广西阳朔石灰岩山地乌岗栎林的主要类型及其合理利用的方向

乌冈栎(Quercus phillyraeoides)是广泛分布在地中海区域的冬青栎(Quercus ilex)在东亚的一个代替种^[6]。对于它在阳朔的分布生境和构成小片森林的群落学特点与在植被分类的位置,我们曾作过专门的论述^[3]。     

中国柳属的数量分类研究(一)

柳属(Salix L.)由于雌雄异株、风媒花等复杂多变的形态特征,研究的难度为植物分类工作者所熟知。六十年代,用刚刚定型的数量分类学作为工具^[22],对柳属进行定量研究,Crovello的系列工作,^[6-12,19],引起我们的注视。     

中国唇柱苣苔属校订(Ⅰ)

英国学者D.Don于1822年代F.Buchanan发表了Chirita Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don,^[30],于1825年描述了这属的三个种^[13]:C.urticifolia Buch.Ham.ex Don,C.bifolia D.Don及C.pumila D.Don.Chirita属于苦苣苔亚科Cyrtandroideae的长蒴苣苔族Didy-mocarpeae,与这族的另一大属长茹苞苔属Didymccarpus Wall.近缘,二者的主要区别在于柱头的特征上^{[1] [13] [17] [28]},本属的柱头为位于花柱下方的一个薄片,而上方的柱头财完全消失,在长茹筐苔属,柱头呈扁球形或盘状,可能是由二枚柱头合生而成。     

中国荨麻科冷水花属的研究

冷水花属Pilea Lindl.是荨麻科藤麻族Trib.Prccrideae^[22]中的一个较原始的属,也是荨麻科最大的一个属,约600^[14]种,约占该科全部种数的三分之一^*,主要分布于美洲、亚洲、非洲和大洋洲的新几内亚的热带和亚热带地区,温带地区较少。在我国,原记录有70余种,经研究整理后,本文记载了85种(其中存疑种2种),8亚种,7变种,其中新种31种,我国新记录9种,还有部分标本暂时难以作出鉴定,它们代表了大约六、七种,这样,估计我国冷水花属植物约有90余种,为我国尊麻科的一个大属(另一大属楼梯草属Elatostema, 108种) (王文采,中国植物志手稿,未发表),主要分布于长江流域以南地区,少数种类可分布到东北省区。这属植物喜好生长于山坡阴湿处,是为这些地区山坡阴湿环境草本植被的重要建群植物。     

中国列当科的研究(二)

作者曾发表过对国产列当科肉苁蓉属(Cistanche Hoffmg.et Link)分类研究的一篇文章^[1],本文是对藨寄生属(Gleadovia Gamble et Prain)和豆列当属(Mannagettaea H.Smith)这两个属的分类研究结果的一篇报道。     

庭藤种综内分类群间变异式样的相关性

在种子植物中,种内的分化类型之呈连续的数量性状变异式样者屡见不鲜。毛叶石楠Photinia villosa(Thunb.)DC^[1]、短葶山麦冬Liri-ope muscari (Decne.)Bailey^[2]和胡枝子Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.^[3]就是很好的例证。     

植物叶绿体的摄取

遗传工程的研究方法和技术,随着现代分子遗传学的迅速发展也在不断创新^[5]。其中细胞器移植的研究,一直受到国内外遗传学工作者的重视^[8,11,12]。植物细胞比原核细胞或动物细胞在遗传操作方面具有无与伦比的潜力。去了细胞壁的球形原生质休再生成一完整植株,并诱导进行种内及种间融合产生的体细胞杂种,使育种家、遗传学家超越了有性过程的局限性,扩大了遗传重组范围,同时也为摄取细胞器、外源细胞核及核酸大分子创造了有利条件^[6,14,17]     

玫瑰茄红色素的研制与应用Ⅲ.三种金属离子的效应

以热带经济植物玫瑰茄(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)的成熟花萼为原料提制而成的玫瑰茄红色素,是一种新的食用天然色素^{[3,10,11,18,19]}。我们已经简要报道过这种色素的提制工艺、理化性质、安全性和着色试验的研究结果^[2],尔后又详细报道了玫瑰茄红色素最优提取条件的选择^[4]和热效应试验^[5]。本文拟报道玫瑰茄红色素对三种金属离子的效应。     

栝楼属植物种子油中特殊脂肪酸成分的研究

栝楼属(Trichosanthes)属葫芦科,系多年生草质藤本植物。全世界有60余种,我国分布55种。中药栝楼为葫芦科植物栝楼(Trichosanthes ki-rilowii Maxim.)的果实,本植物的根(天花粉),果皮(栝楼皮),种子(栝楼子)均供药用,具抗菌抗癌作用^[1],为一种重要的中药。该属植物的种子富含油脂,我们所研究的样品,多数含油率都在20%以上。本文研究了该属七种植物的种子油,经气相色谱分析,紫外和红外光谱鉴定,同时采用安石榴(Punica granatum L.)种子油中的石榴酸作标准样品进行相应的平行测定作参照,证实这七种种子油均含有石榴酸,而且含量丰富。石榴酸(顺-9,反-11,顺-13-十八碳三烯酸)是一种特殊结构的脂肪酸,在植物界中相当少见。它于1935年首次被发现于安石榴(Punica granatum L.)的种子油中^[5],因而得名。至今半个世纪过去,该酸仅仅在葫芦科等的二、三个属中少数的几个种的种子油中被发现有它的分布。近几年来,先后已有瓜蒌子(Trichosanthes quinquangulata A.Gray),双边栝楼(Trchosanthes uniflora Hao),大苞栝楼(Trichosanthes bracteata(Lam.) Voigt)和毛果栝楼(Trichosanthes mushaensis Hayata)四种栝楼属植物的种子油脂肪酸化学组成的研究见于国内文献的报导^[2,3],在这些报导当中均没有石榴酸组成成分,其中双边栝楼,大苞栝楼和毛果栝楼被包括在我们的研究里面,我们得出不同的结果。本文报导中其余的几种,多数未见于国内外文献的报导。     

非豆科植物与放线菌的共生体——根瘤的发育和结构

非豆科植物和内生放线菌的共生体--放线菌根瘤(Actinorhizas)已在桤木等21属植物中发现^[3,6]。从桤木等属分离的放线菌已定为Frankia属^[4,9,14]。目前已知与放线菌共生结瘤的植物有178种左右,属于被子植物的7目、8科、20属^[2]。放线菌根瘤在形态学和解剖学上与豆科植物根瘤截然不同。     

Molecular characterization of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) germplasm based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA

Sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) is a predominant tree species in the deciduous broad-leaved forest in China. It distributes in a large landscape area and can disperse in various ecology types. Molecular study on sawtooth oak can provide valuable information about the genetic diversity level and genetic relatedness on this important tree species. Insight into the genetic structure also provides resources of a species with its current feature and future evolutionary potential. The genetic structure of sawtooth oak was investigated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Twelve RAPD markers were used to assess genetic diversity of 408 individuals from 17 provenances enveloping most of the current distribution area of sawtooth oak. A total of 66 amplification products were detected, of which 49 bands (74.24 %) were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity, 0.2409, indicated a relatively high level of genetic variation in sawtooth oak germplasm. Analysis of molecular variance showed that most of the genetic diversity (87 %) was allocated within provenances. A combination of UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis was employed to estimate the genetic relationships of sawtooth oak germplasm; interestingly, the two methods presented similar grouping pattern with few discrepancies. Results revealed that 16 out of 17 provenances were clustered into one group, while the other 1 (LQ provenance) constituted a separate cluster. The data presented in this study suggested that the RAPD method was a valuable tool for estimation of genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of sawtooth oak germplasm. The present study also gave useful implications for germplasm conservation and new cultivar development for this promising energy tree species.     

中国西南干旱河谷植物群落的数量分类和排序分析

中国西南干旱河谷植被是我国西南横断山区特有的植被类型, 目前关于西南干旱河谷植被还没有整体性的群落类型划分研究。根据对甘肃、四川、云南三省九条主要河流的干旱河谷段野外调查和文献来源的1,339个植物群落样方数据, 采用自适应仿射传播聚类方法, 对我国西南干旱河谷的植物群落进行数量分类, 并采用典范对应分析方法进行排序分析。结果表明: (1)调查样方的植物群落分为7个植被型(稀树草原、肉质灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛、暖性落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿硬叶林、落叶阔叶林和暖性针叶林), 24个群系, 31个群丛类型。暖性落叶阔叶灌丛是本植被区的代表性植被类型; 分布最广的群系为鞍叶羊蹄甲灌丛(Form. Bauhinia brachycarpa, 样方比例50.9%)、黄茅灌草丛(Form. Heteropogon contortus, 样方比例11.9%)、孔颖草灌草丛(Form. Bothriochloa pertusa, 样方比例5.6%)、黄荆灌丛(Form. Vitex negundo, 样方比例4.2%)、知风草灌草丛(Form. Eragrostis ferruginea, 样方比例3.8%)、车桑子灌丛(Form. Dodonaea viscosa, 样方比例3.4%)、云南松疏林(Form. Pinus yunnanensis, 样方比例3.3%)。(2)冬季低温和降水的季节性是限制干旱河谷植物群落分布的主要气候因子。稀树草原、肉质灌丛是典型的干热河谷植被类型; 暖性落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿硬叶林、常绿阔叶灌丛是干暖河谷植被的优势类型; 暖性针叶林、落叶阔叶林则主要在干温河谷环境占优势。     

我国瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)植物的花粉形态

本文对我国8属22种3变种的瑞香科植物花粉形态进行了观察。本科花粉具散孔,花粉形态属于单类型。根据纹饰特点,本文将瑞香科花粉分为具瘤状纹饰和具网状一巴豆型图案两个类型。另外,还对巴豆型图案和本科在被子植物中的系统位置等问题进行了讨论。     

羊肚菌栽培菌株遗传多样性分析及种特异性RAPD-SCAR标记开发

近年来中国的羊肚菌Morchella spp.栽培技术取得了长足进步,但基础研究薄弱影响其稳产和高产,国内外尚无羊肚菌栽培菌株种质资源遗传多样性的研究报道。本文对来自全国12省份的36个羊肚菌栽培菌株进行了ITS系统发育分析,并采用RAPD进行了遗传多样性评价。结果表明,结合有效的参考菌株序列,通过ITS序列分析可以将供试菌株进行区分和鉴定,在36个菌株中,26个菌株属于梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna,其他10个菌株属于六妹羊肚菌M. sextelata;将自40条RAPD引物中筛选出的14条用于供试菌株遗传多样性分析,共扩增出124条多态性条带;UPGMA聚类可将供试菌株分为两大类群,分别对应于ITS系统发育分析中的梯棱羊肚菌和六妹羊肚菌两个物种,梯棱羊肚菌种内菌株多态性高于六妹羊肚菌。OPA17引物和OPA18引物分别在AA02和AA15菌株中扩增出具有唯一性的特征条带,对两个特征条带进行回收测序后,设计出两个特异性SCAR的引物,它们能有效地从36个供试菌株群体中将菌株AA02和AA15鉴别出来。本文首次全面系统地采用ITS分析鉴别了我国羊肚菌栽培菌株的种性,采用RAPD分子标记系统地评价了羊肚菌栽培菌株的遗传多样性,并验证了RAPD分子标记转化为菌株特征性SCAR标记的可行性。     

假尾孢属的一新种(英文)

1978-1979年, 在福建省福鼎县的油桐枝条上发现一种假尾孢菌, 经人工培养及致病性的试验, 证明了它有病原性, 与已知真菌的Pseudocercospora aleuritidis Miy.Deighton有别, 故鉴定为新种, 命名为福鼎假尾孢Pseudocercospora fudlinga Huang, sp.nov.该新种分生孢子特别小, 大小为12-30×1.6-2.1μ。模式标本存于福建林学院标本室。     

Preliminary analysis of forest community structure of Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve in Yuexi County,Anhui Province,China

Three 1-hm² permanent plots were established in the Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve in Anqing of Anhui Province. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 2 cm were mapped, tagged with aluminum plates of unique numbers, and identified by species. On the basis of the importance value of the canopy and shrub layer, the three plots in Yaoluoping, Diaoguanjing and Anjiping were classified as Castanea seguinii + Lindera glauca deciduous broad-leaf forest community, Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera glauca deciduous broad-leaf forest community, and Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera chienii deciduous broad-leaf forest community, respectively. The three plots were all dominated by deciduous trees with evergreen trees only found in the Diaoguanjing plot. The Diaoguanjing plot was most abundant in species (81), followed by the Anjiping plot (76) and the Diaoguanjing plot (62). The local plant communites are stable and the vegetation is well restored.     

来自东亚的黑耳属一新种,亚东黑耳

“亚东黑耳”是西藏近几年备受关注的一种特色野生珍稀食用菌,但对其分类学地位尚无定论。本文基于分子系统学和形态学研究了东亚、欧洲和北美洲与亚东黑耳相近的黑耳属标本,发现碟形黑耳Exidia recisa是个物种复合群,已知包括4个种,欧洲有碟形黑耳和浅波黑耳E. repanda两个种,北美洲有钝齿黑耳E. crenata,东亚的为1新种,本文将其描述为亚东黑耳Exidia yadongensis。这4个种在系统发育关系中相近,形态相似,但亚东黑耳的子实体边缘基本是全缘,担孢子大小为12-16×3-4μm (Q=3.62-3.83),而欧洲的碟形黑耳E. recisa和北美洲的钝齿黑耳E. crenata子实体边缘通常锯齿状,担孢子分别为13-15.5×2.8-3.8μm (Q=4.51)和12-14×3-4μm (Q=4.11),浅波黑耳E. repanda具有垫状至波浪状折叠的子实体,区别于其他3个种的盘状至耳状的子实体,其担孢子为12.7-15.7×2.8-3.7μm (Q=4.33-4.57)。此外,亚东黑耳具有树状分枝和叉形的子实层侧丝,但其他3个种只有树状分枝的子实层侧丝。尽管亚东黑耳广泛分布于东亚地区,但由于亚东黑耳的汉语名称已经在中国普遍使用,所以我们提出了上述拉丁学名。     

安徽岳西县鹞落坪国家级自然保护区森林群落结构的初步分析

对鹞落坪国家级自然保护区3个1 hm²样地胸径2 cm以上的个体进行每木调查, 并根据乔木层和灌木层物种重要值, 将鹞落坪、吊罐井和庵基坪3个样地分别划分为茅栗+山胡椒(Castanea seguinii + Lindera glauca)、化香树+山胡椒(Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera glauca)和化香树+江浙山胡椒(Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera chienii) 3种群落类型。三个样地的建群种均为落叶树种, 仅在海拔较低的吊罐井样地中分布有常绿树种。吊罐井样地物种数目最多(81个), 庵基坪样地次之(76个), 鹞落坪样地最少(62个)。该区域群落结构稳定, 植被恢复较好。     

中国西北针茅草原的基本群落特征

西北针茅(Stipa sareptana var. krylovii)群系是亚洲中部地区特有的典型草原之一, 也是生态适应性最广的草原类型, 向东可以在呼伦贝尔高原与草甸草原重叠分布, 向西可以在乌兰察布高原、天山等地区与荒漠草原形成复合分布, 向南可分布至黄土高原与暖温带草原镶嵌分布, 还可在青藏高原的东缘与高寒草原混生。该研究调查了中国西北针茅群系的主要植被类型, 通过对117个样地的调查数据分析, 量化描述了该群系的基本群落特征。结果表明, 中国西北针茅群系共有种子植物336种, 分属于36科131属, 物种数大于15的科有禾本科、菊科、豆科、蔷薇科、藜科和百合科; 物种存在度等级划分中, I级(0-20%)植物占比91.67%, 多为群落中的偶见种或稀有种, 最为常见的植物除西北针茅外, 也有糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、 草(Koeleria cristata)、二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、细叶韭(Allium tenuissimum)和羊草(Leymus chinensis)等; 生活型组成上以地面芽植物最多, 占66.37%; 水分生态类型以旱生植物最多, 占61.19%; 区系地理成分以东古北极植物占优势, 占33.33%。基于群落学-生态学分类原则, 将西北针茅群系划分为6个群丛组, 45个群丛。     

Increased openness around retained oaks increases species richness of saproxylic beetles

The decrease of old deciduous trees in northern Europe is a threat to the saproxylic fauna. In northern Europe, oak sustains the highest richness of saproxylic invertebrates, among which beetles is a large group. In order to preserve species associated with old trees, it has become common practice in commercial forestry to retain such trees at final felling. However, to create beneficial conditions for species associated with retained trees, the surrounding plantation has to be managed with regard to their specific demands. In the case of oak-associated species, including many red-listed species, several studies have shown that light is an important factor. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of increased openness around oaks (Quercus robur) in spruce plantations (Picea abies) on species richness and abundance of oak-associated saproxylic beetles. The study was performed in nine spruce plantations located in southern Sweden, with mature oaks standing in a gradient of canopy openness. Beetles were collected from 54 oaks from May to September during two seasons, using window traps. The analyses revealed that increased openness around oaks increases species richness and abundance of oak-associated beetles. By including insolation angle in the analysis, we found that it is mainly the degree of openness directed south from the oak that has positive effects on beetle richness. These findings imply that it is desirable to maintain an open area around retained oaks, and that this area should be placed on the southern side of the oak to maximize the biodiversity benefit in relation to costs for the forest owner.