青斑蝶Tirumala limniace成虫颜色偏好性研究

【目的】明确青斑蝶Tirumala limniace雌、雄成虫对颜色的偏好性,可以为此蝴蝶人工饲养时的合理环境条件设定提供必要的理论支持。【方法】本研究通过在室内和野外对青斑蝶成虫对6种颜色(白色、红色、绿色、黄色、蓝色和紫色)光源的选择行为进行观察,明确青斑蝶成虫对不同颜色的偏好性。【结果】(1)在室内和在野外雌、雄成虫均优先选择黄色。(2)雌雄成虫在野外无其它光源干扰下对黄色的选择性强于室内。(3)单色光源照明和多种不同颜色光源同时存在下,成虫对颜色的偏好程度存在差异:当只有单色光源照明时,成虫对颜色的偏好程度为黄色>绿色=红色≥蓝色≥紫色;当不同颜色光源同时存在时,成虫对颜色的偏好程度则为黄色>蓝色≥绿色=红色≥紫色。(4)在不同颜色光源同时存在时,配对后的雌成虫表现出了比雄成虫更强的颜色选择性:雌成虫对黄色光源的选择性强于雄成虫,且其未产生颜色选择的成虫数量也少于雄成虫。【结论】青斑蝶成虫存在对黄色选择的颜色恒常性,野外成虫对颜色的选择性强于室内,雌、雄成虫对偏好颜色选择性存在性别差异。     

卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂的颜色偏好性

为了确定卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja 雌蜂的颜色偏好性, 在室内通过在培养皿底部黏贴彩纸的方法测定卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂对红、 黄、 黑、 紫、 绿、 白、 蓝7种颜色的行为趋性反应。结果表明, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂在红、 黄、 紫、 绿和蓝5种颜色上的滞留时间都极显著地高于对照（P<0.01）, 在黑和白2种颜色上的滞留时间与对照没有显著差异（P>0.05）; 对黄色的首次选择率极显著高于对照(P< 0.01), 对红、 紫、 绿和蓝色的首次选择率均显著高于对照(P＜0.05), 对黑色和白色的首次选择率与对照没有显著差异。当雌蜂分别在黄与红、 紫、 绿和蓝两两颜色之间选择时, 雌蜂在黄色彩纸上的滞留时间显著长于其他4种颜色。当雌蜂对红、 紫、 绿、 蓝和黄色5种颜色一起选择时, 在首次选择率、 滞留次数上5种颜色间都没有明显差异(P＞0.05); 但在红色和蓝色上的滞留时间显著长于紫色(P＜0.05), 在这3种颜色上的滞留时间与在黄色和绿色上的滞留时间均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂在7种颜色卵卡上分别与透明纸（对照）上的米蛾卵的选择寄生时, 在黄色卵卡上的寄生卵量极显著多于对照(P＜0.01), 黑色卵卡上的寄生卵量极显著少于对照(P＜0.01), 其他5种颜色的卵卡上的寄生卵量与对照没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。结果说明, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂雌蜂对黄色最为偏好, 其次偏好红、 紫、 绿和蓝色, 较不喜好白色和黑色。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂对不同颜色的偏好性研究

颜色是影响昆虫行为活动的一种重要视觉信号。本研究采用方差分析和t检验测定了玉米螟赤眼蜂雌性、雄性及雌雄个体间对白、黄、橙、粉、红、蓝、绿7种颜色卡纸的选择趋性差异,结果显示,不同颜色卡纸对玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体的选择趋性均存在显著性影响(F♀=76.43,P♀0.05;F♂=25.23,P♂0.05)。且以白色卡纸为对照时,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体均表现为在黄色卡纸上的选择蜂量最高,分别为对照的1.77倍和3.20倍;在同一颜色卡纸上,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体间的选择差异也不尽相同。采用相关性分析探讨玉米螟赤眼蜂选择趋性同卡纸色彩参数的相互关系,结果显示,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体选择趋性与卡纸色泽亮度及黄蓝色程度(b)均呈显著的正相关(P0.05)。研究表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体均偏好黄色,且不同性别个体对同一颜色的偏好程度也不尽相同。此外,物体颜色的亮度和色调均能不同程度影响玉米螟赤眼蜂的偏好性。     

柑橘大实蝇对不同颜色和糖类的偏好及对糖类的嗅觉反应

为探明影响柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)成虫取食偏好的因素,本文研究了其对不同颜色和糖类物质的选择及其嗅觉反应。结果表明:柑橘大实蝇成虫明显偏好黄色和橙色基质的食物,对绿、白、蓝、黑、红色食物趋性较弱;对不同糖类的选择顺序是:红糖蜂蜜蔗糖和白糖;不同采集地间和不同性别间的柑橘大实蝇对颜色、糖类物质的选择差异不显著。嗅觉行为测试结果,柑橘大实蝇雌雄虫对所测试几种糖的气味均表现明显趋性,其中,雌虫对红糖和蜂蜜气味的嗅觉反应比雄虫更敏感。研究结果可以为柑橘大实蝇成虫食诱剂的研制和诱捕器的设计提供重要参考依据。     

基于计算机视觉的罗非鱼适应环境的体色变化研究

多数鱼类的体色会受应激条件、环境背景、健康状况、生长发育和社会地位等因素的影响而发生改变。本文利用基于计算机视觉的体色量化技术研究正常情况和社会应激条件下罗非鱼对背景颜色的适应性,以及在背景颜色变化过程中体色变化的响应速度。实验结果表明：已适应白色背景的鱼放入黑色背景水体后,体色变化主要发生在前10s内,放入时和放入10s后的体色明度值差异极显著（**p＜0.01）;在白色背景下适应的鱼放入黑色背景下适应2h后其体色变得很黑,将其放入白色背景水体后体色在10s内可发生由深到浅的变化,放入时和放入10s后的体色明度值差异极显著（** p＜0.01）。在蓝色背景下适应的鱼放入黑色背景水体后,体色变化主要发生在前10s内,放入时和放入10s后的体色明度值差异显著（*p＜0.05）。在蓝色背景下适应的鱼放入黑色背景下适应2h后的体色变得很黑,再将其放入白色背景水体后体色由深变浅,放入时和10s后的体色明度值发生极显著变化（**p＜0.01）。处于社会应激条件下劣势地位的鱼体色会变黑,刚放入白色背景水体时的平均灰级达到12.7阶,放入60s、1800s后的体色和刚放入时没有显著差异。受社会应激影响轻微的鱼体色在1800s后适应了环境的颜色,明度值和没有受应激影响鱼的体色接近,而受伤或受社会应激影响较严重的鱼体色改变较小。鱼在高浓度非离子氨（UIA浓度为0.178 mg/L）的水中处理3h后,鱼的体色变得很黑,刚放入白色背景水体时平均灰级达到15.1阶,放入10s、120s后鱼的体色变化不大,放入180s后鱼的体色变浅,平均灰级达到9.3阶,与刚放入时的体色明度相比差异显著（*p＜0.05）。     

颜色对梨小食心虫产卵选择性的影响

梨小食心虫(Grapholitha molesta Busck)是一种重要的果树害虫,早春产卵喜在桃嫩梢叶上,为探明寄主颜色在其产卵选择中的作用,利用彩色卡纸模拟寄主颜色,室内比较了红、粉红、浅粉、橙黄、深黄、浅黄、青绿、深绿、浅绿、蓝、紫、褐色等12种不同颜色基质对其成虫产卵选择性的影响。结果发现:基质颜色对梨小食心虫的产卵选择性有显著影响,其产卵偏嗜浅黄和浅绿色,白色和黑色参比时其产卵选择率分别依次为68.9%、63.8%和64.1%、65.5%,蓝和浅粉色则表现一定的拒避作用,白色和黑色参比时其产卵选择率分别依次为47.7%、40.4%和47.2%、42.7%,且参比色对其产卵选择性影响差异显著。基质颜色对其产卵量亦有显著性影响,无论黑或白色参比,黄、绿颜色上的产卵量均较多,尤其是深黄、深绿和青绿色。基质颜色对1—7日龄梨小食心虫成虫的产卵选择性均有显著影响。白色参比时,2、3日龄蛾对浅绿和浅黄色的产卵选择率显著高于其他颜色;黑色参比时,2日龄时明显偏嗜浅绿色(79.7%),6日龄时明显偏嗜浅黄色(74.8%)。表明寄主颜色在梨小食心虫产卵场所选择中具有重要作用,为其卵期监测和防控中颜色应用乃至进一步揭示其产卵寄主选择机理提供了依据和参考。     

金鱼总色素及色素组分的比较研究

用色谱和光谱两种方法对金鱼总色素和色素组分进行了研究。研究结果表明,红鲫、草金鱼和红龙睛等红色金鱼总色素光谱在可见光区(472nm附近)有一个吸收峰,黑鲫和黑龙睛等黑色金鱼在可见光区(450nm和472nm附近)有两个吸收峰出现,且红色金鱼所含色素组分以红色(虾青素)为主,黑色金鱼所含色素组分以杏黄色和橙色为主,其他色素组分为辅。金鱼黑色色斑形成是由于黑色素存在时,其他各色素组分的颜色被掩盖的结果;金鱼其他各种色斑的形成则是由于其体内各色素组分以不同比例相互搭配组合的结果。亲缘关系越近的金鱼其总色素组成就越相似,红鲫和黑鲫均含有四种近乎相同的色素组分,红龙睛和黑龙睛均含有六种近乎相同的色素组分,草金鱼虽也含有四种与红鲫和黑鲫相近的色素组分,但Rf值略有差异。据此推测,红鲫和黑鲫、红龙睛和黑龙睛可能分别具有较近的亲缘关系,而草金鱼则可能是介于黑鲫和龙睛鱼之间,且与黑鲫具有较近的亲缘关系。该研究有望为金鱼增色饵料的研制与开发提供理论依据,使金鱼的观赏价值和经济价值得到进一步提高。     

西花蓟马对花卉寄主颜色和挥发物的选择性

【目的】探究寄主颜色、挥发物在西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)寄主选择中的作用。【方法】采用叶碟法和Y型嗅觉仪法,测定了西花蓟马对4种寄主(黄花美人蕉、黄花槐、凤尾兰和夹竹桃)的颜色和挥发物的选择性。【结果】颜色选择中,西花蓟马最偏好夹竹桃的叶,黄花槐和黄花美人蕉的花;对叶、花总的偏好性次序为黄花美人蕉(花)、黄花槐(花)>凤尾兰(花)>黄花美人蕉(叶)、夹竹桃(叶)>黄花槐(叶)、凤尾兰(叶)、夹竹桃(花)。挥发物选择中,与空气对照时,西花蓟马都显著偏好寄主的叶和花;叶相互对照中,最为偏好黄花美人蕉和黄花槐;花相互对照中,最为偏好黄花美人蕉;叶与花对照时,西花蓟马对花的偏好性显著强于叶,其对寄主叶、花挥发物总的偏好性为黄花美人蕉(花)>黄花槐(花)>凤尾兰(花)>夹竹桃(花)>黄花美人蕉(叶)≥黄花槐(叶)、夹竹桃(叶)>凤尾兰(叶),与其对颜色的偏好性并不完全一致。【结论】寄主颜色和挥发物对西花蓟马的寄主选择有着重要影响,西花蓟马不仅对不同寄主的颜色和挥发物有不同偏好性,对寄主不同器官的颜色和挥发物也具有不同的偏好性。     

沙棘绕实蝇成虫对不同视觉信息的选择趋性研究

沙棘绕实蝇Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa是沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides果实的主要害虫,通过研究其对不同颜色、大小、形状物体选择的差异,可为利用其视觉信息控制沙棘绕实蝇的行为奠定基础。本研究在内蒙古磴口县沙棘林样地,分别悬挂不同颜色、形状、表面积的实验材料,测试沙棘绕实蝇成虫的选择性;采用野外采集的沙棘绕实蝇蛹,室内待其羽化后,引入有不同颜色产卵器的饲养箱内,观察记录成虫在不同颜色产卵器上的产卵量。结果显示沙棘绕实蝇成虫在野外对不同颜色、相同形状相同表面积球体的趋向性为:橙色黄色绿色红色蓝色紫色。不同表面积、相同颜色和相同形状的野外引诱实验中,大球的引诱量显著高于中球和小球,正方体的表面积越大引诱能力越强,且不同正方体之间差异显著;不同形状、相同表面积和相同颜色物体对沙棘绕实蝇的引诱实验中,4种形状的引诱能力为:正方体正三角体长方体球体,但形状之间的诱捕效果差异未达显著性。沙棘绕实蝇雌成虫在产卵期对颜色的偏好性依次为橙色绿色黄色红色浅绿色蓝色。沙棘绕实蝇成虫对不同颜色和表面积具明显的趋向选择性,对不同形状没有明显趋向选择性。     

环境颜色对异色瓢虫生长发育及繁殖能力的影响

在室内利用不同颜色的饲养容器,对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) 生长发育、体长体重变化及繁殖能力进行了比较研究。结果显示：不同环境颜色条件对异色瓢虫幼虫各龄历期均有显著影响; 尽管蛹期受不同颜色影响显著,但其总胚后发育期在各处理间差异不显著。异色瓢虫1龄和2龄幼虫体长增量在不同颜色处理间无显著差异,但3龄幼虫在红色条件下体长增量显著小于其余各处理。不同环境颜色条件下异色瓢虫各虫期体重增量均有显著差异,而4龄幼虫体重增量在各处理中均显著大于其余各虫期,并占总胚后发育期体重增量的50%以上。异色瓢虫成虫的交配持续时间在各处理间无显著差异,但其产卵前期在黄色及绿色条件下显著小于其余各处理。其首堆产卵量在各处理间无显著差异,但在红色及自然光下的48 h累计产卵量均显著小于其余处理。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.