BubR1与恶性肿瘤相关性的研究进展

BubR1基因是酵母菌有丝分裂检查点基因家族Mad3的同源基因,其编码的蛋白质是纺锤体检测点的主要成分,能够通过抑制促进有丝分裂中期转向后期的泛素连接酶-后期促进复合体(APC)的活性起到维持有丝分裂正常进行的作用。BubR1除具有保证有丝分裂顺利进行的功能外,在多种恶性肿瘤中(如肝癌、胃癌、膀胱癌等)呈高表达。BubR1可能通过促进细胞增殖、抑制细胞凋亡及诱导染色体不稳定性参与恶性肿瘤的发生发展。     

C-myc通过调控BubR1影响食管鳞癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性

探讨C-Myc与有丝分裂期检查点蛋白BubR1的表达关系和对紫杉醇药物作用的可能影响.用免疫组化方法检测23例食管鳞癌组织标本中C-Myc和BubR1的表达水平,并通过免疫印迹的方法比较3株食管鳞癌细胞株ECA-109,KYSE150和KYSE180中C-Myc和BubR1的表达高低,分析相关性;将人BUB1b基因启动子上游约2000bp片段插入pSEAP2分泌型碱性磷酸酶报告质粒中构建为pSEAP2-BubR1-P2000,分别转染至3株鳞癌细胞内,检测启动子激活效果;在ECA-109细胞内过表达C-Myc后再转染pSEAP2-BubR1-P2000后,检测启动子的激活效果;免疫印迹方法检测C-Myc抑制剂10058-F4对BubR1蛋白表达的影响;通过MTT检测10058-F4干扰C-Myc后ECA-109细胞在梯度紫杉醇浓度下的生存率变化;最后通过DAPI染色观察单用C-Myc抑制剂,单用低浓度紫杉醇(100nM)或联用10058-F4和紫杉醇组的凋亡比例.结果发现在临床食管鳞癌标本和食管鳞癌细胞株中C-Myc和BubR1的表达有相关一致性;C-Myc高表达的细胞株中BubR1启动子活性的激活程度更强,并且过表达C-Myc后能进一步上调启动子活性;C-Myc特异性抑制剂10058-F4可以有效下调BubR1表达,并减低细胞在梯度紫杉醇作用下的细胞生存率.DAPI染色结果显示联用10058-F4和低浓度紫杉醇能明显增加细胞处于有丝分裂期的比率.在食管鳞癌细胞中C-Myc能上调有丝分裂期检查点蛋白BuR1的水平,并与食管癌对紫杉醇的敏感性相关,C-Myc可能通过上调BubR1表达而减低食管鳞癌对紫杉醇的反应.     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂－FK228对人非小细胞肺癌A549细胞纺锤体检查点的影响

HDACi—FK228是一种新型抗肿瘤药物,但其作用机制研究的尚未十分明确,为进一步阐明FK228杀伤肿瘤细胞的机制,该文应用流式细胞术检测FK228对非小细胞肺癌A549细胞周期的影响：应用免疫荧光染色和免疫印迹检测FK228对检查点蛋白Bub1及BubR1定位和表达的影响;采用纺锤体检查点功能实验检测FK228对细胞检查点功能的影响。结果提示,FK228处理24h后,G2／M期细胞比例由6．35％增至19．91％;FK228能够抑制检查点蛋白Bub1及BubR1着丝粒定位并上调两种蛋白表达：纺锤体检查点功能实验提示对照组经Nocodazole或Taxol处理后G2／M期细胞比例最高分别达35．74％及29．24％,而FK228处理组经上述两种药物处理后各时间点G2／M期细胞所占比例皆明显减少（最高所占比例分别仅为7．13％及6．03％）,失去了随时相点的动态变化,提示FK228抑制了A549细胞纺锤体检查点在监测张力和黏附上的功能。该研究证实FK228能够通过影响纺锤体检查点蛋白着丝粒定位以及抑制纺锤体检查点的功能,进而干涉肿瘤细胞有丝分裂过程,有助于阐明HDACi杀伤肿瘤细胞的新机制。     

RAS蛋白在有丝分裂信号转导中的作用

致癌基因ｒａｓ编码的ＲＡＳ蛋白参与了多种细胞因子调控的有丝分裂过程。抗ＲＡＳ抗体能抑制细胞正常的有丝分裂。ｒａｓ基因转化的成纤维细胞ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３还具有在无血清和生长因子刺激下自发完成细胞周期的能力。在这种细胞中有活性氧的生成,抗氧化剂能抑制该细胞的有丝分裂。ＲＡＳ蛋白在有丝分裂的信号转导中参与了多条途径,是信号转导的重要组织者     

结肠腺瘤性息肉病蛋白通过与SMAP/KAP3相互作用与微管结合

结肠腺瘤性息肉病基因(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)的突变导致家族性结肠息肉腺瘤病和散发性结肠癌,APC基因编码一个具有多个结构域、多种磷酸化状态的大分子蛋白质.APC蛋白可通过C段直接或间接与微管结合,同时还可以通过中段与微管结合,但其结合的机制目前还不清楚.为进一步研究APC与其他蛋白质的相互作用,利用酵母双杂交技术运用APC中段（1 500 bp～4 800 bp）构建诱饵质粒,筛选人胎脑cDNA文库,得到一个与APC相互作用的蛋白SMAP/KAP3,SMAP/KAP3是驱动蛋白KIF3A/3B的相关蛋白.通过免疫共沉淀和双色免疫荧光共定位的方法,证实了APC与SMAP/KAP3在体内的相互作用,提示APC可能通过SMAP/KAP3-KIF3A/B参与沿微管的运动.     

杜仲MVA和MEP途径相关基因的亚细胞定位与表达分析

通过对杜仲基因组分析,筛选并克隆出MVA途径和MEP途径的相关基因全长（EuDXR,EuMCT,EuCMK,EuMDS,EuACOT,EuHMGS和EuHMGR）,并通过生物信息学方法分析其结构特征,结果表明上述基因与其他已知物种相应基因的相似度达73%~85%。通过构建亚细胞定位表达载体,并瞬时转化烟草下表皮细胞后激光共聚焦显微镜下观察显示,EuDXR,EuMCT,EuCMK,EuMDS基因编码蛋白定位于叶绿体,EuACOT和EuHMGR基因编码蛋白定位于内质网,EuHMGS基因编码蛋白定位于细胞质膜。利用转录组测序技术分析上述基因的时空表达特性表明,MEP途径相关基因在杜仲叶片中大量表达,而MVA途径相关基因在杜仲幼果中大量表达,且杜仲幼果比叶片中的橡胶含量高,因此,推断MVA途径在杜仲橡胶合成中占主导作用。     

橡胶草TkAPC10基因的鉴定及其表达模式分析

APC/C是一类泛素连接酶E3复合体,在调控细胞周期过程中发挥重要作用。为了揭示橡胶草APC/C蛋白复合体的功能,鉴定了橡胶草TkAPC10基因,并对其表达模式进行了分析,初步确定了其功能。TkAPC10基因的ORF为579 bp,编码192个氨基酸,其基因组DNA序列为1 092 bp,包含6个外显子和5个内含子。基因组分析发现,TkAPC10以单拷贝的形式存在,其启动子序列除了含有TATA-box和CAAT-box增强子元件外,还有ABA、JA、光以及逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件。系统进化关系分析发现,不同物种的APC10蛋白具有很高的同源性,TKAPC10与莴苣LsAPC10的相似性最高达到99%,而与其他菊科植物的APC10蛋白相似性也达到95%以上。进一步采用qRT-PCR技术对TKAPC10的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,该基因在细胞分裂旺盛的组织（花、叶和根）中的表达量显著高于细胞分裂活动相对缓慢的组织（花梗）。外源ABA处理后,TKAPC10基因转录水平显著下降;而MeJA和ET处理后,该基因显著上调表达。经PEG6000以及甘露醇处理后,TKAPC10表达水平显著下降;而...     

细胞周期后期促进因子DIG9对植物侧根发生的调控研究

在植物体内,细胞周期对于植物的萌发、生长、开花、结实等各个生长发育阶段具有重要作用。细胞周期正常运转需要依赖一些细胞周期蛋白,但是目前关于细胞周期蛋白调控根发育的分子机制还不清楚。通过筛选模式植物拟南芥的根发育异常突变体,分离鉴定了1个突变体dig9（drought inhibition of lateral root growth）,该突变体表现为主根短、侧根少、发育迟缓、顶端分生组织变小、叶片扭曲、无主茎等表型。通过图位克隆,成功定位并克隆了DIG9基因,该基因编码一个细胞周期蛋白,是有丝分裂后期促进复合体的一个亚基APC8 （anaphase-promoting complex）。通过亚细胞定位发现DIG9定位于细胞核;qRT-PCR检测发现DIG9基因在根中有较高的表达量,进一步通过启动子-GUS报告系统发现DIG9在根尖、侧根和顶端分生组织等细胞分裂旺盛区域表达。外施IAA能恢复dig9突变体的侧根表型但不能恢复根短表型。dig9突变体对干旱及盐胁迫反应不敏感。研究结果表明DIG9基因可能通过影响IAA的产生来调控植物的侧根发育。     

选择性影响抗原呈递细胞CD86表达的鼠巨细胞病毒基因的鉴定[英]／Loewendorf A…／／J Virol．

巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染抗原呈递细胞(APC)可导致其功能损害,如表面协同刺激分子表达水平的降低,迄今其机制尚不清楚。本文中,作者分析并鉴定了鼠CMV(MCMV)基因组中影响APC表面CD86分子表达的1个基因。     

变灰青霉线粒体基因组特征及系统发育分析

本研究对一株分离自细虫草上的变灰青霉SFY00C3菌株线粒体基因组进行测定,分析其组成特征,并探究其与青霉属真菌的系统发育关系。结果表明,SFY00C3的线粒体基因组是一条长度为28 301 bp的环状DNA分子,共编码42个基因(15个蛋白编码基因、2个rRNA基因和25个tRNA基因),其碱基组成有显著的A-T偏好性,25个tRNA基因均可形成典型三叶草结构,并存在32处G-U错配。通过青霉属物种间共线性分析发现其线粒体基因组发生了基因重排;共有的14个蛋白编码基因的Ka/Ks值均小于1,表明受到了纯化选择压力的影响;系统发育分析表明：SFY00C3在青霉属中是一个独立的分支,应该是6种青霉祖先的姊妹。本研究丰富了变灰青霉的线粒体基因组序列信息,为青霉属的系统发育、资源保护及遗传多样性研究提供基础数据。     

BUBR1 phosphorylation is regulated during mitotic checkpoint activation.

Eukaryotic cells have evolved a mechanism that delays the progression of mitosis until condensed chromosomes are properly positioned on the mitotic spindle. To understand the molecular basis of such monitoring mechanism in human cells, we have been studying genes that regulate the mitotic checkpoint. Our early studies have led to the cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding MAD3-like protein (also termed BUBR1/MAD3/SSK1). Dot blot analyses show that BUBR1 mRNA is expressed in tissues with a high mitotic index but not in differentiated tissues. Western blot analyses show that in asynchronous cells, BUBR1 protein primarily exhibits a molecular mass of 120 kDa, and its expression is detected in most cell lines examined. In addition, BUBR1 is present during various stages of the cell cycle. As cells enter later S and G2, BUBR1 levels are increased significantly. Nocodazole-arrested mitotic cells obtained by mechanical shake-off contain BUBR1 antigen with a slower mobility on denaturing SDS gels. Phosphatase treatment restores the slowly migrating band to the interphase state, indicating that the slow mobility of the BUBR1 antigen is attributable to phosphorylation. Furthermore, purified recombinant His6-BUBR1 is capable of autophosphorylation. Our studies indicate that BUBR1 phosphorylation status is regulated during spindle disruption. Considering its strong homology to BUB1 protein kinase, BUBR1 may also play an important role in mitotic checkpoint control by phosphorylation of a critical cellular component(s) of the mitotic checkpoint pathway.     

Gain of function properties of mutant p53 proteins at the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene locus predispose human cells to chromosomal instability. This is due in part to interference of mutant p53 proteins with the activity of the mitotic spindle and postmitotic cell cycle checkpoints. Recent data demonstrates that wild type p53 is required for postmitotic checkpoint activity, but plays no role at the mitotic spindle checkpoint. Likewise, structural dominant p53 mutants demonstrate gain-of-function properties at the mitotic spindle checkpoint and dominant negative properties at the postmitotic checkpoint. At mitosis, mutant p53 proteins interfere with the control of the metaphase-to-anaphase progression by up-regulating the expression of CKs1, a protein that mediates activatory phosphorylation of the anaphase promoting complex (APC) by Cdc2. Cells that carry mutant p53 proteins overexpress CKs1 and are unable to sustain APC inactivation and mitotic arrest. Thus, mutant p53 gain-of-function at mitosis constitutes a key component to the origin of chromosomal instability in mutant p53 cells.     

Closed MAD2 (C-MAD2) is selectively incorporated into the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC)

The mitotic checkpoint is a specialized signal transduction pathway that monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment to achieve faithful chromosome segregation. MAD2 is an evolutionarily conserved mitotic checkpoint protein that exists in open (O) and closed (C) conformations. The increase of intracellular C-MAD2 level during mitosis, through O→C-MAD2 conversion as catalyzed by unattached kinetochores, is a critical signaling event for the mitotic checkpoint. However, it remains controversial whether MAD2 is an integral component of the effector of the mitotic checkpoint—the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). We show here that endogenous human MCC is assembled by first forming a BUBR1:BUB3:CDC20 complex in G₂ and then selectively incorporating C-MAD2 during mitosis. Nevertheless, MCC can be induced to form in G₁/S cells by expressing a C-conformation locked MAD2 mutant, indicating intracellular level of C-MAD2 as a major limiting factor for MCC assembly. In addition, a recombinant MCC containing C-MAD2 exhibits effective inhibitory activity toward APC/C isolated from mitotic HeLa cells, while a recombinant BUBR1:BUB3:CDC20 ternary complex is ineffective at comparable concentrations despite association with APC/C. These results help establish a direct connection between a major signal transducer (C-MAD2) and the potent effector (MCC) of the mitotic checkpoint, and provide novel insights into protein-protein interactions during assembly of a functional MCC.Key words: MAD2, conformer, mitotic checkpoint complex, anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome     

Timing and checkpoints in the regulation of mitotic progression

Accurate chromosome segregation relies on the precise regulation of mitotic progression. Regulation involves control over the timing of mitosis and a spindle assembly checkpoint that links anaphase onset to the completion of chromosome-microtubule attachment. In this paper, we combine live-cell imaging of HeLa cells and protein depletion by RNA interference to examine the functions of the Mad, Bub, and kinetochore proteins in mitotic timing and checkpoint control. We show that the depletion of any one of these proteins abolishes the mitotic arrest provoked by depolymerizing microtubules or blocking chromosome-microtubule attachment with RNAi. However, the normal progress of mitosis is accelerated only when Mad2 or BubR1, but not other Mad and Bub proteins, are inactivated. Moreover, whereas checkpoint control requires kinetochores, the regulation of mitotic timing by Mad2 and BubR1 is kinetochore-independent in fashion. We propose that cytosolic Mad2-BubR1 is essential to restrain anaphase onset early in mitosis when kinetochores are still assembling.     

Ajuba: a new microtubule-associated protein that interacts with BUBR1 and Aurora B at kinetochores in metaphase

Background information. The role of the LIM‐domain‐containing protein Ajuba was initially described in cell adhesion and migration processes and recently in mitosis as an activator of the Aurora A kinase. Results. In the present study, we show that Ajuba localizes to centrosomes and kinetochores during mitosis. This localization is microtubule‐dependent and Ajuba binds microtubules in vitro. A microtubule regrowth assay showed that Ajuba follows nascent microtubules from centrosomes to kinetochores. Owing to its contribution to mitotic commitment and its microtubule‐dependent localization, Ajuba could also play a role during the metaphase—anaphase transition. We show that Ajuba interacts with Aurora B and BUBR1 [BUB (budding uninhibited by benomyl)‐related 1], two major components of the mitotic checkpoint. Inhibition of BUBR1 by siRNA (small interfering RNA) disrupts chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and modifies Ajuba localization due to premature mitotic exit. Conclusions. Ajuba is a microtubule‐associated protein that collaborates with Aurora B and BUBR1 at the metaphase—anaphase transition and this may be important to ensure proper chromosome segregation.     

BUBR1 and closed MAD2 (C-MAD2) interact directly to assemble a functional mitotic checkpoint complex

The mitotic checkpoint maintains genomic stability by ensuring that chromosomes are accurately segregated during mitosis. When the checkpoint is activated, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), assembled from BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2, directly binds and inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) until all chromosomes are properly attached and aligned. The mechanisms underlying MCC assembly and MCC-APC/C interaction are not well characterized. Here, we show that a novel interaction between BUBR1 and closed MAD2 (C-MAD2) is essential for MCC-mediated inhibition of APC/C. Intriguingly, Arg(133) and Gln(134) in C-MAD2 are required for BUBR1 interaction. The same residues are also critical for MAD2 dimerization and MAD2 binding to p31(comet), a mitotic checkpoint silencing protein. Along with previously characterized BUBR1-CDC20 and C-MAD2-CDC20 interactions, our results underscore the integrity of the MCC for its activity and suggest the fundamental importance of the MAD2 αC helix in modulating mitotic checkpoint activation and silencing.     

BubR1 acetylation at prometaphase is required for modulating APC/C activity and timing of mitosis

Regulation of BubR1 is central to the control of APC/C activity. We have found that BubR1 forms a complex with PCAF and is acetylated at lysine 250. Using mass spectrometry and acetylated BubR1-specific antibodies, we have confirmed that BubR1 acetylation occurs at prometaphase. Importantly, BubR1 acetylation was required for checkpoint function, through the inhibition of ubiquitin-dependent BubR1 degradation. BubR1 degradation began before the onset of anaphase. It was noted that the pre-anaphase degradation was regulated by BubR1 acetylation. Degradation of an acetylation-mimetic form, BubR1–K250Q, was inhibited and chromosome segregation in cells expressing BubR1–K250Q was markedly delayed. By contrast, the acetylation-deficient mutant, BubR1–K250R, was unstable, and mitosis was accelerated in BubR1–K250R-expressing cells. Furthermore, we found that APC/C–Cdc20 was responsible for BubR1 degradation during mitosis. On the basis of our collective results, we propose that the acetylation status of BubR1 is a molecular switch that converts BubR1 from an inhibitor to a substrate of the APC/C complex, thus providing an efficient way to modulate APC/C activity and mitotic timing.     

Closed MAD2 (C-MAD2) is selectively incorporated into the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC)

The mitotic checkpoint is a specialized signal transduction pathway that monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment to achieve faithful chromosome segregation. MAD2 is an evolutionarily conserved mitotic checkpoint protein that exists in open (O) and closed (C) conformations. The increase of intracellular C-MAD2 level during mitosis, through O?C-MAD2 conversion as catalyzed by unattached kinetochores, is a critical signaling event for the mitotic checkpoint. However, it remains controversial whether MAD2 is an integral component of the effector of the mitotic checkpoint---the Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC). We show here that endogenous human MCC is assembled by first forming a BUBR1:BUB3:CDC20 complex in G2 and then selectively incorporating C-MAD2 during mitosis. Nevertheless, MCC can be induced to form in G1/S cells by expressing a C-conformation locked MAD2 mutant, indicating intracellular level of C-MAD2 as a major limiting factor for MCC assembly. In addition, a recombinant MCC containing C-MAD2 exhibits effective inhibitory activity towards APC/C isolated from mitotic HeLa cells, while a recombinant BUBR1:BUB3:CDC20 ternary complex is ineffective at comparable concentrations despite association with APC/C. These results help establish a direct connection between a major signal transducer (C-MAD2) and the potent effector (MCC) of the mitotic checkpoint, and provide novel insights into protein-protein interactions during assembly of a functional MCC.     

Mad3/BubR1 Phosphorylation during Spindle Checkpoint Activation Depends on both Polo and Aurora Kinases in Budding Yeast

During mitosis the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays the onset of anaphase and mitotic exit until all chromosomes are bipolarly attached to spindle fibers. Both lack of attachment due to spindle/kinetochore defects and lack of tension across kinetochores generate the “wait anaphase” signal transmitted by the SAC, which involves the evolutionarily conserved Mad1, Mad2, Mad3/BubR1, Bub1, Bub3 and Mps1 proteins, and inhibits the activity of the ubiquitin ligase Cdc20/APC, that promotes both sister chromatid dissociation in anaphase and mitotic exit. In particular, Mad3/BubR1 is directly implicated, together with Mad2, in Cdc20 inactivation in both human and yeast cells, suggesting that its activity is likely finely regulated. We show that budding yeast Mad3, like its human orthologue BubR1, is a phosphoprotein that is hyperphosphorylated during mitosis and when SAC activation is triggered by microtubule depolymerizing agents, kinetochore defects or lack of kinetochore tension. In vivo Mad3 phosphorylation depends on the Polo kinase Cdc5 and, to a minor extent, the Aurora B kinase Ipl1. Accordingly, replacing with alanines five serine residues belonging to Polo kinase-dependent putative phosphorylation sites dramatically reduces Mad3 phosphorylation, suggesting that Mad3 is likely an in vivo target of Cdc5.     

Defining pathways of spindle checkpoint silencing: functional redundancy between Cdc20 ubiquitination and p31(comet)

The spindle checkpoint senses unattached or improperly attached kinetochores during mitosis, inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C), and delays anaphase onset to prevent aneuploidy. The mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) consisting of BubR1, Bub3, Mad2, and Cdc20 is a critical APC/C-inhibitory checkpoint complex in human cells. At the metaphase-anaphase transition, the spindle checkpoint turns off, and MCC disassembles to allow anaphase onset. The molecular mechanisms of checkpoint inactivation are poorly understood. A major unresolved issue is the role of Cdc20 autoubiquitination in this process. Although Cdc20 autoubiquitination can promote Mad2 dissociation from Cdc20, a nonubiquitinatable Cdc20 mutant still dissociates from Mad2 during checkpoint inactivation. Here, we show that depletion of p31(comet) delays Mad2 dissociation from Cdc20 mutants that cannot undergo autoubiquitination. Thus both p31(comet) and ubiquitination of Cdc20 are critical mechanisms of checkpoint inactivation. They act redundantly to promote Mad2 dissociation from Cdc20.