Book Review

Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Nutrition Edited by F. Corongiu, S. Banni, M.A. Dessi and C. Rice-Evans, Richelieu Press, 1993

Atmospheric Oxidation and Antioxidants     

Book Reviews

Free Radicals in the Brain-Aging, Neurological and Mental Disorders L. Packer, L. Prilipko and Y. Christen (Eds.)

Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) as a Free Radical Scavenger, Advances in Ginkgo biloba extract research, volume 2 Edited by C. Ferradini, M.T. Droy-Lefaix and Y. Christen, Elsevier, Paris, 1993, 186 pages     

Book Reviews

Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease Edited by Balz Frei Academic Press, San Diego

In Vitro Toxicology Edited by: Shayne Cox Gad Raven Press Ltd.: New York, 290pp ISBN: 0-88167-974-7

Active Oxygen, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants Edited by Kunio Yagi Japan Scientific Society Press: Tokyo ISBN 4-7622-6738-4, 1993 CRC Press: Boca Raton ISBN 0-8493-7769-2, 1993 x +372 pages Y 13, 000

Free Radicals, Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Protection Strategies R C Kukreja and M L Hess R G Landes Company: Austin, Texas, USA, 1994

Oxygen and Environmental Stress in Plants (Special issue of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, volume 102 1994) eds R M M Crawford, G A F Hendry and B A Goodman

Mitochondria: DNA, Proteins and Disease Eds. V. Darley Usmar and A.H.V. Schapira Portland Press Research Monograph V, London, 1994

Human Medicinal Agents From Plants Edited by A. Douglas Kinghorn and Manuel F. Balandrin ACS Symposium Series 534 American Chemical Society: Washington DC, 1993, pp. xii + 356. ISBN 08412 2705 5. $89.95.     

Book review

Oxygen Free Radicals in Shock (International Workshop on Oxygen Free Radicals in Shock, Florence, May 31–June 1, 1985), Karger, Basel, 1986, 248 pp.     

Book Reviews

Analysis of Free Radicals in Biological Systems Edited by A. Favier, J. Cadet, B. Kalyanaraman, M. Fontecave and J.-L. Pierre Birkhauser Verlag AG, Basel, 1995. DM 178

Essays in Biochemistry Volume 291995 Edited by DK Apps and KF Tipton     

Book Reviews

Radicals in Organic Synthesis: Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds by Bernd Giese (Pergamon Press, 1986)

Metabolism and Action of Anti-Cancer Drugs G. Powis and R.A. Prough (Eds.) Taylor & Francis: London 1987. ISBN 0-85066-3695     

Book Reviews

Autoxidation of Unsaturated Lipids. Edited by H W-S CHAN Academic Press 1987 63 (X + 296 pages) ISBN 0-12-167630-7

Methods of Biochemical Anaylsis. Vol. 33 (Ed. David Glick, John Wiley INTERSCIENCE, 1988).

Free Radicals, Oxidant Stress and Drug Action. Edited by Catherine Rice-Evans The Richelieu Press, London, 1987 455 Pages     

E.s.r. of spin-trapped radicals in aqueous solutions of amino acids. Reactions of the hydrated electron.

The reactions of hydrated electrons (eaq-) with amino acids were investigated by the spin-trapping method and by electron spin resonance. Tertiary nitrosobutane was used as a spin-trap to stabilize the short-lived radicals. Hydrated electrons were produced by gamma-radiolysis of de-aerated aqueous solutions of amino acids in the presence of sodium formate or tertiary butanol to scavenge OH. Radicals produced by reductive deamination of 19 amino acids were identified. Radicals formed by scission of the CH3-S- and -S-CH2- bonds of methionine as well as by deamination were observed. In the case of phenylalanine the radical formed by electron addition followed by proton transfer was identified. The reaction of proline and of hydroxyproline with eaq- resulted in the opening of the cyclic structure.     

Book Review

B. HALLIWELL & J.M.C. GUTTERIDGE, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1985, 346 pp.     

Book Reviews

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Structure and Function (NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series H: Cell Biology, Vol. 3) Edited by A. MAELICKE Springer-Verlag, Berlin

The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology C. Von Sonntag Taylor & Francis

Advances in Free Radicals in Disease Corongiu, F.P., Tomasi, A. and Vannini

Modern Biological Theories of Aging Aging Series Vol. 31. WARNER, H.R., BUTLER, R.N., SPROTT, R.L. and SCHNEIDER     

An e.s.r. and spin-trapping study of the reactions of the SO4- radical with protein and nucleic acid constituents.

Reactions of the SO4- radical, generated by U.V. photolysis of Na2S2O8, were studied in aqueous solutions of amino acids, dipeptides, nucleic acid bases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The transient free radicals so formed were spin-trapped by t-nitrosobutane and identified by e.s.r. spectroscopy. The amino acids primarily undergo oxidative decarboxylation. The pKs of the ammonium groups of the spin-trapped decarboxylated radicals of glycine and alanine in D2O were determined to be 8.3 +/- 0.2. An oxidation product, which is the precursor of the decarboxylated radical, is tentatively identified for alanine, valine and isoleucine. Radicals formed by hydrogen abstraction by SO-4 are identified for leucine, serine, phenylalanine and 4-hydroxyproline. In dipeptides, SO-4 produces decarboxylation of the amino acid located at the carboxylate terminal residue. For gly-ala and ala-ala, radicals generated by hydrogen abstraction from the carboxylate terminal residue alanine were also characterized. Radicals centered on the C(5) carbon were observed for uracil, cytosine and thymine. For nucleosides and nucleotides, radicals situated on the base and/or the sugar moiety were assigned.     

Book Reviews

The Retinoids, Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine Second Edition, Ed. by M.B. Sporn, A.B. Roberts and De W.S. Goodman Raven Press, New York. 1994. pp. 699, price US$200.50

Free Radicals: From Basic Science to Medicine Edited by G. Poli, M. Albano and M.U. Dianzani Molecular Biology Update Series Birkhauser Verlag pp528. Price: 148 SFr

The Development of Iron Chelators for Clinical Use R.J. Bergeeron, G.M. Brittenham (Eds). CRC Press: Boca Raton. 1994 pp 416 ISBN 0-8493-8679-9     

An electron spin resonance study of free radicals from catechol estrogens

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate production of semiquinone free radicals from the oxidation of the catechol estrogens 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol and 2,6- and 4,6-dihydroxyestradiol. Radicals were generated by horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 or tyrosinase/O2, or by autoxidation, and were detected as their complexes with spin-stabilizing metal ions (Zn2+ and/or Mg2+). Radical production occurs via one- or two-electron oxidation of catechol estrogens, depending on the type of activating system. Autoxidation of catechol estrogens produces superoxide and H2O2 at physiological pH values. The present results also indicate a difference in the reactivity of quinones derived from 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol. The toxicological significance of these reactions is discussed.     

Is enhanced free radical flux associated with increased intracellular proteolysis?

Intracellular proteolysis was measured in cultured cells during and after free radical attack. Radicals were generated firstly, throughout the aqueous phase by gamma irradiation and secondly, selectively, either extracellularly or intracellularly by chemical and enzymic methods. With both approaches, stimulation of proteolysis was observed in certain circumstances. Phenylhydrazine stimulated proteolysis at low concentration but inhibited at higher. Depletion of the antioxidant glutathione and inhibition of catalase also increased proteolysis.     

The production of short-lived free radicals accompanying laser photoablation of cardiovascular tissue

Using the method of spin trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance, free radicals have been detected accompanying laser ablation of cardiovascular tissue. Radicals were detected using both visible and ultraviolet laser energy from argon-ion and excimer laser sources. The results are discussed in terms of the relative efficiency of the laser wavelengths to produce free radicals and a comparison of the types of radicals produced by the action of pulsed versus cw laser energy.     

ESR Spin Trapping Analysis of Gamma Induced Radicals in Sucrose: II

Radicals induced by gamma-irradiation of sucrose, in the solid state at different temperatures and in aqueous solution, have been investigated by the spin trapping method. Electron spin resonance (ESR) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by spectral analysis with a simulation program (Voyons) revealed seven main radical species. A comparative study of the ESR signals from spin trapped gamma-induced radicals in some glycosides, disaccharides, ¹³C specifically labelled carbohydrates, as well as in several deoxysucroses and fructans, led to the assignment of a chemical structure to five out of the seven sucrose-nitroxide adducts previously evidenced. Sucrose is shown to be a conceivable model for the study of fructans gamma-radiolysis mechanism in aqueous solution.     

E.S.R. Spin Trapping Analysis of Gamma Induced Radicals in Sucrose

Radicals induced by gamma-irradiation in sucrose, in the solid state at different temperatures and in aqueous solution, have been studied by the spin-trapping method. Electron spin resonance (ESR) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) then spectra analysis with a simulation program (VOYONS), revealed seven main radical species. Their nitrogen and hydrogen splitting constants were compared with those obtained from fructose and glucose units. Assignments of chemical structures are discussed for three radical species.     

Structure of the radical from one-electron oxidation of 4-hydroxycinnamate

Radicals from one-electron oxidation of 4-hydroxycinnamate, ferulate and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate have been formed by reaction with the oxidising triplet state of duroquinone. All three compounds react with triplet duroquinone with second order rate constants close to the diffusion-controlled limit. The identity of the resulting radicals is confirmed by observation of their characteristic visible absorption spectra. Time-resolved resonance Raman (TR³) spectra of the radical from 4-hydroxycinnamate were measured using a probe laser wavelength of 600 nm, to be in resonance with the long wavelength absorption band of the radical. The TR³ spectra contain prominent bands ascribed to the C-O and ring C-C stretching vibrations. The spectra are interpreted as indicating strong delocalisation of the radical site to the double bond in conjugation with the aromatic ring in 4-hydroxycinnamate. This contributes to the low reduction potential of the radical and the antioxidant properties of hydroxycinnamates.     

Book Notes

Abstract

All-Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1988. 306 pages. $10.95 paperback.

Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education New York: Harper & Row, 1990. 204 pages. $18.95 hardcover.     

Radical formation during the peroxidase catalyzed metabolism of carcinogens and xenobiotics: the reactivity of these radicals with GSH, DNA, and unsaturated lipid

Radicals generated by the peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of a wide variety of substrates oxidize GSH, NADH, or arachidonate with accompanying oxygen activation. Substrates studied include carcinogens, drugs, or xenobiotics. The effectiveness of the various radicals is partly related to their one-electron oxidation potential. High redox potential radicals were particularly effective at oxidizing these biomolecules. Low redox potential radicals did not react with GSH, NADH, or arachidonate, but can directly activate oxygen to form hydroxyl radicals or undergo scission to carbon radicals. The hydroxyl and carbon radicals have a high redox potential and readily oxidize biomolecules. DNA strand breakage also occurs with some high redox potential radicals, but DNA did not react with low redox potential radicals. The extensive binding of xenobiotics to DNA in the peroxidase system was attributed to noncovalent binding by polymeric products or covalent binding by the two electron oxidation product (formed by radical dismutation or oxidation). The latter can cause alkali labile DNA strand breaks. GSH conjugate formation was also attributed to the two electron oxidation product. Radicals have been trapped in intact cells and oxygen activation or lipid peroxidation has been demonstrated but it is still not clear whether the associated GSH oxidation, DNA strand breakage and cytotoxicity is the result of direct action by radicals. Indirect enzymic mechanisms for free radical mediated DNA strand breakage and cytotoxicity are discussed.