Detoxification of Jatropha curcas Seed Cake by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Fermentation

膏桐饼作为生物柴油产业中产生的最大宗副产物,其高蛋白、低纤维含量的特性有望使其开发成为一种优良的蛋白饲料,但毒性限制了其直接作为饲料利用.发酵是多种饼粕脱毒的常用方法.分离、纯化膏桐根际微生物并分别发酵膏桐饼,用甲醇提取发酵膏桐饼的毒性成分并溶于水中,通过鲤鱼存活时间来评价不同菌株发酵膏桐饼的毒性,筛选获得了一株能够在膏桐饼上快速生长并能有效脱除膏桐饼毒性的短帚霉.脱毒小桐子饼组的小鲤鱼存活时间与对照组相比延长了1.22倍.     

短帚霉发酵脱除小桐子饼的毒性

膏桐饼作为生物柴油产业中产生的最大宗副产物,其高蛋白、低纤维含量的特性有望使其开发成为一种优良的蛋白饲料,但毒性限制了其直接作为饲料利用。发酵是多种饼粕脱毒的常用方法。分离、纯化膏桐根际微生物并分别发酵膏桐饼,用甲醇提取发酵膏桐饼的毒性成分并溶于水中,通过鲤鱼存活时间来评价不同菌株发酵膏桐饼的毒性,筛选获得了一株能够在膏桐饼上快速生长并能有效脱除膏桐饼毒性的短帚霉。脱毒小桐子饼组的小鲤鱼存活时间与对照组相比延长了1.22倍。     

酸解纤维素酒精发酵的毒性问题

目前 ,纤维素的酒精发酵主要有两种方法 :一种是酸水解法 ,另一种是酶解法。虽然经过 2 0多年研究 ,在纤维素的酶法水解方面有了一定进展[1,2 ] ,但是与酸法水解发酵相比较 ,仍存在很多不足之处 ,如 :纤维素的酶解效率不高 ,原料没有被充分利用 ,生产周期长 ,成本高。因此 ,纤维素酒精发酵在目前仍以酸法水解工艺为主。这一工艺已经比较成熟 ,目前生产中存在的主要问题就是关于水解产物对发酵微生物的“毒性问题” ,近年来 ,在这方面的研究较多 ,也取得了一定进展。1　纤维素酸解产物对发酵微生物的抑制作用1 1　纤维素类原料水解过程中各物…     

中国科学院微生物研究所发酵工程部简介

微生物研究所发酵工程部是一个为研究扩试、中间放大试验,使研究阶段成果投入工业规模生产提供可行性研究,完成工艺工程技术参数的中间试验基地,是科学研究和工业规模生产的中间接口.同时它也是一个具有较强的开发和适度生产规模的生产试验场.多年来,发酵工程部为科研服务显示了相当的优势和良好的服务质量.近几年完成的中间试验有黄单胞菌多糖发酵和后提取制备工艺;临床诊断用胆固醇氧化酶发酵及提取工艺;葡萄糖氧化酶发酵及提取工艺;胆固醇酯酶的发酵及提取制备工艺;葡萄糖酸钠的微生物发酵生产工艺;新多氧霉素的发酵及提取工艺;十五碳二元酸的发酵及提取工艺;医用灵芝及香菇的发酵工艺等.中试结果大大超过了实验水平,如十五碳二元酸产酸率已达到世界领先水平.     

燃料乙醇发酵技术研究进展

在分析木质纤维素类生物质制备燃料乙醇原理基础上,重点对燃料乙醇转化过程的发酵工艺进行了论述。目前乙醇发酵工艺主要包括直接发酵、分步糖化发酵、同步糖化发酵、同步糖化共发酵和联合生物加工技术等,对这几种技术的研究现状进行了分析并对其发展趋势进行了展望,通过基因工程构建高效发酵菌种的联合生物加工技术将是未来高效发酵工艺的发展趋势,旨在为有效提高发酵菌株的底物代谢能力,获得高的乙醇产量提供重要参考。     

链霉菌A048产几丁质酶最佳发酵工艺研究*

将链霉菌A048在完全培养基中培养至对数生长末期,离心洗涤收集菌丝体,然后接种入发酵产酶培养基中,进行二步发酵工艺生产几丁质酶,几丁质酶活力比一步发酵工艺提高1.1倍,发酵周期共54h,比一步发酵工艺缩短66h;把菌丝体与几丁质粉共固定化,接入发酵产酶培养基中培养36h,几丁质酶活力比一步发酵工艺提高1.8倍,发酵周期缩短54h;在二步发酵工艺中另添加0.4%纤维素,几丁质酶活力可提高4倍,比一步发酵工艺提高10倍,酶活力达18.52U/mL。采用几丁质和纤维素双因子诱导二步发酵工艺可能是链霉菌A048生     

柠檬酸清液发酵的补料工艺研究进展

柠檬酸是一种重要的食品添加剂。微生物批次发酵是当前国内外柠檬酸企业的主流生产方式,而更高生产强度的补料发酵工艺开发逐渐成为行业领域的关注热点。本文分别对不同菌种发酵的补料工艺进行比较,从补料培养基、补料起始点、补料控制方式等角度介绍各自的补料工艺控制,为柠檬酸工业发酵的补料工艺提出可行性建议。     

中国科学院微生物研究所发酵工程部简介

微生物研究所发酵工程部是一个为研究扩试、中间放大试验,使研究阶段成果投入工业规模生产提供可行性研究,完成工艺工程技术参数的中间试验基地,是科学研究和工业规模生产的中间接口.同时它也是一个具有较强的开发和适度生产规模的生产试验场.多年来,发酵工程部为科研服务显示了相当的优势和良好的服务质量.近几年完成的中间试验有黄单胞菌多糖发酵和后提取制备工艺;临床诊断用胆固醇氧化酶发酵及提取工艺;葡萄糖氧化酶发酵及提取工艺;胆固醇酯酶的发酵及提取制备工艺;葡萄糖酸钠的微生物发酵生产工艺;新多氧霉素的发酵及提取工艺;十五碳二元酸的发酵及提取工艺;医用灵芝及香菇的发酵工艺等.中试结果大大超过了实验水平,如十五碳二元酸产酸率已达到世界领先水平.     

响应面试验优化红枣乳酸发酵饮料工艺

为获得红枣乳酸发酵饮料的最佳工艺条件,以乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,应用Box Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法对红枣乳酸发酵工艺进行优化,并对乳酸发酵前后的活性物质含量进行了比较。结果表明：各因素对红枣乳酸发酵饮料中总酸含量的影响大小依次为接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间,最佳工艺条件为发酵温度43℃、发酵时间24h、接种量10%,在此条件下,活性成分得到了很好地保留,制备得到的红枣乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量可达0.897g/100g,得到的回归模型对试验拟合较好。     

链霉菌A048产几丁质酶最佳发酵工艺研究

将链霉菌A048在完全培养基中培养至对数生长末期,离心洗涤收集菌丝体,然后接种入发酵产酶培养基中,进行二步发酵工艺牛产几丁质酶,几丁质酶活力比一步发酵工艺提高1．1倍,发酵周期共54h,比一步发酵工艺缩短66h;把菌丝体与几丁质粉共固定化,接入发酵产酶培养基中培养36h,几丁质酶活力比一步发酵工艺提高1．8倍,发酵周期缩短54h;在二步发酵工岂中另添加0．4％纤维素,几丁质酶活力可提高4倍,比一步发酵工艺提高10倍,酶活力达18．52U／mL。采用几丁质和纤维索双因子诱导二步发酵工艺可能是链霉菌A048生产几丁质酶的最佳工艺。     

Screening and identification of a Penicillium brevicompactum strain isolated from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus and the fermentation production of mycophenolic acid

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a fungal metabolite with a variety of biological activities and widely applied in clinical practices. We herein aimed to isolate a new Penicillium brevicompactum strain from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus to improve the production of MPA. The fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus was used to isolate P. brevicompactum strains. Identification of the P. brevicompactum strain was performed by sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. HPLC assay was conducted to identify the production of MPA. Submerged liquid fermentation and bi-directional fermentation were applied to improve the yield of MPA. The candidates of the P. brevicompactum strain were isolated and screened from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus collected from Changbai mountains in China. Based on sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis of 18S rDNA-ITS, the strain MC-4 was finally identified as P. brevicompactum. And HPLC assay indicated that the isolated P. brevicompactum strain could produce MPA in metabolic products. The optimized conditions of submerged liquid fermentation were as follows: 100 g/L Chinese yam in a liquid PDB medium, pH 6, fermentation temperature of 24 °C, shaker speed of 130 r/min, and fermentation time of 6 days. The maximum value of MPA production was 1.415 g/L after submerged liquid fermentation. Furthermore, the yield of MPA could be significantly increased to 1.537 g/L after bi-directional fermentation with the extractive from fructus Swietenia macrophylla (FSM). We demonstrated that a Penicillium brevicompactum strain isolated from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus can be used to improve the production of MPA by submerged liquid fermentation and bi-directional fermentation. This would provide a novel approach for more efficient and safer production of MPA.     

农抗120发酵高产培养基优选

采用正交试验浓度加倍的方法 ,进行了农抗 12 0发酵培养基筛选 ,获得两种培养基配方Q1和Q2 。经摇瓶发酵试验 ,发酵水平分别比原始配方提高了 197 3%和 130 9%。摩式自动控制发酵罐试验 ,发酵水平是原始配方的 32 7%和 181%。 2 0M3发酵罐中试 ,发酵水平比原始配方提高了 30 0 0～ 50 0 0单位。     

Generic plasmid DNA production platform incorporating low metabolic burden seed‐stock and fed‐batch fermentation processes

DNA vaccines have tremendous potential for rapid deployment in pandemic applications, wherein a new antigen is “plugged” into a validated vector, and rapidly produced in a validated, fermentation—purification process. For this application, it is essential that the vector and fermentation process function with a variety of different antigen genes. However, many antigen genes are unpredictably “toxic” or otherwise low yielding in standard fermentation processes. We report cell bank and fermentation process unit operation innovations that reduce plasmid‐mediated metabolic burden, enabling successful production of previously known toxic influenza hemagglutinin antigen genes. These processes, combined with vector backbone modifications, doubled fermentation productivity compared to existing high copy vectors, such as pVAX1 and gWiz, resulting in high plasmid yields (up to 2,220 mg/L, 5% of total dry cell weight) even with previously identified toxic or poor producing inserts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 1129–1143. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

利用扁桃斑鸠菊叶发酵高产粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖是粗毛纤孔菌液体发酵的重要活性代谢产物,但采用常规的发酵方法,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量较低。为更好地获取粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖,本文采用双向液体发酵的方法,通过向发酵培养基中添加适量的扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末,来提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,并对优化得到的胞外多糖抗氧化活性进行了研究。以发酵液中胞外多糖含量为指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化发酵条件;采用红外光谱对胞外多糖的结构特征进行分析;通过测定胞外多糖对ABTS、DPPH和羟基自由基的清除率来了解其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优发酵条件为:扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末添加量0.5g/L、发酵时间10d、pH 6.5、接种量5.0mL,在此条件下,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量达到(2.34±0.25)mg/mL,与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的空白组相比,其胞外多糖产量提高了约216.22%;红外分析与抗氧化活性实验结果表明,添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶后的胞外多糖与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的胞外多糖红外主要吸收峰一致,并且对ABTS、DPPH以及羟基自由基清除能力相近。本研究结果表明扁桃斑鸠菊叶能够有效地提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,为其他珍稀食药用菌胞外多糖的高效生产提供了新思路。     

工业酵母抗逆机理研究进展

工业酵母利用木质纤维素等生物质资源发酵生产醇、酮、醛、酸等各种化合物,是解决人类面临的不可再生资源和能源危机的重要途径,这激发了人们对木质纤维素水解液为原料和环保节能型浓醪发酵技术的极度关注。然而高浓度底物、产物、渗透压、木质纤维素水解液中抑制性物质、发酵过程温度的提高均会抑制微生物生长代谢及发酵性能,这是发酵行业"瓶颈"问题。本文简述了渗透压、温度及抑制性物质对酵母细胞生长的危害,并从胞内稳态平衡、分子水平等方面着重叙述工业酵母对渗透压、温度及抑制性物质的抗逆机制研究进展。     

A microfiltration bioreactor to achieve high cell density in Sulfolobus solfataricus fermentation

A novel technique is proposed to achieve higher cell yield in extremophile fermentation. Because the accumulation of toxic compounds is thought to be responsible for low biomass yields, a bioreactor has been designed based on a microfiltration hollow-fiber module located inside the traditional fermentation vessel. Using the cul-tivation of the thermoacidophilic archeon Sulfolobus solfataricus Gı as a model, a biomass of 35 g l⁻¹ dry weight was obtained which proved greater than that of 2 g l⁻¹ obtained in batch fermentation. The bioreactor was characterized by running several fermentation experiments to check the high stability of the membrane module to sterilization cycles, high temperatures, and acidic pHs, even for prolonged periods of time. It was shown that the exhaust medium is unable to sustain growth for the presence of toxic compounds, and ultrafiltration and ion-exchange techniques were used in all the attempts to regenerate it. The results demonstrated the ability of the method to lower inhibitor concentrations and prolong the growth phase, thus achieving high cell density. Furthermore, they indicated that the toxic compounds are ionic species of less than 1kDa. Received: December 23, 1998 / Accepted: March 18, 1999     

A new immobilized cell system with protection against toxic solvents

A new immobilized cell system providing protection against toxic solvents was investigated so that normal fermentations could be carried out in a medium containing toxic solvents. The system consists of immobilized growing cells in Ca-alginate gel beads to which vegetable oils, which are inexpensive absorbents of solvents, had been added. The ethanol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26603 was used as a model fermentation to study the protection afforded by the system against solvent toxicities. The fermentation was inhibited by solvents such as 2-octanol, benzene, toluene, and phenol. Ethanol production of one batch was not finished even after 35 h using immobilized growing yeast cells in conventional Ca-alginate gel beads in an ethanol production medium (5% glucose) containing 0.1% 2-octanol, which is used as a solvent for liquid-liquid extraction and is one of the most toxic solvents in our experiments. With the new immobilized growing cell system using vegetable oils, however, four repeated batch fermentations were completed in 35 h. Castor oil provided even more protection than soy bean, olive, and tung oils, and it was possible to complete six repeated batches in 35 h. The immobilized cell system with vegetable oils also provided protection against other toxic solvents such as benzene and toluene. A possible mechanism for the protective function of the new immobilized cell system is discussed.     

Inhibition of Yeast Growth by Octanoic and Decanoic Acids Produced during Ethanolic Fermentation

The inhibition of growth by octanoic or decanoic acids, two subproducts of ethanolic fermentation, was evaluated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus in association with ethanol, the main product of fermentation. In both strains, octanoic and decanoic acids, at concentrations up to 16 and 8 mg/liter, respectively, decreased the maximum specific growth rate and the biomass yield at 30°C as an exponential function of the fatty acid concentration and increased the duration of growth latency. These toxic effects increased with a decrease in pH in the range of 5.4 to 3.0, indicating that the undissociated form is the toxic molecule. Decanoic acid was more toxic than octanoic acid. The concentrations of octanoic and decanoic acids were determined during the ethanolic fermentation (30°C) of two laboratory media (mineral and complex) by S. cerevisiae and of Jerusalem artichoke juice by K. marxianus. Based on the concentrations detected (0.7 to 23 mg/liter) and the kinetics of growth inhibition, the presence of octanoic and decanoic acids cannot be ignored in the evaluation of the overall inhibition of ethanolic fermentation.     

By-product inhibition effects on ethanolic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Inhibition by secondary fermentation products may limit the ultimate productivity of new glucose to ethanol fermentation processes. New processes are under development whereby ethanol is selectively removed from the fermenting broth to eliminate ethanol inhibition effects. These processes can concentrate minor secondary products to the point where they become toxic to the yeast. Vacuum fermentation selectively concentrates nonvolatile products in the fermentation broth. Membrane fermentation systems may concentrate large molecules which are sterically blocked from membrane transport. Extractive fermentation systems, employing nonpolar solvents, may concentrate small organic acids. By-product production rates and inhibition levels in continuous fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined for acetaldehyde, glycerol, formic, lactic, and acetic acids, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2,3-butanediol to assess the potential effects of these by-products on new fermentation processes. Mechanisms are proposed for the various inhibition effects observed.     

2-Pyrrolidone synthesis from γ-aminobutyric acid produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus brevis</Emphasis> under solid-state fermentation utilizing toxic deoiled cottonseed cake

There is an increasing demand of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as drug and food additive, as well as feedstock to produce 2-pyrrolidone, a precursor for the synthesis of nylon 4. 2-Pyrrolidone is a petrochemical and depleting reserve which raises concern for its bio-based production. The study herein describes bio-based economical GABA production from Lactobacillus brevis by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using toxic deoiled cottonseed cake (CSC) as substrate. In general, the use of cottonseed cake remains restricted due to the presence of toxic gossypols. Thus, simultaneous detoxification observed during fermentation also widens the scope of utilization of this residual seedcake for feed use vis-a-vis production of other value added chemicals. The SSF conditions were optimized for maximum GABA production, viz., 19.7 mg/g, CSC of GABA was obtained at 6th day of fermentation with 70 % degradation of gossypols simultaneously. The potential of this bio-based GABA as a platform chemical is demonstrated in the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone. Thus, a simple and cost-effective strategy for utilizing toxic biomass has been developed as an alternate to chemical synthetic route.