激光诱变育种的研究概况

阐述了激光诱变育种机理的研究进展,激光诱变在农作物、畜牧兽医、工业微生物育种上的应用及已取得的成果,并介绍了激光诱变育种的一般操作过程和激光诱变育种的研究前景。     

激光诱变效应及育种研究

在激光与常规育种的试验中,我们采用不同波长和不同剂量的激光处理各种不同的植物种子,研究生长发育状况有关的生物效应,并已改进少数基因控制的个别性状。     

赤霉素产生菌的激光诱变育种研究

激光是一种新型的物理诱变剂,对微生物产生不同的诱变效应。本文报导用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光对赤霉素产生菌进行照射１０－１５分钟产生较为满意的诱变效果;所得到的高产菌株的效价提高率可达１１０５以上。实验证明,掌握好激光器的种类功率大小和正确的诱变条件是诱变产生高产菌株的关键。     

黑龙江地区辐射诱变育种及应用研究

本文阐述了黑龙江省近期利用辐射诱导与享体生物技术,远缘杂交,有性杂交相结合,以及辐射诱变处理纯基因型品种（系）等技术方法,选育粮食,经济和蔬菜作物新品种１３个,累计推广面积１００万公顷,创造具有突出特性的突变体丰富了种质资源,结果表明辐射诱变与其他方法相结合,能够扩大变异谱,提高变异率,缩短育种周期等特点。     

作物育种知识讲座（五）：诱变育种与倍数性育种

作物育种知识讲座（五）──诱变育种与倍数性育种金清波（河南师范大学生物学系４５３００２）（续１９９５年第３０卷第１２期第２３页）１诱变育种诱变育种是指利用物理和比学的方法诱发作物产生突变,然后按照育种目标,在变异的后代中进行选择和培育,从而获得新品种...     

赤霉素产生菌的激光,化学复合诱变育种研究

采用激光和氯化锂复合诱变赤霉菌,对其产生的赤霉素中活性最高的ＧＡ３含量作为效价测定。结果表明与出发菌株相比,激光诱变,ＬｉＣｌ诱变,复合诱变效价分别提高为１１３．７％,４０．２％,１８９．６％。展示激光复合诱变是遗传育种的一种有效方法。     

作物诱变育种研究进展

作物新品种的培育能保持粮食稳产增收,利用自然和诱变获得遗传变异是作物育种的基础。随着栽培作物基因库的日益贫乏,诱变育种技术已成为目前种质资源创新和挖掘新基因的一个重要途径。本文综述了植物诱变育种的发展简史,物理诱变、化学诱变的主要类型、特点、异同及其在农业育种上的应用。由于诱变育种存在的主要问题是有益突变频率仍然较低,变异的方向和性质尚难控制,因此提高诱变效率,迅速鉴定和筛选突变体以及探索定向诱变的途径,是今后研究的重要课题。     

农用低功率He—Ne激光的诱变效应和育种

什么是低功率Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光;低功率Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光的诱变效应及其在育种上的应用;低功率Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光的诱变机制。     

植物抗逆诱变育种技术研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,通过基因工程方法可以更快更好地获得农作物抗逆新品种,其首要任务是通过分离相应的表型改变的突变体来鉴定、克隆在胁迫条件下表达模式发生改变的基因。主要介绍几种常用的及最新的突变体诱变和筛选技术,并分析每种技术的优缺点。     

激光诱变的生物学效应及其在动植物遗传育种上的应用

激光诱变是一种新型的育种技术,具有能量密度高,比较集中,单色性和方向性好,诱变当代即可出现遗传突变等特点。本文概述了激光诱变的一般原理和生物学效应,激光诱变后对植物形态,生理和遗传性状及动物早期胚肥发育的影响,旨在为深入研究激光诱变机制及其在动植物遗传育种上的应用提供参考。     

基因工程在农作物育种上研发应用新进展

以文献调研结果为依据,概述了基因工程的基本概念与基本模式,外源DNA导入的方式与表达的条件;应用基因工程培育优质、高产、抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂与抗逆性强农作物品种的进展;预测并展望了基因工程在实现农业现代化目标中的作用、开发应用重点与前景。     

Increased induction and chromosome doubling of androgenetic haploid rye

Summary Further progress of studies aimed at increasing production of androgenetic Secale cereale plants via the culture of anthers is described. Two culture media initially developed for rice and wheat anther culture have been shown to have pronounced influence on rye. It has been possible to increase the average percentages of responsive anthers (i.e. those producing embryoids or calluses) from 0.26% to 10% with a maximum in certain experiments of over 40 %. Of nearly 400 plants produced in 1976, 1/4 are green and can be grown further by transfer to potting compost; 3/4 are albino. Stable green haploid lines were present amongst the plants, and after vegetative propagation of the lines representative samples have been treated with colchicine resulting in diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants. The influence of the genetic background of the donor plants on the success rate of anther culture and on the percentage of albino formation is discussed.     

植物铝毒害及遗传育种研究进展

本文简单概述了目前植物铝毒害及遗传育方面的研究进展,Al^3 可以通过与细胞骨架的作用,影响根的正常生理功能和形态建成,植物可以通过根尖分泌有机酸或磷酸等将离子态的为成螯合态的铝,通过吸收H^ 提高根尖周围的pH,将Al^3 变成难溶性的Al(OH)3或磷酸铝从而解 除铝毒害,也可以通过在细胞内与Ａl^3 形成无毒害的复合结构从而解除铝毒害,国外通过基因工程和突变体筛选已经获得了一批耐铝的植物材料,国内一些研究者通过变体筛选也获得了一些耐铝的植物材料,对植物耐铝性的遗传研究表明,植物的耐铝性既可以是受单基因控制的,也可以是受多基因控制的。     

Optimum number of marker loci for estimating outcrossing in plant populations

Summary For the measurements of outcrossing rates in plant populations, current electrophoretic procedures permit many loci to be scored per individual progeny. Given that the total experimental effort or cost is limited, the choice exists then between assaying a large number of loci on a restricted number of individuals, or assaying a large number of individuals at a few loci. Using simple models and the criterion of minimising the variance of the estimate, several factors which affect this choice are considered (levels of polymorphism, heterozygosity, linkage disequilibrium, pollen or outcrossing heterogeneity). The general conclusion is that the actual level of outcrossing is a major factor in determining experimental strategy. Maximum efficiency for estimating outcrossing in predominantly inbreeding plants comes from large samples assayed for few polymorphic loci. In contrast, in predominantly outcrossing plants, more loci should be assayed at the expense of sample size for improved statistical efficiency.     

Studies on the mating system of the winter cherry bug,Acanthocoris sordidus Thunberg (Heteroptera: Coreidae) II. Harem defence polygyny

The mating system of the winter cherry bug, Acanthocoris sordidus, was analyzed precisely. As a result, it was found that male adults of this species establish a small territory for mating on the stem of host plant which harbors females. These males abandoned their territories soon after the disappearance of monopolized females. Thus it was confirned that the cue for the territorial establishment of males is the presence of females per se on the host plant. Moreover, most aggregations of adults observed on the host plant contained only a single male. This one-male unit in the mating was named a harem. Harem holding males were usually big in body-size and had a high chance of copulations. The defence behaviors of harem holding males, the mating disparity among males, and the oviposition habit of females in relation to the mating system, were observed. The results obtained were discussed in relation to the sexual selection theories.     

Immunolabeled microtubules and microfilaments are visible in multiple cell layers of rye root tip sections

Summary A protocol was developed to observe plant microtubules and actin microfilaments in large tissue samples without physical sectioning. Rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Rymin) root tip pieces from two-day-old seedlings were fixed and processed for immunolabeling. Incubation times of 24–48 h were required to insure adequate penetration of fixatives, antibodies, and washing buffers. Clearing of the tissue with methyl salicylate reduced background auto-fluorescence that would otherwise interfere with the resolution of cytoskeletal structures. Microtubules or microfilaments in 5–7 cell layers were visualized using the optical-sectioning capability of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and projected as three-dimensional images. The three-dimensional character of the cytoskeletal elements is retained when viewing stained cells of intact tissue. The net-like character of a microfilament array radiating out from a single point into the cytoplasm is maintained when the cells are stained in intact root tip pieces and imaging is accomplished in situ.Abbreviations Cy3 cyanine 3.18-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG - FITC-M fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated anti-mouse IgG - IFB immunofluorescence buffer - LSCM laser scanning confoeal microscopy - TPBS phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Triton X-100     

Advances of calcium signals involved in plant anti-drought

Considerable progresses have taken place, both in the methodology available to study changes in intracellular cytosolic calcium and in our understanding of calcium signaling cascades, but how calcium signals function in plant drought resistance is questionable. In plant cells, calcium plays roles as a second messenger coupling a wide range of extracellular stimuli with intracellular responses. Different extracellular stimuli trigger specific calcium signatures: dynamics, amplitude and duration of calcium transients specify the nature, implication and intensity of stimuli. Calcium-binding proteins (sensors) play a critical role in decoding calcium signatures and transducing signals by activating specific targets and corresponding metabolic pathways. Calmodulin is a calcium sensor known to regulate the activity of many mammalian proteins, whose targets in plants are now being identified. Higher plants possess a rapidly growing list of calmodulin targets with a variety of cellular functions. Nevertheless, many targets appear to be unique to higher plants and remain characterized, calling for a concerted effort to elucidate their functions. To date, three major classes of plant calcium signals, including calcium permeable ion channels, Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporters and Ca(2+)-ATPases, have been responsible for drought-stress signal transduction. This review summarizes the current knowledge of calcium signals involved in plant anti-drought and plant water use efficiency (WUE) and presents suggestions for future focus of study.