c-FLIP的分子调节机制

细胞型含死亡域的Fas结合蛋白样白介素-1β转换酶抑制蛋白(cellular FADD-like interleukin-1βconverting enzyme inhibitory protein,c-FLIP)是一类含有死亡效应结构域(the death effector domain,DED)的天然存在的胱天蛋白酶(caspase)抑制蛋白,广泛存在于各种生物物种中,其过量表达能抑制Fas和肿瘤坏死因子相关促凋亡配体(TRAIL)等死亡受体介导的细胞凋亡。目前认为c-FLIP与炎症、肿瘤及自身免疫性疾病的发生发展密切相关。对其分子调节机制的深入研究将有助于深化对这些疾病的认识,并为临床治疗这些疾病提供新的方法和思路。     

凋亡信号调节激酶1对细胞凋亡的调节作用

细胞存活与凋亡之间的平衡是多细胞生物正常发育与稳态的关键。细胞凋亡是受多种因素高度调控的细胞程序性死亡过程。凋亡信号调节激酶 1 (ASK1 )是促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶家族的成员之一 ,它分别激活SER1 JNK和MKK3 MKK6 p38途径 ,在细胞因子及应激诱导细胞凋亡过程中起着关键作用。TNF受体和Fas信号转导系统在抗凋亡与促凋亡过程中发挥重要作用 ,其中包括TNF受体Ⅰ相关死亡域蛋白 (TRADD)、Fas相关死亡域蛋白 (FADD)等多种蛋白因子。细胞色素C是线粒体依赖性死亡信号 ,受Bcl 2家族蛋白的调节。反应性氧化合物的氧化激活使硫氧还蛋白 (Trx)氧化 ,并与ASK1分离 ,从而激活ASK1造成细胞凋亡。总之 ,许多促凋亡与抗凋亡因子组成复杂的、相互拮抗的机制。在信号转导的各种不同的关卡上 ,这些因子的平衡作用最终决定细胞的生与死。     

c-FLIP的siRNA促进TRAIL诱导的癌细胞凋亡的研究

肿瘤凋亡因子TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)是TNF家族的成员之一,其不论在体内还是体外均可选择性诱导癌细胞凋亡。初期临床试验已经证实TRAIL或死亡受体激动剂抗体在癌症治疗中的安全性。另外,也有研究表明,许多癌细胞对TRAIL有耐受性,究其原因是凋亡通路中抗凋亡蛋白c-FLIP和IAP等的阻遏。更多研究发现,si RNA靶向抑制c-FLIP的同时结合广谱IAP拮抗剂AT406,进一步提高了TRAIL诱导的癌细胞凋亡,因此联合使用c-FLIP抑制剂或拮抗剂、IAP拮抗剂以及TRAIL或死亡受体激动剂抗体这三类药物可能是理想的抗癌新方法。综述了c-FLIP的发现、结构、功能和其参与死亡受体介导的信号通路,以及多种si RNA应用于c-FLIP以提高癌细胞对TRAIL敏感性和si RNA条件优化中的一些进展,并讨论了目前癌症临床治疗中si RNA的应用前景及存在的问题,最后提出较安全有效的基于TRAIL介导的癌症治疗新方法。     

c-FLIP在DATS诱导入胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡中的作用

目的:探讨二烯丙基三硫(diallyl trisulfide,DATS)诱导入胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡及凋亡过程中c-FLIP的变化及意义.方法:采用MTr,westem-blot和细胞免疫组化分别检测DATS对SGC-7901细胞的增殖抑制率及c-FLIP的表达情况.光学显微镜现察凋亡形态,流式细胞术检测凋亡率.结果:MTT结果显示,不同浓度DATS(6,8,10,12,14,16mg.L~(-1)DATS处理SGC-7901细胞24,48小时后,生长抑制率分别为20.4%-79%和36%-90%,DATS抑制作用随浓度及时间逐渐增强(P<0.05).细胞免疫组化和western-blot显示:9.5mg..L~(-1)DATS处理SGC-7901细胞24,48小时后,与对照组相比,c-FLIP的表达下调(P<0.05).光学显微镜:通过9.5mg..L~(-1)DATS作用后24,48小时后,胃癌细胞出现了凋亡形态学改变.流式细胞术检测:经过9.5mg..L~(-1)DATS处理SGC-7901细胞24,48小时后,细胞凋亡率逐渐升高.结论:DATS促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡的机制可能与抑制c-FLIP蛋白的表达有关.     

Fas/Fas L 凋亡作用机制

Fas(又称APO-1,CD95)及其配体Fas L,诱导编程性死亡的细胞表面分子,参与机体免疫调节.本文主要讨论了Fas/Fas L 相互作用诱导细胞凋亡的可能机制,包括表达调控,特异结合蛋白,蛋白水解链等.     

死亡受体介导的细胞凋亡研究进展

细胞凋亡是一种程序性死亡,不仅存在于机体正常的生理状态,而且在恶性肿瘤的发生发展、神经系统退行性变等疾病中扮演着重要角色。死亡受体信号转导通路是介导细胞凋亡的重要途径之一,它不仅能触发细胞凋亡,还能促进细胞的生存和生长。到目前为止,研究学者已经发现多种死亡受体,它们诱导凋亡的信号途径主要有Fas/Fas L、TRAIL和TNFR三条转导通路。本文简述了死亡受体介导的细胞凋亡信号传导途径的研究进展。     

Fas／Fas L调亡作用机制

Fas(又称APO-1,CD95)及其配体Fas L,诱导编程性死亡的细胞表面分子,参与机体免疫调节。本文主要讨论了Fas/Fas L 相互作用诱导细胞凋亡的可能机制,包括表达调控,特异结合蛋白,蛋白水解链等。     

hDaxx与细胞肿瘤抑制子p53在体内外的相互作用

与急性早幼粒细胞性白血病蛋白(promyelocytic leukemia protein,PML)在体内相互作用共定位于细胞核PML致癌结构城(PML oncogenic domains,PODs)的人Daxx(human Daxx,hDaxx),能结合Fas死亡结构域诱导细胞凋亡.细胞肿瘤抑制子p53抑制细胞及病毒转录,提高细胞内Fas的表达并调节细胞凋亡.为了探索hDaxx与p53在诱导细胞凋亡中有无相互作用及其作用效果,利用酵母双杂交体系测定发现p53通过C端与hDaxx结合,共免疫沉淀反应及Western blot结果显示hDaxx与p53能在体内外直接结合.hDaxx与p53结合并发生相互作用可能对细胞周期有一定的调节作用.     

反义寡核苷酸抑制Fas表达用于治疗肝脏疾病

Fas(CD95)是肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)家族成员。在肝脏中,Fas激活的凋亡信号可能对调节肝细胞动态平衡起作用。但在很多炎症情况下,肝脏Fas的表达水平增高。在多种临床肝病发展过程中,肝损伤与Fas表达和细胞凋亡相关。因此通过对Fas表达进行调控,从而控制肝脏中过量和异常的细胞凋亡,是一种极具潜力的保护肝脏的治疗途径。反义寡核苷酸技术已被广泛用于在许多组织中抑制特定基因的表达。用反义寡核苷酸抑制肝脏Fas表达,可以保护动物避免由细胞凋亡而造成的肝损伤以及爆发性肝炎死亡。讨论了Fas在几种肝脏疾病中的病理作用和利用反义寡核苷酸技术阻止和控制这类肝脏疾病的病变。     

热休克蛋白对细胞凋亡信号转导途径的调节

细胞凋亡信号转导目前已迅速成为揭示细胞凋亡分子机制的前沿课题. 由于热休克蛋白(HSPs)在细胞生长调控和凋亡中发挥的重要作用, 人们进行了大量关于热休克蛋白与细胞凋亡信号转导途径调节机制的研究. 研究发现, 热休克蛋白家族的多个成员, 如HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP27等能够在Fas死亡受体途径、JNK/SAPK途径、caspase途径等多个水平发挥调节作用, 并且部分依赖于热休克蛋白的“分子伴侣”作用, 控制着细胞生命进程.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.