无瓣海桑与三种乡土红树植物混交的生态效应

为了解人工种植红树林的生态效应,对2001年种植于广州市南沙区的三种人工混交红树林进行了群落结构和土壤理化性状的调查分析。结果表明:由于红海榄的不耐荫导致样地3无法形成复层结构,但也不排除是红海榄化感作用的影响;无瓣海桑+木榄群落、无瓣海桑+秋茄群落的群落结构和对土壤中重金属的吸收效果优于无瓣海桑+红海榄群落,因此在该实验的立地条件下营造红树林混交林时可以考虑无瓣海桑与秋茄、木榄混交,不应将无瓣海桑与红海榄混交;随着演替的进行,该实验地在无重大干扰的情况下将向着近天然红树林生态系统演化。     

无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株根系时空分布特征

无瓣海桑和白骨壤是我国红树林造林中较具代表性的两种植物,通过对10龄无瓣海桑纯林、10龄白骨壤纯林、6龄无瓣海桑纯林和6龄白骨壤纯林的调查分析发现:1)无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株根系水平分布的半径和地下根系垂直深度均随树龄的增加而增加,其中10龄无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株的水平分布半径分别为30.6 m和3.85 m,6龄无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株的水平分布半径为9.47 m和2.23 m; 10龄和6龄无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株的地下根系分布深度分别为60 cm和40 cm; 2)无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株地表呼吸根系密度、高度、基径的分布范围会随其树龄的增加而增加,但其根系密度、高度和基径总体表现为由树冠向外逐渐减小; 3)无瓣海桑和白骨壤植株地下根系主要分别于0—20 cm表层,地下根系密度随树龄的增加而增多,具体如10龄无瓣海桑和白骨壤根系分布深度为60 cm,其中76.3%和77.6%根系分布于0—20 cm深度; 6龄无瓣海桑和白骨壤根系分布深度为40 cm,其中91.9%和91.6%根系集中于0—20 cm土层。这些结果能为进一步理解红树林的促淤保滩功能提供新启示。     

无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄红树人工林群落动态及物种多样性研究

对红树植物无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄3种人工林群落动态及物种多样性特征的系统研究结果表明,无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落的乔木层明显分为上层和中层两个亚层,上层木为无瓣海桑或海桑,中层木主要为秋茄和桐花树;秋茄群落的乔木层为单一层次,基本由秋茄组成．在无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落中,优势种群无瓣海桑或海桑仅有高龄级个体存在,未出现自然更新现象;秋茄和桐花树为旺盛增长种群,有可能成为优势种群,表明无瓣海桑和海桑为先锋造林树种,在裸滩种植可以促进其它红树植物的天然定居生长;在秋茄群落中,秋茄为旺盛增长种群,能够自然：更新演替,桐花树和海莲属初生增长种群．无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落的物种组成和物种多样性指标较接近,基本包含秋茄群落中的主要物种秋茄、桐花和海莲。表明无瓣海桑和海桑能与这些物种协调共生,同时种植无瓣海桑或海桑可以形成多样化的红树林群落;无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落在形成初期,种植密度较大时,物种多样性较高;密度相近时。形成初期随林龄的增加。其物种多样性略有提高．     

深圳市红树林典型群落的物种组成及结构多样性研究

在深圳市红树林主要分布区设置8个调查样地,以调查深圳市红树林典型群落的物种组成和生物多样性特征.结果表明:(1)秋茄为深圳市天然红树林的建群种或优势物种;白骨壤及海漆是天然红树林的重要组成物种;海桑及无瓣海桑是人工林的主要组成物种;桐花树及老鼠簕是林下灌木层以及低发展程度的红树林群落的主要组成物种.(2)海桑、无瓣海桑...     

红树植物对不同海滩面高度的适应性研究

通过研究华南沿海珠江口深圳湾红树植物无瓣海桑、海桑和秋茄在不同海拔高度的滩面中的生长适应性,揭示红树植物对海水淹浸的适生特性.研究结果表明:(1)在一定的滩面高度范围内,红树植物无瓣海桑(滩面高度为-12～35.5 cm)、海桑(滩面高度为-1～24 cm)幼树的保存率和生长量随着滩面高度的降低(即海水淹浸程度的加强)而逐渐减低,秋茄(滩面高度为12～24 cm)的保存率和生长量则无明显差异.(2)随生长期的延长,各树种幼树的保存率逐渐减低.当生长期未超过1年时,幼树生长和成活极不稳定,保存率骤减;当生长期超过1年后,无瓣海桑和海桑保存率趋于相对稳定,秋茄保存率继续下降,极难长久保存和定居.(3)无瓣海桑能够忍耐海水淹浸的限度是滩面高度最低为10 cm,海桑是滩面高度最低为6.5 cm,秋茄是滩面高度至少在24 cm以上,在低于此海拔高度的滩面上各树种极难长期保存和定居.为了保证各树种正常生长发育,种植红树林要选择高于此滩面高度的泥滩区域.     

广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区优势乔木群落的物种组成及结构特征

针对湛江红树林自然保护区的优势乔木群落, 根据优势种重要值大小对群落类型进行了划分, 进一步从立木、苗木和幼苗3 个层次对群落物种组成及结构特征进行了研究。结果显示: 4 科6 种红树植物组成11 个优势乔木群落。无瓣海桑群落分布最广, 平均胸径、高度和冠幅面积显著大于红海榄、秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤优势群落, 但无瓣海桑群落物种多度较低, 群落内无瓣海桑对秋茄有显著抑制作用; 白骨壤和秋茄优势乔木群落的多样性指数较高。红树林优势乔木群落林下层植被组成贫乏、结构简单, 以桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤为主; 林下苗木数量多于幼苗; 白骨壤幼苗占总量的67.1%。未来红树林恢复仍要重视本地红树物种, 建议加强白骨壤作为恢复物种的研究。     

深圳福田海桑+无瓣海桑自然林的空间结构分析

采用位置指数(CE)、混交指数(DM)、分异指数(T)以及Ripley’sK方程,探讨了深圳福田红树林保护区海桑+无瓣海桑自然林的空间结构特征。海桑、无瓣海桑、秋茄和桐花树种群都呈现集群分布;海桑-无瓣海桑、海桑-秋茄、海桑-桐花树、桐花树-无瓣海桑以及秋茄-桐花树之间在空间分布上呈现负关联,秋茄-无瓣海桑之间呈现正关联,但这些关联都不显著。海桑和秋茄与其它树种属于中度混交,而无瓣海桑和桐花树与其它树种的混交程度相对较弱。海桑和无瓣海桑个体之间的胸围差异明显,而其它树种个体之间的胸围差异中等。海桑个体之间的树高差异明显,而其它树种个体之间的树高差异中等。采用的空间指数和空间统计技术有效地描述了树种的空间属性。     

珠海人工红树林与天然红树林群落特征比较研究

在珠海市鹤洲北、横琴岛设置不同的样地对2种人工红树林与2种天然红树林进行群落调查, 分析比较人工林与天然林群落的物种数量、群落优势度、物种多样性和群落空间结构等特征差异, 以期为指导红树林的人工恢复营造提供科学依据。研究表明: 1)无瓣海桑人工林群落的结构组成简单、空间层次分布明显、林下植被主要为老鼠簕; 2)秋茄人工林和天然老鼠簕群落物种组成相对丰富、植物密集、数量众多、竞争激烈; 3)天然桐花林群落则与老鼠簕形成了共优群落; 4)物种多样性综合指数的排序为: 天然老鼠簕群落>天然桐花树群落群落>秋茄人工林>无瓣海桑人工林; 5)在红树林的恢复重建中, 可以考虑乡土种与外来种相结合、通过人工的方式增加群落的物种多样性, 使群落层次更加丰富。     

几种红树植物模拟湿地系统对污水中重金属的净化效应

在温室中建立无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、无瓣海桑+木榄(S.apetala+ B.gymnorrhiza)、无瓣海桑+秋茄(S.apetala+ K.candel)、无瓣海桑+桐花树(S.apetala+ A.corniculatum)等7 种模拟湿地系统, 用正常浓度污水(SW)、5 倍浓度污水(FW)和10 倍浓度污水(TW)3 种人工配制的生活污水分别对7 种模拟湿地系统进行污灌6 个月。结果发现: 7 种人工模拟湿地生态系统对污水中重金属的净化率与红树植物种类以及污水中重金属浓度有关。当灌正常浓度污水时, 7 种人工模拟湿地生态系统对Pb 和Mn 的总净化率以无瓣海桑+秋茄最大, 对Cu 的总净化率以桐花树最大, 对Zn 和 Cd 的总净化率以无瓣海桑+桐花树最大。当灌5 倍浓度污水时, 7 种人工模拟湿地生态系统对Pb 总净化率以无瓣海桑+桐花树最大, 对Cu 和Cd总净化率以无瓣海桑+秋茄最大, 对Zn 和Mn 总净化率以无瓣海桑+木榄最大。当灌10 倍浓度污水时, 7 种人工模拟湿地生态系统对Pb、Mn 的总净化率以无瓣海桑+秋茄最大, 对Cu 的总净化率以秋茄最大, 对Zn 的总净化率以无瓣海桑+木榄最大, 对Cd 总净化率以无瓣海桑最大。重金属有95%以上是积累在土壤中, 表明土壤子系统是人工模拟湿地系统净化的主体。     

珠海夹洲岛无瓣海桑与秋茄群落对重金属吸附能力的比较研究

为了解外来红树植物无瓣海桑对重金属的吸附能力, 以期为其科学引种和合理规划滩涂红树林造林提供科学依据, 选取珠海夹洲岛两片恢复背景和林龄相同的无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)人工林, 比较研究裸滩和两种人工林土壤、两种红树植物体和林区内3 种不同生活型底栖动物体内Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn 的含量。结果发现: (1)无瓣海桑人工林土壤中仅Cr 含量略低于秋茄人工林, 其余4 种重金属含量均高于秋茄人工林。(2)5 种重金属在无瓣海桑体内含量的加权平均值大小排列为: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd, 而秋茄为: Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd。(3)无瓣海桑对Pb、Cu 和Zn 的累积量高于秋茄, 而对Cd 和Cr 的累积量低于秋茄。(４)无瓣海桑对5 种重金属的富集系数大小排序为: Pb > Cd > Cu > Zn > Cr, 而秋茄为: Cd > Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb。无瓣海桑对Pb 的富集能力最强, 对Cr 的富 集能力最弱; 而秋茄对Cd 的富集能力较强, 对Pb 的富集能力最弱。(5)植食性褶痕相手蟹(Sesarma plicata)重金属的含量与红树植物叶子同一元素含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01), 而底表类中国耳螺(Ellobium chinense) 和底栖类褐蚶(Didimarca tenebricum)体内重金属的含量与林区土壤重金属的含量呈显著正相关(p < 0.01)。这些表明了外来红树植物无瓣海桑对重金属的吸附能力明显不同于乡土红树植物秋茄, 人工林区底栖动物体内重金属含量不仅与沉积环境中重金属含量有关, 而且还与底栖动物自身的生活型和食性密切相关。     

行带式柠条固沙林防风效果

传统观点研究认为：植被覆盖度低于40％,沙地处于半固定半流动状态．但在实践观察中发现：在低密度（或覆盖度）时,灌丛的水平分布格局对固定流沙和阻止风沙流的作用差异显著。以低覆盖度（20％-25％）的柠条固沙林为研究对象,采用多点式自记风速仪（GB-228）,在2。4月份的盛风季节,测定了行带式配置和随机分布的柠条固沙林以及完整的行带式配置和其中一带出现缺口的行带式固沙林内不同部位、不同高度的风速．统计分析风速测定结果发现：（1）当覆盖度在20％-25％时,行带式配置的柠条固沙林内的防风效果比同覆盖度随机分布的在20cm高处高48．4％;50era高处高30．7％;200cm高处高27．4％,且风速越大,行带式配置降低风速的效果越显著,当200cm高风速达到6—7m／s时,行带式的平均防风效果比同覆盖度随机分布的高48．2％;反映出在低覆盖度时,灌丛的水平分布格局成为制约固沙林沙防风效果的重要因素,行带式配置具有显著的防风效果;（2）在灌丛与灌丛之间形成的类似“狭管”流场的局部,有提升风速的作用,导致其林内观测的风速有约41．3％的观测结果超过旷野对照风速,行带式配置的柠条固沙林内没有一个观测结果超过对照风速;这个结果反映出随机分布的柠条固沙林内流场结构复杂、变化多样,也成为低覆盖度时,沙地处于半固定、半流动状态,疏林内同时存在风蚀和积沙和缺口处风速升高的重要因素;（3）行带式配置林内地表粗糙度比随机配置的高5．4-114．4倍,说明行带式配置具有显著的防止风蚀、固定流沙的作用;（4）行带式林内出现断带缺口处,其缺口处的风速降低有明显的累加现象;风速抬升现象在一定程度受到制约。这些结果为发展低覆盖度行带式配置的固沙林提供重要的科学依据。     

Fauna of Scarabaeidae-Laparosticti and Trogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) associated with Cloud Forest, shaded coffee plantations and transformed communities in Central Veracruz, Mexico

Beetles were collected from April 2002 to July 2003 from the following sites in the centre of the state of Veracruz located every 200 m along an altitudinal gradient (1000 - 1400 m asl): three fragments of cloud forest, three shaded coffee plantations, an open canopy coffee plantation, secondary forest, and a pasture. A total of 9,982 specimens were captured, belonging to the families Scarabaeidae and Trogidae, and representing 21 genera and 50 species. The genera Ataenius Harold, Onthophagus Latreille and Aphodius Illiger represented 48% of the species of Scarabaeidae. Species richness was found to decrease with increasing altitude; there were 36 species at 1000 m asl, 27 species between 1200 and 1300 m asl, and 26 species at 1400 m asl. Abundance along the altitudinal gradient follows a pattern of few abundant species and many species with few specimens. Beetle activity is related to precipitation. In the nine communities studied, species richness was observed to increase when precipitation was greater than 100 mm at the beginning of the rainy season. On the landscape scale, there were 44 species during the rainy season, 22 during the windy nortes season, and 24 during the dry season. In terms of trophic guild, 40% of the beetles captured were saprophagous that feed on decomposing organic material from plants and 60% were saprophagous that feed on decomposing organic material from animals (30% necrophagous, 26% coprophagous, 4% telio-necrophagous).     

Leaf-Litter Arthropods in Restored Forests in the Colombian Andes: A Comparison Between Secondary Forest and Tree Plantations

Tree monocultures of native and exotic species are frequently used as tools to catalyze forest recovery throughout the tropics. Although plantations may rapidly develop a canopy cover, they need to be evaluated as habitat for other organisms. We compared samples of leaf‐litter arthropods from two elevations in restored forest in the Colombian Andes. At the upper elevation (2,430 m), we compared native Andean alder (Alnus acuminata) plantation and secondary forest, and at the lower elevation (1,900 m) exotic Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) plantation and secondary forest. Samples were obtained in two periods, March–April and September 1995. Species richness and abundance of arthropods were highest in secondary forest at the lower elevation. There were no differences in richness between both plantations and high‐elevation forest. Arthropod richness and abundance increased in the second sampling period in both secondary forest types and the ash plantation but not in the alder plantation, reflecting population recovery after the dry season. Alder leaf litter apparently buffered seasonal variations in arthropod richness and abundance. Composition of morphospecies was different among forest types. Although arthropod richness was lower in ash plantations compared to secondary forest, plantations still provided habitat for these organisms. On the other hand, the alder plantation was not different from secondary forest at the same elevation. At our site, plantations are embedded in a forested landscape. Whether our results apply to different landscape configurations and at different spatial scales needs to be established. The use of plantations as a restoration tool depends on the objectives of the project and on local conditions of forest cover and soils.     

Arthropod assemblages deep in natural forests show different responses to surrounding land use

Many contemporary landscapes have vast areas of production land-uses within landscape mosaics, which may impact species dispersal and occurrence. Here, we determined the extent to which commercial exotic plantation forests affect arthropod diversity associated with natural Afrotemperate forests in the southern Cape Afrotemperate landscape mosaic, South Africa. Natural forests and fynbos vegetation naturally coexist here, with the addition of exotic plantation forests to form a heterogeneous landscape. Epigaeic arthropods were collected by means of pitfall trapping at stations along transects from inside natural Afrotemperate forest, across the edge and into the surrounding land use, which included natural fynbos vegetation, mature forestry plantation blocks (Pinus radiata) and areas where plantations have been clear-felled. Stations were set at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 m to both sides of the forest edge with the addition of 100 m stations situated in the natural forest. Arthropod assemblages were distinct in all land-use types. Natural edge effect between forest and fynbos, as measured by arthropod compositional changes, was 20 m into natural forests, yet when bordered by plantations this edge increased up to 30 m into the forest. Once plantations were clear-felled, edge effects increased up to 50 m into natural forests. Responses in terms of assemblage composition and species richness were however taxon specific. Results show that (1) pine plantations are not alternative habitat for native Afrotemperate forest arthropods, (2) there were stark changes in arthropod assemblage composition at edges between these land-use types and (3) that the effects of timber plantation practices (re: clear-felling) also penetrate deep into surrounding natural forests and need to be considered in regional landscape planning. The need for an effective rehabilitation strategy of clear-felled areas is identified as key priority for bordering natural forests. Ongoing monitoring in both the disturbed area and the adjoining natural forest should be undertaken to ensure sufficient recovery.     

鲁东沿海丘陵茶园防护林的小气候特征

近年来山东乳山茶业逐渐兴起, 但由于北方冬春季温度低和倒春寒频繁发生, 茶叶种植面积逐年减小。如何在低成本管理的基础上提高茶叶产量和品质, 成为乳山茶园管理的一大难题。以2007年春季采用水平梯田整地种植的茶园为试验区, 以梯田周围营造的4种网格(8 m × 80 m, 12 m × 80 m, 20 m × 80 m, 40 m × 80 m)茶园防护林为研究对象, 分别在2013年4月、8月和12月, 测定风速、空气温度、土壤温度、空气相对湿度及土壤相对湿度, 以纯茶园作为对照, 进行了小气候因子测定和分析。结果表明: (1) 4种防护林均能有效地降低茶园内风速, 调节气温、土壤温度和土壤相对湿度, 增加空气相对湿度, 为茶树生长提供适宜的生态环境; (2)由于区域水分通量和太阳辐射的季节变化, 4种防护林的小气候调节效应也表现出一定的季节性差异; (3)主成分分析结果表明, 4种茶园防护林中, 影响小气候因子的主要因素是气温和土壤温度, 其因子负荷量分别为-0.978和0.986, 但风速与气温呈极显著相关关系, 与土壤温度之间无显著线性关系, 因此, 风速也能间接地影响林内小气候; (4) 8 m × 80 m的防护林对小气候的总体调节效应优于其他3种防护林。     

深圳福田无瓣海桑与海桑人工林鸟类群落研究及生态评价

报道深圳福田无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林和天然林树林鸟类群落的组成特征、密度、相似性、生物多样性等方面的调查研究结果。并通过比较的方法,从鸟类群落学的角度,对无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林的生态功能进行了初步分析和评价。认为：从目前情况看,无瓣海桑和海桑作为深圳沿海人工造林的主要引进树种,对原有红树林生态系统的结构和功能暂时没有不利影响,对尽快恢复和发展红树林地的面积,提高原有红树林生态系统的生物多样性具有积极的作用。建议：①必须采取有效措施防止生态的入侵;②在大面积种植无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林时间种适当面积的当地红树树种。     

深圳福田无瓣海桑与海桑人工林鸟类群落研究及生态评价

报道深圳福田无瓣海桑+海桑人工林和天然红树林鸟类群落的组成特征、密度、相似性、生物多样性等方面的调查研究结果。并通过比较的方法,从鸟类群落学的角度,对无瓣海桑+海桑人工林的生态功能进行了初步分析和评价。认为从目前情况看,无瓣海桑和海桑作为深圳沿海人工造林的主要引进树种,对原有红树林生态系统的结构和功能暂时没有不利影响,对尽快恢复和发展红树林地的面积,提高原有红树林生态系统的生物多样性具有积极的作用。建议①必须采取有效措施防止生态的入侵;②在大面积种植无瓣海桑+海桑人工林时应间种适当面积的当地红树树种。     

南亚热带退化植被重建中土壤动物群落变化

在广东省中部的鹤山市鹤山丘陵综合试验场,分别在草坡、松林、荷木混交林(荷混林)、马占相思林(马占林)和豆科混交林(豆混林)选取5块样地,分别代表5种处理方式(重建植被类型)。在2003~2004年的4个不同季度内分3层取土样,利用Tullgren干漏斗法采集土壤动物,并分析土壤动物群落个体数量、类群丰度和DG指数的变化。研究结果表明,季节、植被类型和土层深度对土壤动物群落的各项指标都有极显著影响(P<0·01,three-way-ANOVA):土壤动物群落指标,在秋季显著为高(P<0·05,DMRT),而夏季显著为低(P<0·05,DMRT);随土层加深而逐级显著降低;不同植被类型比较,豆混林>马占林>荷混林、松林和草坡。此外,植被类型还与季节和土层间存在显著的交互作用:土壤动物群落各项指标秋季最高,不同植被类型间的差异也最大;而土壤动物群落各项指标较高的植被类型内不同土层间的差异也较大。由此推测,对退化生态系统进行人工改造是有积极意义的,而不同植被类型间土壤动物的差异可能与凋落物的数量与质量密切相关。     

Comparing soil organic carbon dynamics in plantation and secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico

We compared the soil carbon dynamics between a pine plantation and a secondary forest, both of which originated from the same farmland abandoned in 1976 with the same cropping history and soil conditions, in the wet tropics in Puerto Rico from July 1996 to June 1997. We found that the secondary forest accumulated the heavy‐fraction organic carbon (HF‐OC) measured by the density fractionation technique, more efficiently than the tree plantation did. Although there was no significant difference in total soil organic carbon (SOC) between the plantation (5.59±0.09 kg m^?2) and the secondary forest (5.68±0.16 kg m^?2), the proportion of HF‐OC carbon to the total SOC was significantly higher in the secondary forest (61%) than in the plantation (45%) (P<0.05). Forest floor mass and aboveground litterfall in the plantation were 168% and 22.8% greater than those in the secondary forest, respectively, while the decomposition rate of leaf litter in the plantation was 23.3% lower than that in the secondary forest. The annual mean soil respirations in the plantation and the secondary forest were 2.32±0.15 and 2.65±0.18 g C m^?2 day^?1, respectively, with a consistently higher rate in the secondary forest than in the plantation throughout the year. Microbial biomass measured by fumigation–incubation method demonstrated a strong seasonal variation in the secondary forest with 804 mg kg^?1 in the wet season and 460 mg kg^?1 in the dry season. However, the seasonal change of microbial biomass in the plantation was less significant. Our results suggested that secondary forests could stock more long‐term SOC than the plantations in the wet tropics because the naturally generated secondary forest accumulated more HF‐OC than the managed plantation.     

Seasonal variation in diversity and abundance of understorey birds in Bunduki Forest Reserve,Tanzania: evaluating the conservation value of a plantation forest

Plantation forests generally support lower bird diversity than natural forests. However, in some instances the plantations have been found to provide suitable habitat for a number of bird species. In the Eastern Arc Mountains, there is limited knowledge how understorey birds, some of which make seasonal altitudinal movements, use plantations. Using mist netting we assessed seasonal use of the plantation forest by the understorey bird community in Bunduki Forest Reserve in the Uluguru Mountains. Species diversity and capture rates were significantly higher during the cold season than during the hot season possibly due to seasonal altitudinal migration by some species. The use of plantations by those species that make seasonal altitudinal movements shows that plantation forests can enhance indigenous biodiversity by enabling connectivity between two or more natural forest patches. Our findings suggest that in a situation where there is no natural forest, an exotic plantation with suitable indigenous understorey cover can help in protection of birds, including endemic and near-endemic species.