广东特有的国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物绣球茜草的研究进展

绣球茜草(Dunnia sinensis Tutch.)自1905年被Tutcher命名以来,至今已有110多年的历史,其自然分布区仍局限于广东的8个县市,是中国东南大陆特有的茜草科单种属植物,为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生植物。2019年4月野外调研,在模式标本产地台山市所辖的上川岛低海拔山地重新发现绣球茜草种群。通过对专著、文献和多个网络资源数据库(中国植物志和广东植物志、标本、图像库等)分析考证,及部分产地的野外实地考察,对其分类学地位、形态特征、产地与生境、标本记录、研究进展、保护价值、濒危因素及保护建议等进行了综述,以期为该保护物种的生存和发展提供参考。     

响应面法优化胆木基因组DNA的提取方法

为了得到较高质量的胆木基因组DNA,并将该方法应用于其他茜草科植物。本研究采用DX8Trial软件分别对PVP、β-巯基乙醇、Na Cl、CTAB、EDTA等胆木DNA提取因素进行设计,同时加入醋酸钠进行单因素试验,确定胆木基因组DNA的最佳提取方案,并将该方案应用到6种茜草科植物进行基因组DNA提取。结果得出最优提取方案为5%PVP、3.25%β-巯基乙醇、4.24%NaCl、2%CTAB、3%EDTA,提取过程中加入75%乙醇720μL以及醋酸钠90μL,该方案同时也适用于6种茜草科植物基因组DNA提取。响应面法的应用为胆木植物DNA提取提供了依据,为其分子生药学研究提供依据。     

中国母草科植物分类及地理分布

对国内外关于母草科(Linderniaceae Borsch,Kai Müller&Eberhard Fischer)系统分类学的研究进展进行了综述,整理和总结了中国母草科植物的分类学变动情况。通过收集中国数字植物标本馆、中国国家标本资源平台、《中国植物志》、Flora of China及《中国生物物种名录》物种分布信息,分析了中国母草科植物的分布格局。结果表明,母草科主要由传统玄参科母草族、腭母草族的类群及原苦苣苔科的侧母草属所构成,共22属220余种,中国分布有8属43种,其中15种为中国特有种。在中国,广西与广东分布的母草科植物最为丰富,新疆、青海和宁夏无母草科植物分布。研究更正了中国母草科植物属的范围及地理分布,以期为母草科植物未来的分类学与生物多样性研究提供参考。     

前言

中国科学院院士王文采,是我国著名的植物分类学家,长期从事有花植物分类学研究。王文采院士在毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)、苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、荨麻科(Urticaceae)等植物系统分类学研究中倾注了大量心血,修订了毛茛科翠雀花属(Delphinium)、唐松草属(Thalictrum)、铁线莲属(Clematis)等多个属的分类系统。2019年6月,王文采院士开始对中国银莲花属(Anemone)进行分类学修订,并于2020年7月完成了《中国银莲花属新分类》的整个编写工作。     

泰国茜草科粗叶木属植物的分类学研究

在详细检查了K,BM,E,P,AAU,L,KEP,BKF,BK,SING,PSU等标本馆馆藏茜草科粗叶本属Lasianthus Jack.植物标本基础上,研究了泰国产粗叶木属植物的分类学,共归并7个种名,建立3个新种,3 个新变种,1个新等级,以及8个泰国分布新记录种及8个泰国分布新记录变种,确认泰国共有粗叶木属植物52种,1亚种,12变种;讨论了易于混淆的种的界线、它们可能的亲缘关系以及识别要点。     

甘肃紫草科药用植物资源

通过野外实地考察与植物分类学研究,整理出甘肃紫草科药用植物11属20种1变种,并对其种类、分布、药用价值及资源利用状况作了简要综述,为甘肃紫草科民间草药和特有植物的研究提供了新的资料.     

茜草叶绿体全基因组序列及其系统发育分析

以茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物茜草(Rubia cordifolia L.)为研究对象，采用Illumination高通量测序技术对其叶绿体全基因组进行测序，并运用MAGA11等生信学工具进行全基因组解析及系统发育分析。结果表明，(1)茜草叶绿体基因组呈典型的四分环状结构，总GC含量37.2%,长153 959 bp,其中包含大单拷贝(LSC)区83 844 bp、小单拷贝(SSC)区17 083 bp和2个反向重复(IR)区26 516 bp;共注释得到124个基因，包括79个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA和8个rRNA。(2)序列共鉴定到169个SSR位点，以A、T组成为主，包括129个单核苷酸、18个双核苷酸、11个三核苷酸、9个四核苷酸和2个五核苷酸，六核苷酸SSR未检测到；边界分析显示，茜草叶绿体基因组LSC区差异性最大，变异程度最高，而IRa区则差异性最小，最为保守。(3)最大似然法(ML)构建系统发育树显示，样品茜草与同属植物Rubia horrida以100%支持率聚为一类，茜草亚科、仙丹花亚科与金鸡纳亚科聚为姐妹类群，证明茜草科植物在进化过程中保守发育。     

睡莲目的数量分支分类学研究

本文应用数量分支分类学的Farris-Wagner方法,研究了睡莲目10个已知属的系统发育关系。结果表明,唾莲目可分为3个科:莲科、睡莲科和金鱼藻科。本文还讨论了数量分支分析在植物分类学中的应用问题。     

苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)植物研究进展

苦苣苔科植物具有极高的分类学、进化系统学、植物地理学等方面的研究价值。对我国的苦苣苔科植物的分布等进行了简要阐述,并对其绝灭和濒危机制、植物形态系统学、花粉形态学、核型分析、DNA序列分析、基因克隆和种群遗传结构以及观赏价值等方面进行了综述分析。     

中国丽金龟亚科昆虫分类学研究进展

丽金龟亚科Rutelinae隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera多食亚目Polyphaga金龟总科Scarabaeoidea金龟科Scarabaeidae。世界性分布,全世界已知7族235属4 200余种,中国目前记录3族25属(亚属),共526种(亚种)。丽金龟成虫为植食性,可取食植物范围广,幼虫土栖,主要取食植物根部,部分种类是农林业害虫。因此,对其开展分类学研究,对农林业生产具有理论意义。本文通过全面核查文献及统计分析,回顾和总结了丽金龟亚科分类学研究历史,并重点介绍了我国的研究现状。目前已开展的丽金龟亚科研究工作仍以新种发表为主,缺乏高质量的分类修订工作及系统发育研究。另外,丽金龟亚科是鞘翅目中重要的植食性昆虫之一,开展深入的生物多样性研究,对于探讨甲虫的多样性和与植物协同进化关系有重要意义。     

Mexican copalchis of the Rubiaceae family: more than a century of pharmacological and chemical investigations

Phytochemistry Reviews - The term copalchi has been used in the scientific literature to define a group of plants of the Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae families with extremely bitter stem-barks,...     

Linking phytochemistry to traditional uses and pharmacology of an underexplored genus – Psydrax: a review

Phytochemistry Reviews - The genus Psydrax is one of the ethno-medicinally important genera of the Rubiaceae family which has only received a limited scientific attention, despite coming from a...     

Historical biogeography of the coffee family (Rubiaceae,Gentianales) in Madagascar: case studies from the tribes Knoxieae,Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae

Aim In Madagascar the family Rubiaceae includes an estimated 650 species representing 95 genera. As many as 98% of the species and 30% of the genera are endemic. Several factors make the Rubiaceae a model system for developing an understanding of the origins of the Malagasy flora. Ancestral area distributions are explicitly reconstructed for four tribes (Knoxieae, Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae) with the aim of understanding how many times, and from where, these groups have originated in Madagascar. Location Indian Ocean Basin, with a focus on Madagascar. Methods Bayesian phylogenetic analyses are conducted on the four tribes. The results are used for reconstructing ancestral areas using dispersal–vicariance analyses. Phylogenetic uncertainties in the reconstructions are accounted for by conducting all analyses on the posterior distribution from the analyses. Results Altogether, 11 arrivals in Madagascar (one in Paederieae, five in Knoxieae, three in Vanguerieae, and two in Naucleeae) are reconstructed. The most common pattern is a dispersal event (followed by vicariance) from Eastern Tropical Africa. The Naucleeae and Paederieae in Madagascar differ and originate from Asia. Numerous out‐of‐Madagascar dispersals, mainly in the dioecious Vanguerieae, are reconstructed. Main conclusions The four tribes arrived several times in Madagascar via dispersal events from Eastern Tropical Africa, Southern Africa and Tropical Asia. The presence of monophyletic groups that include a number of species only found in Madagascar indicates that much endemism in the tribes results from speciation events occurring well after their arrival in Madagascar. Madagascar is the source of origin for almost all Rubiaceae found on the neighbouring islands of the Comoros, Mascarenes and Seychelles.     

PHYLOGENY OF THE RUBIACEAE AND THE LOGANIACEAE: CONGRUENCE OR CONFLICT BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA?

Phylogenetic analyses of 33 genera of Rubiaceae were performed using morphological and a few chemical characters. Parsimony analysis based on 29 characters resulted in eight equally parsimonious trees, with a consistency index of 0.40 and a retention index of 0.69. These results were compared to a phylogenetic analysis of the same genera based on chloroplast DNA restriction site data. There are discrepancies between the two analyses, but if we consider groupings reflected in the present classification there is much congruency. With the exception of four genera, all the genera are positioned in the same group of taxa in the two analyses. Clades of taxa representing three of the four subfamilies (~the Antirheoideae, ~the Rubioideae, and the ~Ixoroideae) are monophyletic, while the fourth subfamily Cinchonoideae is shown to be paraphyletic. Both analyses support a widened tribe Chiococceae, including the former subtribe Portlandiinae (Condamineeae). Furthermore, in both analyses the tribe Hamelieae is placed outside the subfamily Rubioideae where it is now housed. In search for the most plausible sister group to the Rubiaceae, the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae) was analyzed together with 13 genera of the Loganiaceae, Nerium (Apocynaceae), and Exacum (Gentianaceae). Cornus (Comaceae), Olea (Oleaceae), and these two genera together were used as outgroups. The analysis, including 25 characters, 16 taxa, and with Cornus and Olea together as an outgroup, resulted in four equally parsimonious trees, with a consistency index of 0.53 and a retention index of 0.62. The non-Loganiaceae taxa Cinchona (Rubiaceae), Nerium (Apocynaceae), and Exacum (Gentianaceae) were all found to have their closest relatives within the Loganiaceae indicating that the Loganiaceae are paraphyletic and ought to be reclassified. As a result of the morphological data the most plausible sister group to the Rubiaceae is the tribe Gelsemieae of the Loganiaceae.     

More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny--case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae)

Using different data sets mainly from the plant family Rubiaceae, but in parts also from the Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Lardizabalaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Solanaceae, we have investigated the effect of number of characters, number of taxa, and kind of data on bootstrap values within phylogenetic trees. The percentage of supported nodes within a tree is positively correlated with the number of characters, and negatively correlated with the number of taxa. The morphological analyses are based on few characters and weakly supported trees are expected. The percentage of supported nodes is also dependent on the kind of data analyzed. In analyses of Rubiaceae based on the same number of characters, RFLP data give trees with higher percentage of supported nodes than rbcL and morphological data. We also discuss the support values for particular nodes at the familial and subfamilial levels. Two new data sets of ndhF and rbcL sequences of Rubiaceae are analyzed and together with earlier studies of the family we can conclude that the monophyly of the Rubiaceae is supported and within the family there are three well supported, but not easily characterized, large subfamilies, Rubioideae, Cinchonoideae s.s. and Ixoroideae s.l. There are also a few genera (Luculia and Coptosapelta) unclassified to subfamily.     

A Revised Time Tree of the Asterids: Establishing a Temporal Framework For Evolutionary Studies of the Coffee Family (Rubiaceae)

Divergence time analyses in the coffee family (Rubiaceae) have all relied on the same Gentianales crown group age estimate, reported by an earlier analysis of the asterids, for defining the upper age bound of the root node in their analyses. However, not only did the asterid analysis suffer from several analytical shortcomings, but the estimate itself has been used in highly inconsistent ways in these Rubiaceae analyses. Based on the original data, we here reanalyze the divergence times of the asterids using relaxed-clock models and 14 fossil-based minimum age constraints. We also expand the data set to include an additional 67 taxa from Rubiaceae sampled across all three subfamilies recognized in the family. Three analyses are conducted: a separate analysis of the asterids, which completely mirrors the original asterid analysis in terms of taxon sample and data; a separate analysis of the Gentianales, where the result from the first analysis is used for defining a secondary root calibration point; and a combined analysis where all taxa are analyzed simultaneously. Results are presented in the form of a time-calibrated phylogeny, and age estimates for asterid groups, Gentianales, and major groups of Rubiaceae are compared and discussed in relation to previously published estimates. Our updated age estimates for major groups of Rubiaceae provide a significant step forward towards the long term goal of establishing a robust temporal framework for the divergence of this biologically diverse and fascinating group of plants.     

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae)

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae). The wood anatomy of nearly all genera of the Guettardeae (Rubiaceae, Guettardoideae) has been examined, and in this respect the tribe is heterogeneous. Suggestions are made for a delimitation of the tribe. Guettarda, Bobea, Antirhea, Malanea and Chomelia Jacq. are sufficiently similar in their wood anatomical characters to warrant retention in the same tribe. Machaonia, Timonius and Dichilanthe are anomalous. Suggestions are given for taxonomic revisions of some genera based on their wood anatomy.     

Chromosomal-level assembly of the Leptodermis oblonga (Rubiaceae) genome and its phylogenetic implications

Rubiaceae is the fourth largest and a taxonomically complex family of angiosperms. Many species in this family harbor low reproductive isolation and frequently exhibit inconsistent phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, taxonomic classification and their phylogenetic relationships in the Rubiaceae family is challenging, especially in the genus Leptodermis. Considering the low taxonomic confusion and wide distribution, Leptodermis oblonga is selected as a representative Leptodermis for genome sequencing. The assemblies resulted in 497 Mbp nuclear and 155,100 bp chloroplast genomes, respectively. Using the nuclear genome as a reference, SNPs were called from 37 Leptodermis species or varieties. The phylogenetic tree based on SNPs exhibited high resolution for species delimitation of the complex and well-resolved phylogenetic relationships in the genus. Moreover, 28,987 genes were predicted in the nuclear genome and used for comparative genomics study. As the first chromosomal-level genome of the subfamily Rubioideae in Rubiaceae, it will provide fruitfully evolutionary understanding in the family.     

Inter and intraspecific variation on reproductive phenology of the Brazilian Atlantic forest Rubiaceae: ecology and phylogenetic constraints

The reproductive phenology of seven species of Rubiaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest was compared to evaluate the occurrence of phylogenetic constraints on flowering and fruiting phenologies. Since phenological patterns can be affected by phylogenetic constraints, we expected that reproductive phenology would be similar among plants within a family or genus, occurring during the same time (or season) of the year. Observations on flowering and fruiting phenology were carried out monthly, from December 1996 to January 1998, at Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, S?o Paulo State, Brazil. Nine phenological variables were calculated to characterize, quantify and compare the reproductive phenology of the Rubiaceae species. The flowering patterns were different among the seven species studied, and the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences in flowering duration first flowering, peak flowering and flowering synchrony. The peaks and patterns of fruiting intensity were different among the Rubiaceae species studied and they differed significantly from conspecifics in the phenological variables fruiting duration, fruiting peak date, and fruiting synchrony (Kruskal-Wallis test). Therefore, we found no evidence supporting the phylogenetic hypotheses, and climate does not seem to constrain flowering and fruiting patterns of the Rubiaceae species in the understory of the Atlantic forest.     

SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE CAPRIFOLIACEAE. I. CORRESPONDENCE WITH SELECTED RUBIACEAE AND CORNACEAE

Serological techniques of double diffusion (Ouchterlony) and nephelometry (Boyden Procedure) were employed to analyze the serological correspondence of taxa belonging to the Caprifoliaceae with selected taxa belonging to the Rubiaceae and the Cornaceae. Cornus (Cornaceae) exhibited relatively high correspondence with most representatives of the Caprifoliaceae, especially with Sambucus. The correspondence of Viburnum with Cornus was low. The serological correspondence of genera of the Caprifoliaceae with three genera of the Rubiaceae was relatively low indicating that these two families are serologically distinct. The correspondence between the Caprifoliaceae and the Cornaceae suggests a closer relationship between these two families than between the Caprifoliaceae and the tested genera of the Rubiaceae. These limited data suggest that the Rubiaceae and the Caprifoliaceae should not be placed in one taxonomic order. However, the serological variation for additional taxa within the Rubiaceae must be ascertained before more conclusive statements can be made relative to the degree of serological similarity between the two families.