Inoculation of the attenuated Coxsackievirus B3 Sabin3-like strain induces a protection against virulent CVB3 Nancy and CVB4 E2 strains in Swiss mice by both oral and intraperitoneal routes

We have previously addressed the question of whether the attenuating mutations of domain V of the Poliovirus IRES were specific for a given genomic context or whether they could be extrapolated to a genomic related virus, the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Accordingly, we have described that Sabin3-like mutation (U⁴⁷³→C) introduced in the CVB3 genome led to a defective mutant with a serious reduction in translation efficiency. In this study, we assessed the protection provided by the Sabin3-like mutant against CVB3 infection. For this purpose, we analyzed, in vivo, the Sabin3-like phenotype in Swiss mice inoculated with CVB3 and CVB4 E2 prototype strains either by oral or intraperitoneal (i.p) routes and explored the capacity of this mutant to act as a vaccine vector after the challenge. The Sabin3-like RNA was detected by semi-nested PCR in different organs: heart, pancreas and intestine at 10 days post-inoculation with both oral and i.p routes. Additionally, we did not observe any histological alterations in heart and intestine tissues. RNA was detected in the different organs of all mice immunized with the Sabin3-like strain and challenged with either CVB3 or CVB4 E2 by oral route at 7 days post-challenge. In contrast, no histological alteration of heart or pancreas tissues was observed after challenge with both wild-strains. Interestingly, the detection of viral RNA in heart, pancreas and intestine of mice immunized by i.p route was negative at 7 days post-challenge with CVB3 and CVB4 E2, and mice were protected from myocarditis and pancreatitis.     

Human Astrocytic Cells Support Persistent Coxsackievirus B3 Infection

Enteroviruses can frequently target the human central nervous system to induce a variety of neurological diseases. Although enteroviruses are highly cytolytic, emerging evidence has shown that these viruses can establish persistent infections both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of three human brain cell lines, CCF-STTG1, T98G, and SK-N-SH, to infection with three enterovirus serotypes: coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), enterovirus 71, and coxsackievirus A9. Persistent infection was observed in CVB3-infected CCF-STTG1 cells, as evidenced by prolonged detection of infectious virions, viral RNA, and viral antigens. Of note, infected CCF-STTG1 cells expressed the nonfunctional canonical viral receptors coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor and decay-accelerating factor, while removal of cell surface chondroitin sulfate from CCF-STTG1 cells inhibited the replication of CVB3, suggesting that receptor usage was one of the major limiting factors in CVB3 persistence. In addition, CVB3 curtailed the induction of beta interferon in infected CCF-STTG1 cells, which likely contributed to the initiation of persistence. Furthermore, proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-6, were upregulated in CVB3-infected CCF-STTG1 cells and human progenitor-derived astrocytes. Our data together demonstrate the potential of CCF-STTG1 cells to be a novel cell model for studying CVB3-central nervous system interactions, providing the basis toward a better understanding of CVB3-induced chronic neuropathogenesis.     

Protection of Mice against Lethal Coxsackievirus B3 Infection by Using DNA Immunization

Vaccination with DNA and recombinant vaccinia viruses (rec.VV) has been studied with the coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) model system. Plasmids encoding all structural proteins of CVB3, when injected intramuscularly, induced only low levels of virus-specific antibodies. However, DNA vaccination with the major structural protein VP1 protected 72.2% of mice from lethal challenge, whereas VP1 expressed by rec.VV was much less efficient.     

Stress Granule Formation is One of the Early Antiviral Mechanisms for Host Cells Against Coxsackievirus B Infection

Stress granules (SGs) are intracellular granules formed when cellular translation is blocked and have been reported to be involved in a variety of viral infections. Our previous studies revealed that SGs are involved in the coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection process, but the role of SGs in CVB infection has not been fully explored. In this study, we found that CVB type 3 (CVB3) could induce SG formation in the early phase of infection. Results showed that levels of CVB3 RNA and protein were significantly inhibited during the early stage of CVB3 infection by the elevated formation of SGs, while viral RNA and protein synthesis were significantly promoted when SG formation was blocked. Our findings suggest that SG formation is one of the early antiviral mechanisms for host cells against CVB infection.     

中国柯萨奇病毒B5的全基因组测序及其序列分析

本文对我国首株与手足口病相关的柯萨奇病毒B5(01/CVB5/SD/CHN/09,CVB5/09)进行了基因组测序并与现有的相关序列进行了比较和进化分析。CVB5/09基因组长7399nt,共编码氨基酸2185aa,与现有的CVB5基因组核酸序列相似性在80.6%～85.3%之间,氨基酸序列相似性在96.1%～96.9%。进化分析发现,利用不同的基因组片段P1、P2和P3区构建的进化树中,CVB5/09分别处在不同的进化分支上,不同基因组片段有着不同的进化速率。Simplot相似性分析没有发现基因组有明显的重组发生。本文完成了我国第1株柯萨奇病毒B5全基因组序列的测定,通过与其它相关病毒的比较分析深入了解其遗传特征,以期为手足口病的流行病学调查和预防控制提供有价值的信息。     

针对2B区域的短双链RNA抑制柯萨奇B3病毒感染HeLa细胞的特性研究

为了研究短双链RNA(Small interfering RNA,siRNA)对柯萨奇B组3型病毒(CVB3)复制的影响及其作用特性,合成针对CVB3基因组2B区的siRNA-2B,脂质体法转染HeLa细胞后感染CVB3病毒,观测转染效率及存留时间、毒性作用、病毒致细胞病变效应、病毒滴度、病毒RNA含量、siRNA-2B对重组基因的特异性降解及培养上清有限稀释后再感染情况.结果发现siRNA-2B能高效转染入HeLa细胞并存留长达48h,高剂量的siRNA-2B对培养细胞无明显毒性,siRNA-2B能特异性针对2B区有效地降解病毒RNA,能明显抑制病毒RNA的复制.随着转染浓度的增加,siRNA-2B的抗病毒作用逐渐增强.siRNA-2B还能明显降低CVB3的再感染能力.这些结果提示,针对基因组2B区的siRNA-2B可以明显抑制CVB3基因复制,有效控制病毒再感染,并具有高效性、特异性和量效关系等特点.为siRNA可能成为预防和治疗CVB3感染的新途径奠定基础.     

MicroRNA-324-3p Plays A Protective Role Against Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Viral Myocarditis

Virologica Sinica - Viral myocarditis (VM) is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium associated with heart failure, which is caused by common viral infections. A majority of the infections are...     

An Attenuated Coxsackievirus B3 Vector: A Potential Tool for Viral Tracking Study and Gene Delivery

Cardiomyocytes are quite resistant to gene transfer using standard techniques. We developed an expression vector carrying an attenuated but infectious and replicative coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) genome, and unique ClaI-StuI cloning sites for an exogenous gene, whose product can be released from the nascent viral polyprotein by 2A^pro cleavage. This vector was tested as an expression vehicle for green fluorescent protein (GFP). The vector transiently expressed GFP in cell cultures for at least ten passages and delivered functional GFP to the infected cardiomyocytes for at least 6 days. Moreover, the recombinant viruses showed virulence attenuation in vitro and in vivo. The findings suggest that the recombinant CVB3 vector could be a useful tool for viral tracking study and delivering exogenous proteins to cardiomyocytes.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株诱导人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的凋亡

采用MTT法检测BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞的凋亡情况,透射电镜观察感染BTV-HbC3的Hep-3B细胞超微结构变化。结果表明BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞具有抑制效应,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;BTV-HbC3作用下Hep-3B细胞呈现凋亡特征;BTV-HbC3能有效感染人肝癌细胞株Hep-3B,并在其中有限地复制,同时抑制该细胞增殖,诱导其进入凋亡。本研究证实了蓝舌病毒HbC3株对人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的杀伤及其诱导凋亡作用,结合本室已反复证实该病毒不感染人源正常细胞的事实,提示了该病毒具有抗人肝癌之潜能。     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株诱导人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的凋亡

采用MTT法检测BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞的凋亡情况,透射电镜观察感染BTV-HbC3的Hep-3B细胞超微结构变化.结果表明BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞具有抑制效应,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;BTV-HbC3作用下Hep-3B细胞呈现凋亡特征;BTV-HbC3能有效感染人肝癌细胞株Hep-3B,并在其中有限地复制,同时抑制该细胞增殖,诱导其进入凋亡.本研究证实了蓝舌病毒HbC3株对人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的杀伤及其诱导凋亡作用,结合本室已反复证实该病毒不感染人源正常细胞的事实,提示了该病毒具有抗人肝癌之潜能.     

Probiotic Activity of a Bacterial Strain Isolated from Ancient Permafrost Against Salmonella Infection in Mice

Bacillus cereus strain F, collected from relict permafrost located in Siberia, was analyzed for probiotic activity in the mouse Salmonella enterica model. Viable bacterial cells were found in frozen soils taken at Mammoth Mountain in Yakutia from a depth below the level of seasonal thawing. Geological data indicated the absence of a thawing within millions of years of deposited soils, which helped to ensure the ancient origin of our sample. According to DNA analysis, bacterial cells collected from the relict permafrost appeared to be B. cereus strain F. The morphology of these bacteria was analyzed using atomic force microscopy. B. cereus strain F was assessed as a nonpathogenic bacterium by evaluation of its pathogenicity. A S. enterica model is described in mice after per oral inoculation and serves as a model for the human carrier state. Using this model, probiotic activity by the bacterial strain isolated from the ancient permafrost has been shown against Salmonella infection in mice.     

脊髓灰质炎病毒减毒株Sabin 3经型间嵌合在人胚肺二倍体细胞(KMB17)上的适应性研究

为筛选Sabin 3型人胚肺二倍体细胞新适应株,将原来在体外培养过程中对KMB17细胞适应较差的Sabin 3型病毒与适应较好的Sabin 1型病毒混合培养11代,经噬斑筛选81个克隆后,感染性滴度检测表明,大部分筛选的克隆感染性滴度较低,仅33号克隆滴度最高,达8．125LgCCID50／ml。经全基因序列分析发现,该克隆(Sabin 3．33)为Sabin 1型和Sabin 3型的型间嵌合株,其中5’NCR为Sabin 1型,其余区域与Sabin 3型相同。经型别鉴定为Sabin 3型,与毒力直接相关的位点5’NCR的第480位核苷酸及位于VP2的第2034位核苷酸都未发生变异,表明已初步获得一株人胚肺二倍体细胞：KMB17的新适应株。     

Expression Profile and Function Analysis of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Infection of Coxsackievirus B3

The roles of lnc RNAs in the infection of enteroviruses have been barely demonstrated. In this study, we used coxsackievirus B3(CVB3), a typical enterovirus, as a model to investigate the expression profiles and functional roles of lnc RNAs in enterovirus infection. We profiled lnc RNAs and m RNA expression in CVB3-infected He La cells by lnc RNA-m RNA integrated microarrays. As a result, 700 differentially expressed lnc RNAs(431 up-regulated and 269 down-regulated) and665 differentially expressed m RNAs(299 up-regulated and 366 down-regulated) were identified in CVB3 infection. Then we performed lnc RNA-m RNA integrated pathway analysis to identify potential functional impacts of the differentially expressed m RNAs, in which lnc RNA-m RNA correlation network was built. According to lnc RNA-m RNA correlation, we found that XLOC-001188, an lnc RNA down-regulated in CVB3 infection, was negatively correlated with NFAT5 m RNA,an anti-CVB3 gene reported previously. This interaction was supported by q PCR detection following si RNA-mediated knockdown of XLOC-001188, which showed an increase of NFAT5 m RNA and a reduction of CVB3 genomic RNA. In addition, we observed that four most significantly altered lnc RNAs, SNHG11, RP11-145 F16.2, RP11-1023 L17.1 and RP11-1021 N1.2 share several common correlated genes critical for CVB3 infection, such as BRE and IRF2 BP1. In all, our studies reveal the alteration of lnc RNA expression in CVB3 infection and its potential influence on CVB3 replication,providing useful information for future studies of enterovirus infection.     

Antiviral Activity of Antisense Oligonucleotides Against Various Targets of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (Hsv1) and Coxsackievirus B3 (Cvb3) Genome

Abstract

The influence of chemical modification on the antiviral activity of oligonucleotides was studied on Green monkey kidney cells (GMK) using a known antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) directed against the IE-110 gene of HSVl. The highest antiviral activity was observed with ODNs carrying exclusively phosphothioate internucleotide linkages. CVB3-specific ODNs of this type were synthesized and successfully tested for antiviral activity on HeLa cells.     

An ERK-p38 Subnetwork Coordinates Host Cell Apoptosis and Necrosis during Coxsackievirus B3 Infection

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Highlights? Intracellular signaling predicts the fate of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-infected cells ? p38 and ERK signaling pathways are tightly interconnected during CVB3 infection ? CVB3-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes is inhibited by ERK5 and ERK1/2 pathways ? CVB3 induces necrosis of cardiomyocytes via p38 activation     

Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling on Macrophages Is Required for Survival Following Coxsackievirus B4 Infection

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) has been proposed to play a central role in the early recognition of viruses by sensing double stranded RNA, a common intermediate of viral replication. However, several reports have demonstrated that TLR3 signaling is either dispensable or even harmful following infection with certain viruses. Here, we asked whether TLR3 plays a role in the response to coxsackievirus B4 (CB4), a prevalent human pathogen that has been associated with pancreatitis, myocarditis and diabetes. We demonstrate that TLR3 signaling on macrophages is critical to establish protective immunity to CB4. TLR3 deficient mice produced reduced pro-inflammatory mediators and are unable to control viral replication at the early stages of infection resulting in severe cardiac damage. Intriguingly, the absence of TLR3 did not affect the activation of several key innate and adaptive cellular effectors. This suggests that in the absence of TLR3 signaling on macrophages, viral replication outpaces the developing adaptive immune response. We further demonstrate that the MyD88-dependent signaling pathways are not only unable to compensate for the loss of TLR3, they are also dispensable in the response to this RNA virus. Our results demonstrate that TLR3 is not simply part of a redundant system of viral recognition, but rather TLR3 plays an essential role in recognizing the molecular signatures associated with specific viruses including CB4.