关于白头叶猴分类地位的探讨

通过一只雄性白头叶猴与一只雌性黑叶猴杂交繁殖的F1代(雌体)与黑叶猴(雄体)的回交,成功繁殖出两只回交代个体,出生后两回交代个体健康状况良好,所显露出来的形态学特征介于亲本之间,没有呈现明显的分化现象。杂交代的成功繁殖表明白头叶猴与黑叶猴不存在生殖隔离。从而断定白头叶猴不是一个独立种,而是黑叶猴的一个亚种。     

RAPD分析与白头叶猴分类地位探讨

为确定白头叶猴的分类地位,分析了菲氏叶猴、紫面叶猴、长尾叶猴、黑叶猴、白头叶猴、共１３个个体的随机扩增ＤＮＡ多态。用于检测的３０个随机引物中有２２个产生清晰的条带。根据遗传距离建立的系统树显示,黑叶猴与白头叶猴亲缘关系最近,且两者都不是单系群。白头叶猴３与黑叶猴６的亲缘关系比与白头叶猴１、２的更近。根据系统树中的关系对群体进行了ｔ检验,结果显示：在５％水平上,白头叶猴与黑叶猴有显著差异;然而,在同     

白头叶猴与黑叶猴觅食行为的比较

开展近缘物种觅食行为比较对理解动物的行为可塑性及适应性具有重要意义.白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)和黑叶猴(T.francoisi)是近缘物种,体形大小相近,社会结构和栖息环境相似,是广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区喀斯特季节性雨林中邻域分布的灵长类.为了探索两个物种在喀斯特生境中...     

中国石山叶猴生态学研究进展

喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境.石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、白头叶猴(T.leucocephalus)、德氏叶猴(T.delacouri)、金头...     

赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的生殖隔离研究

赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗是两个同域发生的近缘储粮害虫。为明确它们的生殖隔离程度和机制,本研究比较分析了赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗雄虫对同种和异种雌虫的交配选择;赤拟谷盗与杂拟谷盗交配后,测定了精子在异种雌体内的存活情况;将赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗进行正反杂交,研究其F1代、F2代和回交代杂种是否产生及其雌雄比。结果显示,赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗雄虫对同种雌虫的爬跨率和交配率高于其对异种雌虫的爬跨率和交配率,表明赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗种间性隔离不完全;赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗交配后精子在异种雌体内是存活的,杂交所产的F1代卵为受精卵,说明交配后完成了精子传送和受精过程,表明种间机械隔离和配子隔离不完全;赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的杂种F1代自交和回交产生了F2代和回交代,表明种间不存在杂种不育;一些杂交组合产生的F2代和回交代数量少且存在雌雄性比偏离,表明种间存在部分杂种不活和杂种衰败。本研究明确了赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的生殖隔离机制,这对于揭示它们的物种进化关系有着重要意义。     

香梨杂种后代花粉发育类型及其花药的解剖学研究

对4个组合35个香梨F1代单株的花粉发育状况进行了考察,并结合花粉量调查对F1代群体的典型单株进行了花药解剖研究。结果表明:(1)香梨杂种后代的花粉发育类型大致可分为3种类型,即正常发育型、少粒空壳型和完全败育型,其中雄性不育类型(少粒空壳型和完全败育型)占到整个杂交后代株系的42.8%。(2)花药解剖观察显示导致花粉空粒化进而完全解体的主要原因是药壁组织的异常发育。推测梨的雄性不育性可能受1对纯合的隐性基因控制,人为杂交导致的基因重组使隐性基因纯合后在杂交后代中高频率表达;同时发现,其花粉发育也受环境影响,树体的营养状况可影响花粉的发育进程。     

微卫星DNA监控大鼠近交系的培育

采用微卫星DNA技术来监控大鼠仔代基因状况,选择性地进行交配繁殖,使基因快速纯合,缩短培育新的近交系动物周期。利用PCR扩增30个微卫星DNA位点对封闭群SD和Wistar大鼠交配繁殖的仔代鼠进行微卫星DNA多态性分析,仔代中与母代SD大鼠相似系数高的与中的进行定向交配繁殖。F2代大鼠均为杂合多态的位点,没有纯合位点;到F9代时基因纯合位点达27个,纯合基因位点率为90%。每代相似系数具有不断上升的趋势,上升率为6-20%。采用皮肤移植方法验证了F9代大鼠间无排斥。建立了一种新的快速培育近交系动物的方法。     

白头叶猴婴猴月龄和性别对母婴关系的影响

非人灵长类动物的母婴关系是婴猴第一次重要的社会体验,对婴猴的生长发育、正常社会行为以及心理健康都具有重要意义。因此,母婴关系研究一直是灵长类学研究的热点之一。为深入了解白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)母婴关系的发展和影响因素,2009年9月至2010年8月,我们以广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区岜盆片区的一群野生白头叶猴为研究对象,记录其母婴行为的发生持续时长和发生频次,结合婴猴月龄和性别,探究婴猴月龄和性别对白头叶猴母婴关系的影响。结果表明：婴猴月龄显著影响白头叶猴的母婴关系。随着婴猴月龄的不断增长,母猴对婴猴的保护也随之逐渐减少,表明婴猴的发育是从依赖母猴到逐步独立融入社群的过程。婴猴性别对母婴行为的持续时间无显著影响,但在发生频次上母猴对雌性婴猴的照顾明显多于雄性婴猴。婴猴性别对母婴间的理毛行为、含乳行为均无显著影响,但对怀抱行为具有显著影响。白头叶猴母猴对不同性别的婴猴采取不同的照顾方式,这可能与雄性婴猴和雌性婴猴未来所承担的社会角色不同有关。     

应用染色体涂染法建立人和黑叶猴(Semnopithecus francoisi)的染色体同源性

应用荧光原位杂交技术中的染色体涂染法（Chromosomepainting）,以生物素标记的除Y染色体外的人全部整条染色体DNA特异性探针与黑叶猴的中期分裂相杂交,建立了人与黑叶猴之间的染色体同源性。除人的1、2、6、16和19号染色体特异探针分别与黑叶猴的2条非同源的染色体杂交外,其余人染色体特异探针均与黑叶猴的1条染色体杂交,其中有两对人染色体特异探针（14和15,21和22）分别杂交同一条黑叶猴染色体。在雌性黑叶猴的单倍染色体中,共检测到30个与人染色体具同源性的染色体和染色体片段。结果表明：黑叶猴的多数染色体与人染色体有高度同源性,仅有少数染色体发生了重排。将研究的结果与已报道的人染色体特异探针与其他灵长类的中期染色体杂交的结果进行比较,可以看出亚洲叶猴之间的相互关系较与非洲叶猴的更为密切。     

大豆抗灰斑病主基因的发现与遗传研究

利用高抗品种东农9674与感病品种杂交,在田间多个生理小种共存条件下研究大豆灰斑病抗性的遗传规律,发现杂交后代的抗性表现具有明显的质量性状遗传特征,F1代表现完全显性,F2代的抗感分离比例在个别组合接近3:1。采用数量性状的主要基因-多基因混合遗传模型对抗性的遗传进行模型的判别与遗传参数的估计,发现抗性遗传存在明显的主要因效应,分别符合一个主基因 多基因加显性模型及两个基因独立遗传模型。主基因的加性、显性以及主基因之间的相互作用普遍存在,对抗病性的遗传起很大作用。     

Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation

Polyphenisms are evolved adaptations in which a genome produces discrete alternative phenotypes in different environments. In this study, the genetic basis of the evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation was investigated. A polyphenic strain and a monophenic strain of Manduca sexta (L.) were crossed and the F(1) offspring and backcross progeny were analysed. The larval colour polyphenism was found to be regulated by one sex-linked gene of major effect and many smaller effect modifier genes. The finding shows that the mechanism of genetic accommodation relies on genetic changes that are consistent with the current view of the genetic basis of adaptive evolution.     

白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)栖息地景观格局的时空变化

运用3S技术,以1973年MSS影像和1999年TM影像为主要数据源,研究了白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)栖息地26a间景观格局的变化特征,并探讨了景观格局的变化及其对白头叶猴的影响.结果表明:1973年至1999年间白头叶猴栖息地景观格局变化剧烈,九重山、咘遵和弄官山3片区域内景观斑块平均面积平均减少了34.89%,聚集度平均下降了12.23%;同时景观多样性指数平均增加了14.15%,景观形状指数平均增加了31.08%,边界密度平均增加了36.39%,破碎度指数平均增加了64.17%;林地景观类型面积平均减少了18.50%,而农田、居民点等人为景观面积则大幅增加.栖息地景观格局的剧烈变化和环境质量的降低,改变了白头叶猴原始的生存环境,将会对白头叶猴的生存产生严重的影响.     

甘蓝型油菜Ogura 雄性不育×白菜的回交杂种后代与亲本之间蕾期基因表达差异比较研究*

以甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L, AACC,2n＝38）Ogura细胞质雄性不育材料为母本,以不同白菜（B campestris ssp. chinensis Makino, AA, 2n＝20） 自交系‘新选一号’和‘矮脚黄’为父本进行杂交,获得了杂种F1、BC1、BC2代。利用cDNA-AFLP技术对两种材料的不同回交世代BC1、BC2代与其亲本在蕾期的基因表达进行分析。结果表明,两种白菜回交世代与其亲本的基因表达有明显差异,在质和量上都存在差异。基因表达模式有5类共7种：（1）单亲沉默型（2种）,（2）单亲一致型（2种）,（3）双亲共沉默型,（4）杂种特异型,（5）表达一致型。随着回交世代的增加,回交杂种和亲本的基因表达在单亲沉默型、双亲共沉默型呈增加趋势。而在母本一致型、父本一致型、杂交种特异型、表达一致型呈下降的趋势。两种白菜在F1、BC1、BC2 3个世代与回交亲本花蕾间的基因差异表达有15种类型,其中以在轮回亲本、F1、BC1、BC2中共同出现表达的带的比例最高。Abstract: Crosses between female parent of Ogura male sterility Brassica napus L. and male parents of B. campestris ssp. chinensis Makino were made and F1, BC1 and BC2 generations produced. Gene expression of two Chinese cabbage backcross hybrid BC1, BC2 and their parents at bud stage was analyzed by means of cDNA-AFLP technique. The results indicated that the patterns of gene expression differ significantly between BC1 and BC2 generations and their parents. There were many patterns of gene expression, including gene overexpression and gene silencing. Five patterns (seven kinds) of gene expression were observed, which include: (1) bands occurring in only one parent (two kinds); (2) bands observed in hybrids and one parent (two kinds); (3) bands occurring in only parents (one kind); (4) bands visualized in only hybrids (one kind); (5) bands observed in parents and hybrids (one kind). In accompany with the addition of backcross, the increase trend in backcross hybrids and their parents were described in the aspects of differential gene expression, bands expressed only in one parent and bands expressed only in both parents. The declined trend in backcross hybrids and their parents were observed in the aspects of bands expressed in both hybrids and one parent (two kinds), bands visualized in only hybrids and bands observed in parents and hybrid. Fifteen patterns of gene expression were observed in F1、BC1、BC2 and backcross parents. The percent of bands expressed in F1、BC1、BC2 and backcross was highest.     

A comparison of pollinator fig wasp development in figs of Ficus montana and its hybrids with Ficus asperifolia

Figs (Moraceae) and pollinator fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) have a highly specific mutualistic relationship but fig wasps occasionally enter atypical hosts, and this can lead to hybrid fig trees and the potential for gene flow between species. Many fig trees are dioecious, with fig wasp offspring developing in galled ovules inside figs on male trees, whereas seeds develop only in figs on female trees. We generated experimental hybrids between the Asian Ficus montana Blume and a closely related African species Ficus asperifolia Miquel. Male F1s were sterile if entered by Kradibia tentacularis (Grandi) (Agaonidae), the pollinator of F. montana, because its offspring always failed to develop, without ovule enlargement. As with the F1s, figs on most male backcross plants [F. montana × (F. montana × F. asperifolia)] also aborted shortly after pollinator entry, resulting in a higher turnover of figs than with F. montana, although the times taken for the figs to reach receptivity were similar. Pollinator larvae nonetheless consistently managed to develop inside the figs of one backcross plant and also occasionally in a few figs from another backcross individual. In these figs, galled ovules developed as normal, whereas in figs that aborted the galled ovules failed to enlarge. The sex ratio of K. tentacularis progeny in the backcross figs was female biased and did not differ from that in F. montana figs. Sycoscapter spec. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of K. tentacularis, was able to lay eggs and developed normally inside male backcross figs where its host was present.     

贵州麻阳河自然保护区黑叶猴繁殖周期的初步研究

黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi),属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)。分布于越南北部和中国的广西、贵州和重庆等地的山地岩溶地区(Fooden,1976;王应祥等,1999)。由于生境特殊,受人为活动影响较大(汪松,1998),该物种近20年来数量呈下     

Multi-step genetic regulation of oncogene expression in fish hereditary melanoma

Melanoma occurring spontaneously in Xiphophorus fish hybrids is a model system in which involvement of cellular oncogenes and multi-step regulation of their expression have been identified by classical genetics. The macromelanophore gene in platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) is a sex-linked codominant gene which determines the black spot patterns of macromelanophores in the skin. The macromelanophore locus includes a cellular oncogene which potentially induces neoplasms of the pigment cells. Expression of the oncogene is regulated by a multi-step genetic process and brings about a characteristic phenotype associated with pigment cell differentiation at each step. The multi-step genetic regulation of oncogene expression can be recognized by interspecific hybridization of the platyfish with swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri) which have not developed the macromelanophore gene. When platyfish are hybridized with swordtails, the F1 offspring carrying this gene develop a preneoplastic state. When the F1 offspring are back-crossed to swordtails, the backcross offspring develop a heritable form of melanoma with a characteristic inheritance pattern. This heritable form of melanoma occurs at an early age and has a well differentiated character. Thus, the first and second steps of oncogene expression bring about a preneoplastic state in the F1 offspring and a heritable form of melanoma in the backcross offspring, respectively. These steps may be due to progressive substitution of platyfish chromosomes with swordtail chromosomes in germ line cells, resulting in a progressive reduction of the dosage of regulatory genes in the platyfish genome. The third step of oncogene expression brings about a sporadic form of melanoma in the hybrid offspring bearing the preneoplastic state and heritable form of melanoma spontaneously or through induction by carcinogens. This form of melanoma has a poorly differentiated character. The incidence of this form is considerably enhanced by aging in adult life, thus exhibiting age-specific incidence. It is likely that this step is due to mutational events in regulatory genes, which occur in somatic cells following chromosome substitution in germ line cells by hybridization. The albino gene enhances the malignancy of the two forms of melanoma and the incidence of the sporadic form of melanoma, possibly by suppressing the differentiation of transformed pigment cells. These facts and speculations are summarized in Fig. 6. The molecular identification of oncogenes in this melanoma system and their transfer into the swordtail eggs may provide a useful means for studying oncogene expression during development, growth, and aging of animals.     

Dominant low responsiveness in the IgG response of mice to the complex protein antigen type 1 fimbriae from Actinomyces viscosus T14V.

Type 1 fimbriae from Actinomyces viscosus T14V, composed of a complex protein of Mr 65,000, mediate the adherence of A. viscosus T14V to the host, whereas type 1 fimbriae-specific antibodies inhibit adherence. Genetic control of the serum IgG response to type 1 fimbriae was evaluated in a series of inbred, hybrid, recombinant inbred, and back-cross mice. Mice were given i.p. injections of 10(8) A. viscosus T14V cells in saline on days 0 and 14, and IgG anti-type 1 fimbriae in sera obtained on day 26 were measured by ELISA. Segregation analysis of the responses of (BALB/cJ x A/J)F1 x A/J backcross mice suggested polygenic control. Linkage analysis in (BALB/cJ x A/J)F1 x A/J backcross and SWXL recombinant inbred mice suggested control by genes linked with H-2 and with Ly-17 and Akp-1. In several F1 hybrid strains derived from H-2-disparate high and low responder parental strains, low responsiveness was dominant. The F1 derived from the H-2-identical high and low responder strains CBA/J and C3H/HeJ was a low responder, suggesting that dominant low responsiveness was mediated by non-H-2-linked genes. A three-gene model is proposed for regulation of the type 1 fimbriae response, including an MHC-linked gene, a gene linked with Ly-17 and Akp-1 on the telomeric portion of chromosome 1, and a background gene whose linkage is unknown.     

Genetic analysis of expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis in NFS, C3H/He, and B10.BR mice

The genetics of T. spiralis rejection from the intestine was examined in inbred mice belonging to three phenotypic categories of expulsion: strong (NFS), intermediate (C3H), and weak (B10.BR). Experiments used various worm doses to analyze the day of worm rejection, defined as the day at which 98% expulsion of the infectious dose occurred. The F1 of NFS (strong) x B10.BR (weak) was a strong responder and the F1 of the cross C3H (intermediate) x B10.BR (weak) was intermediate. Analysis of time of rejection among offspring of the (NFS/B10.BR) x B10.BR backcross showed three segregating phenotypic categories which occurred in a ratio of 1:2:1 strong:intermediate:weak. Segregation analysis of C3H/B10.BR intercross (F2) mice produced a ratio of 3:1, intermediate:weak. The backcross C3H/B10.BR to the C3H parent produced 100% intermediate offspring and the backcross to the B10.BR parent segregated in a 1:1 ratio of intermediate:weak. Taken together the results of both sets of crosses demonstrated that strong responsiveness was a consequence of the additive effects of two dominant genes; either gene by itself conferred intermediate responsiveness. The additive nature of these dominant genes suggested that two distinct processes each lead to the expression of worm expulsion that is phenotypically intermediate and kinetically identical.     

披碱草 Elymus rectisetus无融合生殖及其转育的研究进展

披碱草Elymus rectisetus(Nees in Lehm）A Loeve et Connor(2n=6x=42）,SSYYWW）是目前发现的小麦族（Triticeae）中唯一的无融合生殖种,属二倍性孢子形成的假受精无融合生殖类型,无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,简化育种程序,缩短育种年限,因此E.rectisetus无融合生殖及其向小麦中导入的研究一直受到遗传育种学家的重视,与有性生殖相比,无融合生殖类型大孢子母细胞（MMC）的形成有三个显著特点：（1）MMC在早前期合点形成液泡;（2）MMC核显著伸长,呈椭圆形或哑玲形;（3）MMC周围缺乏含,胼胝质的细胞壁E.rectisetus与披碱草属内的种间杂交取得较大进展,了其分类和遗传学研究。E.rectisetus与近缘属杂交成功例子逐渐增多,目前国内外已成功进行了普通小麦与E.rectisetus属间杂交,为最终将E.rectisetus无融合生殖基因导入小麦奠定了基础。     

Inheritance of susceptibility to induction of nephroblastomas in the Noble rat

Noble (Nb) strain rats are susceptible to nephroblastoma induction with transplacental exposure to direct-acting alkylating agent N-nitrosoethylurea (ENU), while F344 strain rats are highly resistant. To study the inheritance of susceptibility to induction of these embryonal renal tumors, fetal Nb and F344 rats and F1, F2 and reciprocal backcross hybrids were exposed transplacentally to ENU once on day 18 of gestation. Nephroblastomas developed in 53% of Nb offspring with no apparent gender difference, while no nephroblastomas developed in inbred F344 offspring. F1 and F2 hybrid offspring had intermediate responses, 28% and 30%, respectively. Nephroblastoma incidence in the offspring of F1 hybrids backcrossed to the susceptible strain Nb was 46%, while that in F1 hybrids backcrossed to resistant strain F344 was much lower (16%). Carcinogenic susceptibility is therefore consistent with the involvement of one major autosomal locus; the operation of a gene dosage effect; and a lack of simple Mendelian dominance for either susceptibility or resistance. Since established Wilms tumor-associated suppressor genes, Wt1 and Wtx, were not mutated in normal or neoplastic tissues, genomic profiling was performed on isolated Nb and F344 metanephric progenitors to identify possible predisposing factors to nephroblastoma induction. Genes preferentially elevated in expression in Nb rat progenitors included Wnt target genes Epidermal growth factor receptor, Inhibitor of DNA binding 2, and Jagged1, which were further increased in nephroblastomas. These studies demonstrate the value of this model for genetic analysis of nephroblastoma development and implicate both the Wnt and Notch pathways in its pathogenesis.