 ligands, 11-13 gluco-oligomers, in clustered form (displayed on liposomes), mimic the macromolecular beta-glucans and compete with zymosan binding and triggering of tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion by a Dectin-1-expressing macrophage cell line.