环颈雉的配偶选择

环颈雉是一种世界性分布的鸟类,对其交配系统及配偶选择机制的研究近来取得突破性进展。最新研究结果表明:雄鸟距的长度是一个不仅与雄鸟自身的存活力有关,而且与雌、雄雉的繁殖成功率都密切相关的重要性状,是雌雉选择配偶的唯一的最重要的标准。     

环颈雉的饲养与雏鸟生长发育

环颈雉的饲养与雏鸟生长发育尹祚华，刘如笋（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８０）关键词饲养繁殖，生长发育环颈雉（Ｐｈａｓｉａｎｕｓｃｏｌｃｈｉｃｕｓｓｕｅｈｓｃｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）别名，雉鸡、野鸡、山鸡、角鸡。作者对环颈雉的饲养、繁殖行为、卵在孵化期间...     

Zn、Cd在太原工业区和紫金山非工业区环颈雉不同组织中的分布及比较研究

为了探讨Ｚｎ,Ｃｄ在环颈雉（Ｐｈａｓｉａｍｕｓｃｏｌｃｈｉｃｕｓ）体内的积累和分布规律,对太原工业区环颈雉体内不同组织的ＺｎＣｄ进行了分析,并以紫荆山区为对照区（相对非污染区）,对两区颈雉体内不同组织的Ｚｎ,Ｃｄ进行了比较,研究结果表明,Ｚｎ在环颈雉体内的分布规律为,股骨〉胸骨〉心〉肝〉肾〉肺〉股肌〉胸肌,Ｃｄ在环颈雉体内的分布规律为：肾〉胸骨〉股骨〉肝〉肺〉胸肌〉心〉股肌,两区环颈雉各组织中,Ｚ     

黄腹角雉的巢址选择

１９９１￣１９９３年，在浙江省乌岩岭自然保护区对黄腹角雉的巢址选择进行了研究。野外工作共发现黄腹角雉巢１５个，其中８０％位于人工柳杉林中，营果树以柳杉为主，占７３．３％。主成分分析表明，影响黄腹角雉巢址选择的主要因素有４种，依次为：营巢树因素（包括营巢树的高度、胸径、巢位高度和巢上方的植被盖度）、地形因素（包括坡向和坡度）、海拔因素和位置因素。     

斑翅山鹑巢址选择的研究

１９９１－１９９３年在山西宁武县对斑翅山鹑的巢址选择进行了研究,野外工作中共发现６０个巢,其中绝大多数位于远离林地的农田或灌丝地带,６６．６７％的巢位于向阳的东南坡和西南坡上,对巢址与随机选取的非巢样点所进行的对比分析发现,在１２个栖地参数中,影响巢址选择的５个因素依次为：落叶的数量、地缘宽度、干草的数量、灌丛宽度和梯田高度,判别分析的结果表明,落叶的数量和干草的数量是区别巢址与非巢样点的两个最重     

黑鹳人工笼养繁殖的研究

１９９１－１９９６年间采取人为生态环境,使Ｐ组黑鹳所繁殖的３只Ｆ１成熟后,人工组配又成功繁殖Ｆ２４只。笼养黑鹳性成熟雌鸟３岁,雄鸟４岁,Ｆ２发育和行为正常。     

根田鼠的熟悉性及其自然动情下的配偶选择

报道了在室内雌鼠自然动情条件下根田鼠两性个体配偶选择的3种熟悉性效应的5组实验结果,包括雌性对熟悉和陌生雄鼠、配偶和陌生雄鼠、配偶和熟悉雄鼠的择偶行为实验 , 雄性对熟悉和陌生雌鼠、配偶和陌生雌鼠的择偶行为实验。在实验前, 将1对性成熟的雌雄鼠 (非亲缘关系) 每天关养8 h 共8 d 建立熟悉性; 配对雌雄鼠至少生育1胎则为配偶关系。在 Y 形迷宫内的30 min 实验中, 两个被选择鼠分别以项链拴在横跨选择箱顶端中央的一根铁丝上, 限制它们在各自箱内活动; 而允许异性选择鼠从中立箱自由进入两个选择箱。记录选择鼠对异性被选择鼠的访问、社会探究、攻击、交配和友好行为的频次和时间。经Wilcoxon 关联样本 T 检验发现, 除交配行为不显著外, 雌性根田鼠均选择熟悉性较高的雄鼠; 而雄鼠不具这种选择性。该结果提示雌雄根田鼠的不同择偶行为也许就是反映该种婚配制度特征的直接行为过程。因此, 在择偶行为中, 雌性根田鼠表现的单配性倾向和雄鼠的多配性倾向, 只能以其婚配制度为一雄多雌制的假设来解释。我们的实验还说明在多配制田鼠中, 一雄多雌制与混交制在雌鼠择偶行为上是不同的, 而与单配制的相似或相近, 故简单地比较多配制与单配制则不能反映田鼠亚科动物婚配制度的多样性。     

动物的性选择

有性生殖为个体之间设置了一个冲突和竞争的环境,因为雌雄个体都希望最大限度地把自己的基因传递给后代。性选择保证了动物的繁殖成功。性选择可以分为性别内选择和性别间选择。性别内选择促使动物格斗器官或其他有利于在格斗中获胜的一些特征得到发展;性别间选择促使用来吸引异性的一些特征得到发展。雌性动物的配偶选择或与所选择的特征协同进化,或可以从选择中得到直接的利益。     

笼养黄腹角雉繁殖期取食活动性的研究

笼养条件下黄腹角雉繁殖期的日取食活动呈现早、中、晚三个高峰;雄鸟在交配前后的日取食活动无显著差异,雌鸟的日取食活动在不同繁殖阶段则出现规律性的变化。逐步回归分析的结果表明:影响雄鸟取食的主要因素是总活动时间、炫耀次数和走动时间,影响雌鸟取食的因素主要是理羽时间、飞行次数和跳跃次数。     

INTERACTION-INDEPENDENT SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE MECHANISMS OF SEXUAL SELECTION

Darwin identified explicitly two types of sexual selection, male contests (combat and displays) and female choice, and he devoted the overwhelming majority of his examples to traits that influence the outcome of these interactions. Subsequent treatments of sexual selection have emphasized the importance of intra- and intersexual interactions as sources of sexual selection. However, many traits that are important determinants of mating success influence mating success without necessarily affecting the outcome of intra- and intersexual interactions. Here, I argue that traits can be subject to sexual selection even if they do not affect the outcome of intra- and intersexual interactions. I distinguish two types of sexual selection, interaction-independent and interaction-dependent selection, based on whether variance in mating success is the result of trait-dependent outcomes of interactions between conspecifics. I then use this distinction to construct a framework for classifying types of sexual selection that unifies and expands previously proposed frameworks. Finally, I outline several implications that the concept of interaction-independent sexual selection has for the general theory of sexual selection.     

白颈长尾雉繁殖生态的研究

白颈长尾雉以常绿阔叶林、常绿针阔混交林和人工针叶林等3种类型的植被生境为其典型的繁殖地,植物群落乔木层盖度一般均在90％左右。雄鸟的求偶炫耀行为有3种形式,即初发情炫耀、深发情炫耀和交配前炫耀。每天出现两个高峰,上午为7:00—9:00,下午为1:00—3:00。雄雉发情交配过程可分为5个阶段,雌雉产卵过程可分为3个阶段。该雉营地面巢,每窝产卵5～8枚,孵化期为24天。     

SPECIES RECOGNITION AND SEXUAL SELECTION AS A UNITARY PROBLEM IN ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

We investigated patterns of mating call preference and mating call recognition by examining phonotaxis of female túngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, in response to conspecific and heterospecific calls. There are four results: females always prefer conspecific calls; most heterospecific calls do not elicit phonotaxis; some heterospecific calls do elicit phonotaxis and thus are effective mate recognition signals; and females prefer conspecific calls to which a component of a heterospecific call has been added to a normal conspecific call. We use these data to illustrate how concepts of species recognition and sexual selection can be understood in a unitary framework by comparing the distribution of signal traits to female preference functions.     

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)在贵州的分布与数量

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)是我国的珍禽,分布于河北北部和西部、山西、陕西南部、湖北、湖南西北、贵州北部、河南西部、安徽西部及四川东部(郑作新,1978);还发现于甘肃南部的康县(刘乃发,1982)。1974—1982年,在贵州鸟类区系调查时,对于白冠长尾雉的分布、生态及数量曾作过初步研究,复于1983—1985年间,对它的生态生物学进行专门研究。本文仅就它在贵州省的分布和数量予以报道。     

Zn、Cd在太原工业区和紫金山非工业区环颈雉不同组织中的分布及比较研究

为了探讨Zn、Cd在环颈雉（Phasianuscolchicus）体内的积累和分布规律,对太原工业区环颈雉体内不同组织的Zn、Cd进行了分析,并以紫荆山区为对照区（相对非污染区）,对两区环颈雉体内不同组织的Zn、Cd进行了比较。研究结果表明：Zn在环颈雉体内的分布规律为：股骨＞胸骨＞心＞肝＞肾＞肺＞股肌＞胸肌;Cd在环颈雉体内的分布规律为：肾＞胸骨＞股骨＞肝＞肺＞胸肌＞心＞股肌。两区环颈雉各组织中,Zn的含量没有明显差异,而肾脏中的Cd含量差异显著。     

SEXUAL SELECTION IN A WOLF SPIDER: MALE DRUMMING ACTIVITY,BODY SIZE,AND VIABILITY

Females are often believed to actively choose highly ornamented males (males with extravagant morphological signals or intense sexual display), and ornaments should be honest signals of male viability. However, this belief is relying only on some pieces of empirical evidence from birds. Our study reports active female choice on sexual display that indicates male viability in spiders. We established trials in which we studied female choice in relation to male courtship drumming activity and body size. Females chose the most actively drumming males as mating partners, but the body size of the males did not seem to be selected. Male drumming activity turned out to be a good predictor of male viability, whereas male viability was independent of male body mass. Our results suggest that by actively choosing mates according to male drumming performance, but independently of male body mass, females are preferring viable males as mates. Because Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata males do not provide obvious direct benefits to their offspring, females may gain some indirect benefits; offspring may have higher chance of survival, or the offspring may inherit the attractiveness of their father.     

ON THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SEXUAL SELECTION, THE BATEMAN GRADIENT AND THE MAXIMUM INTENSITY OF SEXUAL SELECTION

Bateman's classic paper on fly mating systems inspired quantitative study of sexual selection but also resulted in much debate and confusion. Here, I consider the meaning of Bateman's principles in the context of selection theory. Success in precopulatory sexual selection can be quantified as a "mating differential," which is the covariance between trait values and relative mating success. The mating differential is converted into a selection differential by the Bateman gradient, which is the least squares regression of relative reproductive success on relative mating success. Hence, a complete understanding of precopulatory sexual selection requires knowledge of two equally important aspects of mating patterns: the mating differential, which requires a focus on mechanisms generating covariance between trait values and mating success, and the Bateman gradient, which requires knowledge of the genetic mating system. An upper limit on the magnitude of the selection differential on any sexually selected trait is given by the product of the standard deviation in relative mating success and the Bateman gradient. This latter view of the maximum selection differential provides a clearer focus on the important aspects of precopulatory sexual selection than other methods and therefore should be an important part of future studies of sexual selection.     

SIZE,SYMMETRY, AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN THE HOUSEFLY,MUSCA DOMESTICA

Relationships between measures of body size, asymmetry, courtship effort, and mating success were investigated in the housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). A previous study indicated that both male and female flies with low fluctuating asymmetry enjoyed enhanced mating success. The aim of our investigations was to determine whether the greater success of symmetrical males is due to variation in male mating effort or to female choice and whether males exhibited mate choice. However, our study found directional rather than fluctuating asymmetry with both male and female flies having, on average, longer left wings than right. Also, asymmetry was not related to mating success in either sex. Rather, both males and females appeared to exhibit choice on the basis of the size of potential mates, with males preferring females with long bodies and females preferring heavy males. Possible benefits from choice of large mates are discussed. The initial mating strikes (in which the male leaps onto the back of the female) did not appear to be targeted according to female morphology, and their frequency did not vary according to male morphology. This indicates that mate choice by both sexes according to size probably occurs during the later stages of courtship, when the flies are in intimate contact. Possible reasons for the absence of choice according to asymmetry are discussed.