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人为干扰对风水林群落树种组成及多样性的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
研究了人为干扰对东莞市大岭山镇风水林群落树种组成及多样性的影响。多响应置换过程(MRPP)分析结果表明,风水林树种组成在轻度干扰与中度干扰(P=0.023,A=0.216)、重度干扰间(P=0.045,A=0.226)存在显著差异,而中度干扰和重度干扰间则不存在显著差异(P=0.124,A=0.148)。随着人为干扰强度的增大,轻度干扰、中度干扰和重度干扰下林木胸径和树高随之减小。Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数一致呈现出中度干扰>重度干扰>轻度干扰的格局,与中度干扰假说相符合。轻度干扰、中度干扰和重度干扰下Whittaker β多样性分别为0.501、0.647和0.889,较好地反映了3个风水林在不同人为干扰强度下的生境异质性. 相似文献
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人为干扰对闽北森林群落物种多样性的影响 总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26
本文从群落及其组成结构等方面分析了闽北长期封禁保护的森林(conservedforest,CF)和人为干扰后的退化森林(degradedforest,DF)群落物种多样性,结果认为,DF群落的植物物种丰富度和ShannonWiener指数与CF群落相近或略高,但DF群落植物种类组成和层次结构的物种多样性发生明显变化,群落物种种群基础已改变,稀有种和渐危种缺乏,这正是DF与CF群落物种多样性的本质差异。 相似文献
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为探究人为干扰对栲树群落的影响,采用典型样地法研究不同程度人为干扰对碧峰峡栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)次生林群落的物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,碧峰峡栲树群落共有维管植物148种,隶属60科106属。乔木层和草本层物种多样性指数随干扰强度的加强先增加后减小,灌木层物种多样性水平最高。乔木层优势种以栲树、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)等为主,灌木层物种丰富,优势种较多,草本层优势种数量为中度干扰轻度干扰重度干扰。土壤有机碳、钾含量和含水量与群落物种多样性水平显著相关(P0.05)。中度干扰在一定程度上能够促进碧峰峡栲树群落物种多样性并改善土壤性质,土壤有机碳、钾含量和含水量对物种多样性有显著影响。 相似文献
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以四川省雅安莲花山为研究区,采用典型样地法分别调查轻度、中度和重度人为干扰对青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)次生林不同林分层次的物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性的影响。采用物种丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)来综合分析群落的物种多样性水平。结果表明:(1)在总面积为3 600m2的9个样地中,共记录到维管束植物161种,隶属于83科134属,以禾本科(Gramineae)、樟科(Lauraceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)等植物为主。(2)不同强度人为干扰下青冈次生林的群落结构不同,受轻度和中度干扰的群落乔木层处于小径级(胸径8cm以下)、低高度级(高度3~7m)的幼苗较多,林分具有潜在的天然更新能力,受重度干扰下群落乔木小径级、低高度级个体数少,群落结构不稳定,林分生产力低。(3)不同强度人为干扰下青冈次生林群落重要值差异显著,轻、中、重干扰下乔木层优势种数量差别不明显,物种组成单一;灌木层重度干扰下小果润楠(Machilus microcarpa)占据绝对优势地位;草本层优势种在中度干扰下数量最多。(4)随着人为干扰强度的增加,青冈次生林群落的S、H、H′和Jsw降低,群落物种多样性整体呈下降趋势。 相似文献
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为探讨人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾(Symplocos sumuntia)次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,对其群落结构、物种组成和物种多样性特征进行了研究。结果表明,在总面积为7200 m~2的12块样地中共记录到维管束植物151种,隶属于58科98属,以樟科(Lauraceae)、山矾科(Symplocaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)等为主。单因素方差分析表明,不同强度人为干扰对山矾次生林群落径级、高度级结构影响的差异不显著(P0.05),群落乔木层径级为单峰型结构,高度级结构分布呈倒“J”型,群落天然更新能力强。受不同人为强度干扰的山矾次生林群落各层次物种组成和优势种数量不同,乔木层优势种数量差异显著,且轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰;灌木层和草本层中,中度干扰的优势种数量最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰的最少。总体上看,人为干扰对山矾次生林群落乔木层、草本层物种多样性水平具有负面影响,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(S)和均匀度指数(J_(sw))随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,物种多样性水平呈下降趋势;中度干扰下灌木层的物种多样性有增加的趋势。总体上物种多样性指数表现出灌木层乔木层草本层的规律。 相似文献
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应用指示种预测森林管理对物种多样性及群落组成的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用指示种分析方法,研究了会同亚热带森林物种多样性和群落组成对森林管理的响应.从357个林下种中鉴定出显著性指示种94个,并构造新的指示种数据集,检验指示种数据集和源群落数据集之间的关联,评估指示种对林下植被管理效应的预测潜能.结果表明:指示种数据集和源群落数据集之间存在极显著的关联(Mantel r=0.898),指示种数据集很好地预测了生物多样性的变化(回归分析,R2>0.74);指示种很好地预测了群落组成对森林管理的响应(ANOVA,F>16.79);非度量多尺度排序(NMDS)以及K-means聚类分析表明,对于不同森林管理的样地类型,指示种数据集的识别能力和源群落数据集是一致的.从物种多样性、群落组成以及在森林类型的识别上,指示种数据集和源群落数据集有一致性规律,作用几乎相同,因此森林评估可以利用指示种代替源群落预测森林管理效应,以减少森林全面调查的成本. 相似文献
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物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,人为干扰对森林群落的影响可以通过群落结构和物种多样性的变化直接表现出来,不同干扰强度下群落结构和多样性特征不同。金凤山景区主要有选择性采伐和旅游活动这两种人为干扰形式,为研究不同强度人为干扰对金凤山楠木次生林群落的多样性和稳定性的影响,在实地充分考察的基础上,将干扰强度划分为3个等级:重度干扰:紧靠核心景区0—40 m,中度干扰:距离核心景区40—80 m,轻度干扰:远离核心景区80—120 m,采用典型取样法,调查3种不同强度的人为干扰对群落不同林分层次的物种组成、群落结构和多样性的影响,采用物种丰富度指数S值、Shannon-Wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数D值和均匀度指数Jsw值来综合衡量群落的物种多样性水平。结果表明:(1)在总面积为3600 m2的9个样地中,共记录到维管束植物155种,隶属于69科136属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为:113种,88种,77种。(2)从群落结构上看,轻度和中度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小中径级(4胸径DBH20 cm)和低中高度级(5高度H13 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(DBH8 cm)、大径级(DBH≥28 cm)和低高度级(3H7 m)、高高度级(H≥15 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。(3)受不同强度人为干扰的楠木次生林群落各物种多样性指数大小排序为:轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰,S值、H值和Jsw随着人为干扰强度的增加而降低。 相似文献
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旅游干扰对九寨沟冷杉林下植物种类组成及多样性的影响 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
为揭示旅游活动对自然保护区生态环境的影响,作者选择九寨沟原始森林与草海两个景点,分别调查了每个景点内旅游干扰地段与未干扰地段岷江冷杉(Abiesfargesiivar.faxoniana)林林下植物种类组成的数量特征(重要值、频度、密度、盖度和高度)及物种多样性,分析了干扰对林下植物种类组成与物种多样性的影响及其差异性。结果表明:(1)旅游干扰显著改变了林下植物物种组成:耐荫喜湿的乡土植物局部消失,而喜旱耐扰动的植物种群扩大,外来和伴人植物种群侵入。(2)在原始森林景点,较重的旅游干扰明显降低了灌木与苔藓植物的频度和盖度,显著抑制了灌木与苔藓植物发育(高度、密度降低);在草海景点,较轻度的干扰只抑制了苔藓植物盖度,而灌木与草本植物没有受到显著影响,表明苔藓对旅游干扰强度更为敏感,同时也表明群落物种组成可以比频度、高度、盖度和密度更好地表达群落受干扰程度。综合分析表明,九寨沟旅游干扰与世界自然遗产保护目标即生物多样性保护有明显冲突,需要进一步强化管理,限制旅游干扰活动。 相似文献
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人工绿洲是干旱区主要的自然景观之一,为了维护绿洲稳定而营建的防护林强烈改变地表生态水文过程,进而影响着地上和地下生物多样性。然而,以往的研究对地上植被关注较多,而对土壤动物研究较少。以张掖绿洲外围人工固沙植被群落和天然固沙植被群落为研究对象,探讨人工固沙植被恢复对荒漠地表节肢动物群落组成及多样性的影响及不同动物类群对植被变化的响应模式。研究表明,天然固沙植被群落转变为人工固沙植被群落显著降低了地表节肢动物数量,但提高了地表节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性,这在5月份表现尤为明显。植被类型对地表节肢动物群落的影响不同,8月人工柽柳林群落地表节肢动物活动密度、类群丰富度和多样性均显著高于人工梭梭林群落。人工固沙植被恢复显著降低了适应荒漠环境的拟步甲科甲虫,而蚁科和部分蜘蛛的数量显著增加,它们对人工固沙植被恢复的响应模式不同决定了群落结构及多样性的变化规律。此外,研究还发现一些地表节肢动物类群对不同生境具有强烈的指示作用,如拟步甲科等可指示荒漠生境,潮虫科等可指示梭梭林生境,而蠼螋科和狼蛛科等可指示柽柳林生境。综上所述,人工栽植固沙灌木形成的固沙植被群落导致了一些适应荒漠环境的地表节肢动物类群的数量降低,但也为更多的地表节肢动物类群提供了适应栖居环境和充足的食物资源等,从而提高了地表节肢动物的多样性。 相似文献
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J. F. Duivenvoorden 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1994,3(8):685-715
More than 1200 vascular plant species, distributed over 369 genera and 112 families were encountered in ten plots of 0.1 ha in the humid evergreen rain forests of the middle Caquetá area in eastern Colombia. The total number of vascular plant species in the two most diverse plots ranged from 310 to 313 species 0.1 ha-1. These values indicate that high levels of vascular plant species densities may be encountered all over NW Amazonia, including the Colombian Amazon. The floodplain plots contained fewer vascular plant species and families than the well-drained upland plots. The high species density in the well-drained upland plots was mostly due to comparatively large numbers of species found among the very slender trees of diameter at breast (DBH)2.5 cm. Small and slender treelets (DBH < 10 cm) are by far the most species rich habit group. About 50% of the total number of vascular plant species in the plots was exclusively collected with a diameter of less than 2.5 cm. Shrubs, (hemi)epiphytes, and climbers were present with relatively few species. Many of the most species-rich families were tree families. The highest species richness was principally found among tree genera, as well. In this respect the floristic sample from the ten species count plots combined shows much affinity to the local florula around Manaus. 相似文献
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为了解云南苍山针阔混交林火烧迹地恢复过程地表蜘蛛群落多样性变化,于2009年1月份-2009年12月份,运用陷阱法,以“空间序列代替时间序列”,调查了苍山森林火干扰后不同恢复期样地(火干扰后2、10、18、23、33a和对照样地)地表蜘蛛多样性.研究结果表明,(1)物种组成及相对多度:不同恢复期随着恢复时间的增加优势类群更替趋势明显;(2)多样性:恢复1Oa样地地表蜘蛛群落多度显著大于其他恢复期(P<0.05),而不同恢复期地表蜘蛛物种多样性却没有显著差异;(3)群落相似性:PCoA相似性分析将地表蜘蛛群落发展过程划分为火烧后2a、火烧后10a和火烧后18-33a 3个阶段;(4)指示物种:西菱头蛛Sibianor sp.1等是阶段1的指示物种,格氏狼蛛Lycosa grahami等是阶段2的指示物种,花蟹蛛Xysticus sp.2等是阶段3的指示物种,弱蛛Leptoneta sp.1等是对照的指示物种.火干扰改变了苍山针阔混交林原有的地表蜘蛛群落多样性;指示物种对生境的选择能够反映出不同恢复阶段地表环境变化;5个不同恢复时期火烧迹地中恢复最久的火烧迹地地表蜘蛛群落仍没有完成恢复,说明云南苍山火迹地地表蜘蛛的恢复需要30a以上. 相似文献
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S. Muthuramkumar N. Ayyappan N. Parthasarathy Divya Mudappa T. R. Shankar Raman M. Arthur Selwyn L. Arul Pragasan 《Biotropica》2006,38(2):143-160
Changes in tree, liana, and understory plant diversity and community composition in five tropical rain forest fragments varying in area (18–2600 ha) and disturbance levels were studied on the Valparai plateau, Western Ghats. Systematic sampling using small quadrats (totaling 4 ha for trees and lianas, 0.16 ha for understory plants) enumerated 312 species in 103 families: 1968 trees (144 species), 2250 lianas (60 species), and 6123 understory plants (108 species). Tree species density, stem density, and basal area were higher in the three larger (> 100 ha) rain forest fragments but were negatively correlated with disturbance scores rather than area per se. Liana species density, stem density, and basal area were higher in moderately disturbed and lower in heavily disturbed fragments than in the three larger fragments. Understory species density was highest in the highly disturbed 18‐ha fragment, due to weedy invasive species occurring with rain forest plants. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and Mantel tests revealed significant and similar patterns of floristic variation suggesting similar effects of disturbance on community compositional change for the three life‐forms. The five fragments encompassed substantial plant diversity in the regional landscape, harbored at least 70 endemic species (3.21% of the endemic flora of the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot), and supported many endemic and threatened animals. The study indicates the significant conservation value of rain forest fragments in the Western Ghats, signals the need to protect them from further disturbances, and provides useful benchmarks for restoration and monitoring efforts. 相似文献
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模拟氮沉降对北京东灵山辽东栎群落林下植物物种多样性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
氮沉降是驱动生物多样性变化的重要因素之一。一般认为氮沉降会改变物种多样性, 而且在外源氮添加条件下, 禾草类植物和落叶灌木比杂类草和常绿灌木更具竞争优势。不过该结论更多是从高寒草甸和荒漠草原等生态系统中得到, 主要是针对同一生活型内植物之间的竞争关系, 不涉及不同生活型植物之间的相互作用, 并且由于草原和草甸等生态系统没有明显的垂直结构, 同一层次中植物的高度差异较小, 有可能高估了光照因素对植物的作用。因此从森林生态系统入手, 可以进一步阐述不同生活型植物对氮沉降的响应。本文以我国北方典型的落叶阔叶林——辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 设置CK (0 kg N·ha -1·yr -1)、N50 (50 kg N·ha -1·yr -1)和N100 (100 kg N·ha -1·yr -1) 3个梯度氮添加实验, 模拟氮沉降对温带森林生物多样性的影响。8年连续的氮添加实验结果显示: (1)氮添加显著降低了林下植物的物种丰富度和多样性, 改变了群落的物种组成; (2)氮添加提高了灌木植物的物种丰富度和多样性; 降低了草本植物的丰富度; (3)氮添加降低了禾草类植物的重要值, 提高了杂类草的重要值。该研究表明, 长期氮添加会显著改变林下植物的物种组成, 不同生活型植物对氮添加的响应亦有所差别。造成该现象的原因可能是由土壤环境变化(如养分含量提高, pH值下降)和植物获取光照能力强弱(如灌木植物获取光资源要多于草本植物)导致。 相似文献
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In order to observe the effect of forest loss on the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa, samples were taken in primary forest, secondary forest and in cocoa plots. Ants were extracted from the leaf litter by sieving followed by suspension in Winkler bags. The species composition and species richness in the three different habitats were compared and no significant difference was found between them. It was concluded that most primary forest leaf litter ant species continue to survive in parts of the agricultural landscape which has largely replaced their original habitat. 相似文献
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《African Journal of Aquatic Science》2013,38(3):295-304
We investigated freshwater gastropod diversity, abundance and distribution in habitats with and without anthropogenic disturbance in two localities, Ndere in the Winam Gulf and Mbita Point, Lake Victoria, Kenya, from May 2002 to January 2004. A total of 133 984 gastropod specimens belonging to 15 species were recorded, 14 from Mbita and 12 from Ndere. Two species, Ferrissia kavirondica and Cleopatra cridlandi, which were recorded only from undisturbed habitats, could be indicators of least disturbed habitats. Water chemistry did differ between fish landing sites and undisturbed habitats at some sampling times, indicating that differences due to human impact do exist, but these are dependent on periods of calm weather. The study shows that anthropogenic disturbances cause ecological changes that can be exploited by some snail species, especially Biomphalaria choanomphala and Melanoides tuberculata, while other species may not tolerate these changes. In order to protect gastropod diversity and avoid dominance of intermediate hosts, such as B. choanomphala, a management plan for the use of these fish landing sites should be developed. This could include rules on how to dispose of fish remnants and other wastes so as to reduce local eutrophication, thereby reducing risks associated with transmission of potential snail-borne diseases. 相似文献
19.
Michael Eisenring Jan Beck Bernard Agwanda Esther Kioko Michael Curran 《African Journal of Ecology》2016,54(2):225-234
In recent decades, the extent of primary forest in tropical regions has decreased drastically, with concurrent increases in the extent of tropical secondary forest. This has important implications for conservation management. We present novel data on species diversity and composition for three taxa (bats, geometrid moths and plants) in forests at two stages of secondary growth located in the Aberdare Mountains in Central Kenya. We found no significant differences in alpha diversity for any of the sampled groups between forest types. However, we found disturbance‐driven differences of tree and herb community compositions and correlations between tree and moth – and tree and shrub community compositions. Changes in community compositions were more pronounced using an abundance‐based indicator (Bray–Curtis) in comparison with an incidence based (Sørensen). Our results demonstrate that solely working with alpha diversity values can be misleading in conservation planning as they might not reflect compositional changes between habitats. Furthermore, abundance‐based compositional measures appear to be superior to incidence‐based measures for detecting subtle effects of disturbance on biodiversity. 相似文献