Time dependent degradation of mixture of structurally different azo and non azo dyes by using Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360

Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360, a yeast species showed 88% ADMI (American dye manufacturing institute) removal of mixture of structurally different dyes (Remazol red, Golden yellow HER, Rubine GFL, Scarlet RR, Methyl red, Brown 3 REL, Brilliant blue) (70 mg l⁻¹) within 24 h at 30 °C and pH 7.0 under shaking condition (120 rpm). Glucose (0.5%) as a carbon source was found to be more effective than other sources used. The medium with metal salt (CaCl₂, ZnSO₄, FeCl₃, MgCl₂, CuSO₄) (0.5 mM) showed less ADMI removal as compared to control, but did not inhibit complete decolorization. The presence of tyrosinase, NADH-DCIP reductase and induction in laccase activity during decolorization indicated their role in degradation. HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) analysis revealed the removal of individual dyes at different time intervals from dye mixture, indicating preferential degradation of dyes. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) analysis of samples before and after decolorization confirmed the biotransformation of dye. The reduction of COD (Chemical oxygen demand) (69%), TOC (Total organic carbon) (43%), and phytotoxicity study indicated the conversion of complex dye molecules into simpler oxidizable products having less toxic nature.     

Biodegradation of disperse dye brown 3REL by microbial consortium of Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360 and Bacillus sp. VUS

The consortium-GB (Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360 and Bacillus sp. VUS) exhibited 100% decolorization ability with the dye Brown 3REL within 2 h at shaking condition with optima of pH 7 and at 50°C. However, G. geotrichum MTCC 1360 showed 39% decolorization within 24 h and Bacillus sp. VUS took 5 h for 100% decolorization, when incubated individually. Additional carbon and nitrogen sources like, starch, peptone, and urea were found to enhance decolorization. Induction in lignin peroxidase, tyrosinase, and riboflavin reductase was observed in consortium as that of individual organisms. GCMS identification showed different metabolites formed using consortium (2-(6,8-dichloro-quinazolin-4yloxy)-acetyl-urea and 2-(6,8-dichloro-quinazolin-4yloxy)-acetyl-formamide) and Bacillus sp. VUS (6,8-dichloro-4 methoxy-quinazoline) after 2 h of incubation with Brown 3REL. G. geotrichum MTCC 1360 showed minor modifications in structure of Brown 3REL. Phytotoxicity revealed non toxic nature of metabolites. This consortium-GB was also able to decolorize various industrial dyes.     

Congo red degrading laccases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains isolated from salt spring in Serbia

Halotolerant strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were isolated from salt spring in Ovca spa located in Republic of Serbia. Strains exhibit robust spore laccase with high temperature optimum of 65 °C while pH optimum is wide and substrate dependant. Ability to oxidize azo dyes was demonstrated. Under optimized conditions more than 85% removal of Congo red dye was achieved at pH 5.7. Substantial resistance to inhibition by high concentration of chloride ions was observed and tolerance of some commonly used cosolvents shows that applicability of these laccases goes beyond decolorization of textile effluents.     

Decolorization of Fast red by metabolizing cells of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oenococcus oeni</Emphasis> ML34

Three different azo dyes such as Fast red, metanil yellow and Fast orange were examined for their decolorization by O. oeni ML34. Fast red (FR) was decolorized by 68%, whereas the other dyes were removed by only about 30%. The effects of glucose addition, substrate (dye) concentration and environmental factors (temperature, pH) on decolorization were investigated by two-level factorial design. The statistical analyses revealed that glucose specifically increases the extent of FR decolorization. A glucose level of 5 g/l was the optimum concentration for removal of, FR reaching a decolorization percentage of up to 93%.     

Gene cloning, overexpression and characterization of a novel organic solvent tolerant and thermostable lipase from Galactomyces geotrichum Y05

Although the lipase of Geotrichum candidum has been extensively reported, little attention has been focused on molecular genetic and biochemical characterizations of Galactomyces geotrichum lipases. A lipase gene from G. geotrichum Y05 was cloned from both genomic DNA and cDNA sources. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the ggl gene has an ORF of 1692 bp without any introns, encoding a protein of 563 amino acid residues, including a potential signal sequence of 19 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of this lipase showed 86% identity to lipase of Trichosporon fermentans WU-C12. The mature lipase gene was subcloned into pPIC9K vector, and overexpressed in methylotrophic Pichia pastoris GS115. Active lipase was accumulated to the level of 100.0 U/ml (0.4 mg/ml) in the shake-flask culture, 10.4-fold higher than the activity of the original strain (9.6 U/ml). This yield dramatically exceeds that previously reported with 23–50 U/ml, 0.06 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml. The purified lipase exhibited several properties of significant industrial importance, such as pH and temperature stability, wide organic solvent tolerance and broad hydrolysis on vegetable oils. Such a combination of properties makes it a promising candidate for its application in non-aqueous biocatalysis, such as biodiesel production, selective hydrolysis or esterification for enrichment of PUFAs and oil-contaminated biodegradation, which have been drawn considerable attention currently.     

Methyl palmitate: a novel product of the Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) corpus allatum

The corpus allatum (CA) of adult female Ceratitis capitata produces methyl palmitate (MP) in vitro, in addition to JHB₃ and JH III. Biosynthesized MP migrates on TLC and co-elutes from RP-18 HPLC with synthetic MP. Its identity is verified herein by GCMS. MP production is up-regulated twofold by mevastatin, an inhibitor of mevalonic acid-dependent isoprene biosynthesis. Fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of mevalonic acid-independent isoprene synthesis in graminaceous plants, up-regulates MP synthesis by about fourfold. However, it does not depress JHB₃ biosynthesis concurrently. This suggests that the initial enzyme(s) in the conversion of 1-deoxy-xylulose 5-phosphate to isoprene is presumably present in C. capitata, but is inhibited by fosmidomycin, and this inhibition diverts precursors to MP synthesis. Phytol, an acyclic diterpene, might be suppressing isoprene biosynthesis by CA, thereby resulting in a fourfold increase in the MP biosynthesis. Linolenic acid is an end-product and its presence in incubation media up-regulates MP biosynthesis by twofold, presumably due to the feedback diversion to biosynthesis of C_16:0 and its methyl ester. Biosynthesis of MP is markedly depressed after mating, while otherwise maintained at significantly higher levels in virgin females. MP biosynthesis is significantly reduced in virgin females by direct axonal control but is less consistent after mating.     

Biodegradation of bioaccessible textile azo dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Azo dyes are important chemical pollutants of industrial origin. Textile azo dyes with bioaccessible groups for lignin degrading fungi, such as 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol), were synthesised using different aminobenzoic and aminosulphonic acids as diazo components. The inocula of the best biodegradation assays were obtained from a pre-growth medium (PAM), containing one of the synthesised dyes. The results of the dye biodegradation assays were evaluated every 7 days, by the decrease of the absorbance at the maximum wavelength of the dye, by the decrease of the sucrose concentration in the culture medium and by the increase of the biomass during the 28 days of assay. It was observed that the extent of dye biodegradation depended on the sucrose concentration, on the degraded dye structure and, on the dye present in the PAM medium.     

Decolorization of Acid red 151 by Aspergillus niger SA1 under different physicochemical conditions

The fungal strain A. niger SA1 isolated from textile wastewater pond proved to be an important source of remediation (decolorization/degradation) for textile dye, AR 151 (Reactive diazo dye) under different physicochemical conditions. Decolorization assays of AR 151 were carried out in Simulated textile effluent under shake flask condition for 8 days. Decolorization (at 20 mg l⁻¹ of dye) and related biomass production overall decreased with increase in pH from 5 to 9, at 30°C. It was maximum (95.71%) at pH 5 with highest amount of three residual products (36.91 (α-naphthol = 5.72) (sulfanilic acid = 24.81) (aniline = 6.38)) besides 2.05 mg ml⁻¹ of biomass production at an optimum concentration 6 and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ of glucose and urea respectively. The formation of the three products followed a quite different pattern at different pH values, however, it was considerably low (Total = 2.81 mg l⁻¹) compared to the amount of decolorization (67.26%) at pH 8. Decolorization (95–97%) was most favored under mesophilic temperature (25–45°C). It increased i.e., 90–98% with subsequent increase in dye from 10 to 100 mg l⁻¹, kept ≥50% below 400 mg l⁻¹ and drastically declined to 17% at 500 mg l⁻¹ of dye. Apparently, decolorization is found to be associated with fungal growth and hyphal uptake mechanism (Biosorption/Bioadsorption), however, mineralization of AR 151 and related products under different operational conditions also suggested a metabolically mediated decolorization/degradation.     

High-level expression and characterization of Galactomyces geotrichum (BT107) lipase I in Pichia pastoris

The mature lipI gene, encoding the lipase I from Galactomyces geotrichum BT107, was obtained by PCR from genomic DNA, sequenced and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression vector. Clones containing multiple copies of lipI integrated in their genome were analyzed to achieve high-level expression of the recombinant lipase I. One strain with four or more copies of the expression cassette was able to produce more than 200mg/L of extracellular heterologous protein. The lipase I was partially purified using anion exchange chromatography and its activity on monounsaturated (triolein) and polyunsaturated (triEPA) triglycerides was analyzed by a novel HPLC-MS assay.     

大麦虫及其肠道微生物对聚乙烯的生物降解

【背景】废旧塑料聚乙烯因具有较高的化学惰性,不易被自然降解而形成长期污染。【目的】探究聚乙烯泡沫塑料对大麦虫生长发育的影响,为大麦虫作为降解聚乙烯泡沫塑料的昆虫推广提供理论依据。【方法】以大麦虫幼虫为研究对象,选用常见的泡沫塑料(聚乙烯),采用4种不同的饲喂方式T1 (麦麸)、T2 (泡沫塑料)、T3 (泡沫塑料+麦麸)、T4 (不饲喂)进行驯化,处理30 d后对大麦虫进行解剖,取肠道内容物于LB培养基中进行富集培养,将富集培养后的菌液加入以聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)为唯一碳源的LCFBM培养基进行选择性培养,从中筛选分离得到对PE塑料有降解能力的菌株。【结果】取食泡沫塑料30d后,与单一饲喂PE相比,麦麸和PE混合饲喂后大麦虫幼虫的存活率为76%。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱检测发现虫粪组分中主要官能团中峰值明显变化,表明PE长链有断裂现象,并从肠道中分离得到3株可以对PE薄膜边缘造成明显侵蚀的菌株。【结论】大麦虫可取食并消化PE塑料,其肠道内的微生物对PE塑料的降解起到关键作用,研究结果为塑料污染的生物降解提供了科学证据。     

海洋产电菌Shewanella marisflavi EP1的脱色特性

以一株新筛选得到的海洋产电菌Shewanella marisflavi EP1作为实验材料,研究了该菌株关于偶氮、蒽醌、三苯基甲烷等染料的脱色能力及脱色机制。结果表明,该菌株对这些染料均具有较好的脱色能力,最高脱色容量达到925 mg染料/(g细胞干重.d)。EP1能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、木糖、乳酸、甲酸、柠檬酸等多种碳源将单偶氮染料丽春红2R脱色。脱色的pH、温度和NaCl浓度范围分别是:pH 6-10、15°C-40°C、0-8%。最优脱色条件:乳酸,pH 8、35°C、1%-2%NaCl,10 h内脱色率高达99.95%。分光光谱结果表明,在0-8%NaCl浓度范围内EP1脱色机制为降解脱色。     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

Non-target parasitism of the endemic New Zealand red admiral butterfly (Bassaris gonerilla) by the introduced biological control agent Pteromalus puparum

The New Zealand red admiral butterfly, Bassaris gonerilla (F.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), has been known as a non-target host for the introduced biological control agent Pteromalus puparum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for at least 35 years, but the level of parasitism has never been quantified. Pre-imaginal mortality in B. gonerilla was assessed over the southern summer of 2000/01 at six field sites in the Christchurch area of the South Island, New Zealand. Individual eggs and larvae were identified by tagging the stem of the Urtica ferox Forst.f. plant on which they were found and the fate of these individuals was checked weekly. These data were used to construct a partial life table for B. gonerilla. Egg mortality was very high (95%), with parasitism by an unidentified Telenomus sp. Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) causing 57% mortality. Mortality in the larval and pupal stages increased at a constant rate with age and the major mortality factor was disappearance, which was assumed to be a result of predation and dispersal of larvae. The introduced biological control agent P. puparum parasitized 14% of B. gonerilla pupae sampled. However, parasitism by another exotic parasitoid, the self-introduced Echthromorpha intricatoria (F.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was even higher at 26%. A survey of pupal parasitism in three regions of New Zealand (Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin) revealed overall parasitism levels of 67% by E. intricatoria and 8% by P. puparum, but due to the difference in emergence times of B. gonerilla and its parasitoids, these are likely to be overestimates of percent parasitism. It is concluded that P. puparum has permanently enhanced mortality in B. gonerilla, but the level of mortality is low relative to egg parasitism by Telenomus sp., larval disappearance mortality, and pupal mortality due to E. intricatoria parasitism. To determine if this level of pupal parasitism has had population effects will require more data and the development of a population model for B. gonerilla.     

Host preference in Pseudacteon phorid flies: response of P. tricuspis and P. curvatus to black, red and hybrid imported Solenopsis fire ants in multiple choice bioassays

Host preferences in both sexes of Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier (Jaguariuna biotype) and Pseudacteon curvatus Borgmeier (Formosa biotype) and their relative attraction to the imported fire ants (IFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren (red IFA), Solenopsis richteri Forel (black IFA) and S. invicta × S. richteri hybrids (hybrid IFA) were investigated in two separate experiments utilizing multiple choice flight bioassays. The results of both experiments clearly showed that both sexes of the Jaguariuna biotype of P. tricuspis could distinguish among the three IFA species and demonstrated greater preference for hybrid IFA and red IFA. This conclusion is supported by a variety of data collected on the number of fly visits, attack rate, and hovering duration (Experiment 1), and on the number of trapped flies (Experiment 2), which showed that black IFA is the least preferred of the three species. Similar results were recorded for the Formosan biotype of P. curvatus, although the data were not as strongly conclusive. Females of this biotype spent a significantly greater amount of time in hovering mode over red IFA and hybrid IFA compared to black IFA, but the other data were not significant. The red IFA is the natural host of both phorid fly biotypes and our results suggest that both biotypes may have evolved a specialized relationship with red IFA including an ability to discriminate it from related fire ants. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of fire ant chemicals in mediating host preferences in phorid flies, contributions of male phorid flies to fire ant biocontrol, and the practical implications of the key findings.     

Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by methyl parathion-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. B2

Ochrobactrum sp. B2, a methyl parathion-degrading bacterium, was proved to be capable of using p-nitrophenol (PNP) as carbon and energy source. The effect of factors, such as temperature, pH value, and nutrition, on the growth of Ochrobactrum sp. B2 and its ability to degrade p-nitrophenol (PNP) at a higher concentration (100 mg l⁻¹) was investigated in this study.The greatest growth of B2 was observed at a temperature of 30 °C and alkaline pH (pH 9–10). pH condition was proved to be a crucial factor affecting PNP degradation. Enhanced growth of B2 or PNP degradation was consistent with the increase of pH in the minimal medium, and acidic pH (6.0) did not support PNP degradation. Addition of glucose (0.05%, 0.1%) decreased the rate of PNP degradation even if increased cell growth occurred. Addition of supplemental inorganic nitrogen (ammonium chloride or ammonium sulphate) inhibited PNP degradation, whereas organic nitrogen (peptone, yeast extract, urea) accelerated degradation.     

Purification and partial characterization of azoreductase from Enterobacter agglomerans

Azoreductase, an enzyme catalyzing the reductive cleavage of the azo bond of methyl red (MR) and related dyes, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from Enterobacter agglomerans. This bacterial strain, isolated from dye-contaminated sludge, has a higher ability to grow, under aerobic conditions, on culture medium containing 100mg/L of MR. The enzyme was purified approximately 90-fold with 20% yield by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by three steps of column chromatography (gel-filtration, anion-exchange, and dye-affinity). The purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 28,000 Da. The maximal azoreductase activity was observed at pH 7.0 and at 35 degrees C. This activity was NADH dependent. The K(m) values for both NADH and MR were 58.9 and 29.4 microM, respectively. The maximal velocity (V(max)) was 9.2 micromol of NADH min(-1)mg(-1). The purified enzyme is inhibited by several metal ions including Fe(2+) and Cd(2+).     

Biocontrol of Sclerotinia lettuce drop by Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma hamatum

Fungal isolates, with known activity against Sclerotinia spp. in laboratory assays, were tested for their ability to control Sclerotinia minor in four field experiments (1998–2000). In the first experiment, eight fungal isolates (Trichoderma hamatum LU595, LU593, LU592, Trichoderma virens LU555 and LU556, Coniothyrium minitans LU112, Clonostachys rosea LU115 and Trichoderma rossicum LU596) were evaluated by incorporating spore suspensions into transplant potting mix and planting lettuce seedlings into a S. minor infested field site. At harvest, Trichoderma hamatum LU595, LU593, T. virens LU555 and C. minitans LU112 reduced disease by 30–50% compared with the untreated control under very high disease pressure (100%). In further field experiments C. minitans LU112 and T. hamatum LU593, applied as maizemeal–perlite soil amendments or incorporated into the potting mix, reduced S. minor disease over a range of disease pressures (29–91%). Disease control was equivalent or greater than that achieved with the standard carbendazim fungicide treatment. Both isolates were shown to effectively colonize the lettuce rhizosphere and surrounding soil and this colonization may have protected the roots from infection by S. minor. Multiple applications of C. minitans LU112 or T. hamatum LU593 formulations gave no added disease control compared with a single application at planting. Commercial formulations of both C. minitans LU112 and T. hamatum LU593 applied as transplant treatments, solid substrate soil amendments or as a spore drench gave consistent disease control and are currently being developed further.     

Suppression of maize root diseases caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium graminearum by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

A plant growth-promoting isolate of a fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 and two bacilli isolates MR-11(2) and MRF, isolated from maize rhizosphere, were found strongly antagonistic to Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina, causal agents of foot rots and wilting, collar rots/stalk rots and root rots and wilting, and charcoal rots of maize, respectively. Pseudomonas sp. EM85 produced antifungal antibiotics (Afa⁺), siderophore (Sid⁺), HCN (HCN⁺) and fluorescent pigments (Flu⁺) besides exhibiting plant growth promoting traits like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and production of organic acids and IAA. While MR-11(2) produced siderophore (Sid⁺), antibiotics (Afa⁺) and antifungal volatiles (Afv⁺), MRF exhibited the production of antifungal antibiotics (Afa⁺) and siderophores (Sid⁺). Bacillus spp. MRF was also found to produce organic acids and IAA, solubilized tri-calcium phosphate and fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere. All three isolates suppressed the diseases caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. A Tn5:: lac Z induced isogenic mutant of the fluorescent Pseudomonas EM85, M23, along with the two bacilli were evaluated for in situ disease suppression of maize. Results indicated that combined application of the two bacilli significantly (P = 0.05) reduced the Macrophomina-induced charcoal rots of maize by 56.04%. Treatments with the MRF isolate of Bacillus spp. and Tn5:: lac Z mutant (M23) of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 significantly reduced collar rots, root and foot rots, and wilting of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme and F. graminearum (P = 0.05) compared to all other treatments. All these isolates were found very efficient in colonizing the rhizotic zones of maize after inoculation. Evaluation of the population dynamics of the fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 using the Tn5:: lac Z marker and of the Bacillus spp. MRF and MR-11(2) using an antibiotic resistance marker revealed that all the three isolates could proliferate successfully in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of maize, both at 30 and 60 days after seeding. Four antifungal compounds from fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85, one from Bacillus sp. MR-11(2) and three from Bacillus sp. MRF were isolated, purified and tested in vitro and in thin layer chromatography bioassays. All these compounds inhibited R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. moniliforme, F. graminearum and F. solani strongly. Results indicated that antifungal antibiotics and/or fluorescent pigment of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85, and antifungal antibiotics of the bacilli along with the successful colonization of all the isolates might be involved in the biological suppression of the maize root diseases.     

一株霍氏肠杆菌对四环素的降解作用及其降解产物的毒性评估

【目的】抗生素作为新兴污染物,已经引起社会的极大关注。针对四环素有效降解菌株缺乏这一现状,本研究旨在筛选和鉴定具有降解四环素功能的菌株,分析其降解特性和降解作用类型、初步探讨其降解活性物质定位并评估其降解产物的生理毒性。【方法】以四环素为唯一碳源,从受四环素污染的猪场污泥中筛选四环素降解菌株;结合菌落形态学特征、生理生化特征、扫描电镜观察和16S rRNA基因测序鉴定菌株,通过不同外源碳、pH及去除动力学阐明菌株对四环素的降解特性,提取菌株不同成分探讨其去除四环素的作用类型,并进一步从细胞内液和细胞外液开展生物降解的活性物质定位,最后评估降解产物的生理毒性。【结果】筛选鉴定得到一株霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei) MEH2305,pH为7.0和添加10 g/L外源碳胰蛋白胨是其发挥降解作用的最适条件。MEH2305通过非生物降解和生物降解的共同作用,在培养第7天对四环素总去除率达到68% (对土霉素和盐酸强力霉素去除率分别为53%和56%),其分泌的细胞内液和细胞外液对四环素的去除率分别为40.77%和31.18%。同时,与未经MEH2305处理的四环素对照组比较,MEH2305降解四环素的产物对革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) K88和革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168的生理毒性作用显著降低。【结论】MEH2305可以作为一株潜在的有效且安全的四环素降解菌株,应用于抗生素的环境治理领域。     

玫烟色棒束孢(Isaria fumosorosea)侵染小菜蛾的表达谱分析

【背景】昆虫病原真菌对寄主的侵染是一个十分复杂的过程,是多基因共同作用的结果。玫烟色棒束孢(Isaria fumosorosea) IFCF01菌株对小菜蛾具有很高的致病力,然而有关玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾致病的相关基因少见报道。【目的】筛选玫烟色棒束孢侵染小菜蛾相关基因,为更好地利用玫烟色棒束孢防治小菜蛾提供基因靶点。【方法】采用第二代高通量测序技术RNA-Seq,对玫烟色棒束孢侵染小菜蛾2–3龄幼虫4、8、12、16、24、30、36 h的虫菌混合样品(处理组)及纯培养玫烟色棒束孢(对照组)进行测序分析并筛选差异表达基因,结合生物信息学方法分析差异基因涉及的功能模块和信号通路。【结果】玫烟色棒束孢侵染小菜蛾混合样品与纯培养玫烟色棒束孢对照组对比分析共获得28 384个差异基因,其中显著差异表达基因274个,上调表达118个,下调表达156个。筛选获得的显著差异表达基因,特别是上调表达基因可能与玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的侵染有关。GO二级分类显示,差异表达基因能够注释到36个GO条目中,包含18个生物学过程、9个细胞组分和9个分子功能。KEGG通路分析显示共有171个差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene,DEG)注释到132个通路中,其中有66个DEG显著富集在14个通路中。这些显著差异表达基因中大部分为玫烟色棒束孢侵染过程中潜在致病毒力相关基因。【结论】本研究为筛选玫烟色棒束孢侵染小菜蛾致病相关基因提供重要数据库,也为阐明玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的侵染机制提供基础。