长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响 Ⅰ.有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦玉米轮作定位试验,研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化.结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量.长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理.长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近.23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是:全磷增量剖面分布可为3层———耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增-亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层.速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响Ⅰ．有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦-玉米轮作定位试验。研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化．结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量．长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理．长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近．23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是：全磷增量剖面分布可为3层——耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增一亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层．速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱．     

长期施肥对农田黑土微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了研究长期不同施肥对农田黑土微生物群落功能多样性的影响,采用Biolog ECO微平板培养法,对已经连续施肥35年的农业部哈尔滨黑土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站4种处理(CK、NPK、M、MNPK)的两个土层(0～20、20～40 cm)微生物群落功能多样性进行研究.结果表明: 在0～20 cm土层,有机无机肥(MNPK)配施能够显著提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力以及群落代谢功能的丰富度、多样性和优势度,而在20～40 cm土层则低于单施化肥(NPK)处理,两个土层单施化肥均降低土壤微生物群落代谢均匀度.不同施肥处理土壤微生物对6种碳源的利用率在0～20和20～40 cm两个土层间存在差异,而在每个土层的处理间差异显著(P<0.05),但各处理间的变化规律在两个土层中不一致.典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,各处理土壤微生物群落代谢功能在0～20和20～40 cm土层间存在差异,且在两个土层的处理间也存在差异,而土壤养分含量对各处理土壤微生物群落代谢功能的影响规律在两个土层中较为相似.长期不同施肥会对耕层及以下土壤微生物群落功能多样性产生影响,在20～40 cm土层中单施化肥对微生物群落功能多样性的影响较大.     

西藏高原退化土壤的生物学肥力及其变化特征

通过3年田间定位试验,对施肥条件下退化山地灌丛草原土生物学肥力的变化进行了研究.结果表明,不施肥状态下的耕层土壤有机质含量较试前呈微弱下降,施肥条件下土壤生物学肥力呈现出相对一致的特征,表现在耕层土壤有机质相对较高的积累速率、腐殖质结构明显改善以及土壤细菌的显著增殖等方面,但土壤微生物区系仍处于极不协调状态;随着有机肥或化肥的递增,0～30和30～60 cm土层有机质含量均有显著提高的趋势,其年均累积量分别达1.35和0.67 g·kg^-1;0～30和30～60 cm土层腐殖质碳占有机碳比重、胡敏酸碳占腐殖质碳比重亦均随有机肥或化肥递增而趋于提高;不同培肥方式对土壤细菌的繁殖与活动均具有极为显著的促进作用,2～30和30～60 cm土层细菌数量与有机质含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关（r＝0.7194、0.6042）,对土壤真菌、放线菌的影响则不甚明显;多数施肥处理下,不同土层固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量低于不施肥处理,耕层土壤固氮菌与纤维素分解菌数量呈负相关（r=-0.4799）     

不同植茶年限茶园土壤pH缓冲容量

为探明长期植茶对土壤pH缓冲容量(pHBC)的影响,以安徽郎溪和祁门茶园为研究对象,研究了连续植茶10、15、20、25、30年的茶园土壤酸碱缓冲容量的变化及其影响因素.结果表明： 酸碱滴定法适用于茶园土壤pHBC的测定,酸碱加入量与pH值在酸碱滴定曲线的特定突跃段(pH4.0～6.0)呈近似直线关系,可通过线性拟合方程计算pHBC.两地茶园土壤的pHBC随着植茶年限的增加均呈下降趋势,郎溪茶园和祁门茶园土壤pHBC的下降速率分别为0.10和0.06 mmol·kg^-1·a^-1.茶园土壤pHBC与阳离子交换量、土壤有机质、盐基饱和度、物理性质黏粒含量呈显著正相关,而与交换性酸总量及交换氢含量呈显著负相关.     

黄土区旱地苜蓿连作条件下施肥对土壤磷素的影响

对18a连作苜蓿条件下不同施肥处理对土壤磷素的影响进行了研究,结果表明：施肥可提高土壤耕层全磷含量。单施磷肥40-100cm土层土壤全磷含量小于对照,NPM处理20-100cm土层土壤全磷含量小于对照。施肥有利于改善耕层土壤磷素的有效性,提高有效磷含量,导致土壤有效磷含量在耕层土壤有一定累积,耕层以下骤减;施肥能够提高土壤中Ca2—P、Al-P、Ca8-P和Fe—P含量,单施磷肥处理提高幅度小于氮磷和有机肥配施处理。     

间伐对华北落叶松人工林土壤活性有机碳含量及酶活性的影响

本研究以太岳山华北落叶松人工林为对象,研究间伐对土壤活性有机碳及相关土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明: 随着土壤深度的增加,土壤活性有机碳含量、土壤氮含量和酶活性降低;同一土层中,中度间伐下土壤碳、氮养分含量显著增加.在0～10 cm土层,轻度间伐处理下蔗糖酶和过氧化物酶活性显著增加,中度间伐处理下多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性显著增加;在10～50 cm土层,轻度间伐处理下蔗糖酶和脲酶活性降低,中度间伐处理下纤维素酶活性显著降低;冗余分析显示,溶解性有机碳在0～10和20～30 cm土层是影响土壤酶活性的主要因素;在10～20 cm土层中,土壤有机碳是影响多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的主要因素;在30～40 cm土层,微生物生物量氮主要影响多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和脲酶活性,土壤全磷和易氧化有机碳对40～50 cm土层土壤酶活性起着重要的作用.间伐对华北落叶松人工林土壤活性有机碳含量和土壤酶活性有显著影响,中度间伐处理下土壤养分含量总体最高,土壤pH、含水率、有机质含量等化学性质优于其他几种处理,能较好地改善林下植被、枯落物及养分循环过程.因此,建议对落叶松人工林进行适度密度调整(1404～1422 trees·hm^-2),以促进碳、氮养分在土壤中的固存.     

不同植被类型下红壤pH和交换性酸的剖面特征

研究湘南红壤丘陵区11种植被类型下施肥区域和未施肥区域红壤剖面(0～100 cm)pH及交换性酸的变化特征.结果表明: 施肥区域0～60 cm土层土壤的pH大小顺序为茶园<花生地<柑橘园,交换性酸含量大小为花生地≤柑橘园<茶园;种植茶树和花生后,表层(0～40 cm)相对底层(60～100 cm)均产生酸化,pH分别降低0.55和0.17,而种植柑橘后,土层间无显著差异.未施肥区域中,植被恢复区0～40 cm土层pH大小为白檵木林≤湿地松林<板栗园<白茅草地,交换性酸含量大小为白茅草地<板栗园<白檵木林≤湿地松林;天然林区0～20 cm土层中次生林和油茶林的pH均显著低于马尾松林0.34和0.20个单位,马尾松林和次生林交换性酸含量显著低于油茶林.与裸地相比,未施肥区域除白茅草地外,其他植被类型均加速了表层土壤酸化,其中天然次生林酸化最严重,pH降低0.52;未施肥区域除天然次生林外,其他植被类型均提高了深层土壤pH,其中白茅草地提升效果最显著,pH升高0.43.无论施肥区域还是未施肥区域,整体上随着土层深度的增加,植被类型或施肥对土壤酸度的影响越来越小.     

长期不同施肥处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

通过连续7年(2003-2010年)的田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥处理\[不施肥对照,CK;不施N肥只施PK肥,PK;不施P肥只施NK肥,NK;不施K肥只施NP肥,NP;单施NPK化肥,NPK;单施有机肥(猪粪),M;化肥有机肥配施(化肥有机肥氮各占一半),NPKM\]对渭北旱塬富士苹果产量、品质及果园土壤养分含量变化的影响.结果表明: 施肥可以提高苹果产量,连续7年不同施肥处理苹果平均产量较对照提高14.4%～63.8%,各处理苹果年平均产量顺序为:NPKM＞NPK≥M＞NP≥NK＞PK＞CK.NPKM、M、NPK处理随着试验时间的推移,果实可溶性糖、维生素C、可溶性固形物含量呈上升趋势,NPKM、M处理不同年际间波动相对较小;NPKM处理糖酸比5年较对照提高了30.9%,维生素C含量提高了17.5%.长期合理施肥有利于提高土壤有机质,NPKM、M处理0～20 cm土层有机质含量提高幅度最大,分别提高了28.8%和29.3%. NPK、NPKM、M处理土壤各层速效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较试验前均有显著提高,NPK处理0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层速效氮含量分别提高了22.7%、37.3%和53.4%.与NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的土壤速效磷含量提高了18.7%,且不同处理土壤速效磷含量上层显著大于下层.
     

轮耕与施肥对渭北旱作玉米田土壤团聚体和有机碳含量的影响

2007—2012年在陕西合阳连作玉米田进行保护性轮耕与施肥长期定位试验,设置免耕/深松(NT-ST)、深松/翻耕(ST-CT)和翻耕/免耕(CT-NT)3种隔年交替轮耕处理和连续免耕(NT-NT)、连续深松(ST-ST)、连续翻耕(CT-CT)3种连耕处理及平衡施肥、低肥和常规施肥3种施肥处理,分析了0～40 cm土壤团聚体分布、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)及0～60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)含量.结果表明: 随着耕作强度的增加,土壤团聚体总含量减小,稳定性降低,有机碳损失增大;连续免耕和轮耕增大了土壤团聚体MWD和GMD,减小分形维数,增加了粒径大于0.25 mm团聚体(R_0.25)和SOC含量.在相同施肥处理下,团聚体R_0.25表现为NT-NT>NT-ST>NT-CT>ST-ST>CT-ST>CT-CT;在相同耕作方式下,平衡施肥和低肥处理下土壤团聚体比常规施肥更稳定.通过对土壤团聚体分形维数进行数学拟合,干筛法和湿筛法所测土壤团聚体的分形维数分别为2.247～2.681和2.897～2.976. 0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体分形维数均表现为连续免耕和轮耕显著低于连续翻耕(CT-CT),随土层加深分形维数增大,在40 cm处趋于稳定.施肥对不同土层有机碳含量的影响差异显著(P<0.05),随土层加深有机碳含量呈递减趋势,平衡施肥处理下有机碳积累量较常规施肥增加了6.9%.土壤有机碳含量随团聚体粒径的增大而增加,0.25～2 mm粒径土壤团聚体含量对有机碳积累的影响达到显著水平(P<0.01),确定系数R²为0.848.     

The role of calcium in buffering soils

Abstract. Calcium is the soluble cation that occurs in largest amount in most soils. It does not take part directly in the proton transfer reactions involved in pH-buffering, but it provides the cation charge balance for these reactions. It is also the complementary cation in formulations of chemical potential for many other ions in soils. The presence of free calcium carbonate in calcareous soils. The presence of free calcium carbonate in calcareous soils ensures a very high soil buffer capacity; d AB/ d pH ≃ 1000 Eq. m⁻³.
In acid mineral soils, dissolution and precipitation of aluminium ions contribute to the buffering processes, but most of the buffering in non-calcareous soils is caused by specific ion adsorption at variable-charge sites, in particular those associated with the dissociation of humus acids. Typical buffer capacity values of non-calcareous soils vary from 10 Eq. m⁻³ for sandy soils to 100 Eq. m⁻³ for peats. The pH changes associated with buffering are produced by leaching of calcium from soil, or by adding calcium to soil in liming materials.     

Characterization of soil organic matter from a sandy soil in relation to management practice using FT-IR spectroscopy

Previous results from differently fertilized long-term field experiments on a sandy soil suggested that the chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) is affected by fertilization. The objective of this paper is to confirm this finding for a site with higher soil-clay contents. Four combinations of different fertilizer treatments at long-term field experiment located at a sandy loam were selected: liquid manure (LM), liquid manure+N (LM+N), straw+N (S+N) and mineral nitrogen only (N). Soil organic matter was extracted using sodium pyrophosphate solution at pH of 10 and hot water. The extracts were analyzed using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the composition of SOM from the hot water extracts did not show significant differences while the sodium pyrophosphate extracted SOM is affected by the type of fertilization. Soil samples fertilized with LM+N and S+N show the highest intensity of the carboxyl band. This can be explained by the fact that the combination of S+N fertilization with green manure leads to an enrichment of carboxyl groups in SOM. Differences between the band intensities of the treatments for the SOM samples are, however, not as distinct as for the sandy soil samples. This is possibly a result of the higher clay content and lower age of the long-term experiment at the sandy loam site. The intensity of the carboxyl band of the SOM is correlated with the cation exchange capacity of the soil samples. The composition of SOM may, in addition to the SOM content, be used for studying quantitative effects of different management practices or even land use changes on soil properties. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

气候、植被及土壤因素交互作用对宁夏土壤有机碳的影响机制

基于宁夏全区121个土壤剖面样点,研究不同深度(0—30、30—80、80—120cm)土壤有机碳的空间分布特征,通过相关性、方差分解和构建结构方程模型,分析气候、植被和土壤因素对宁夏不同深度土壤有机碳的影响及其作用途径。结果表明：(1)宁夏不同深度土壤有机碳含量均呈现中间低南北高的空间分布趋势,0—120cm剖面土壤有机碳含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低,土壤有机碳含量均值为5.49g/kg,变异系数达90.71%,含量偏低且空间异质性强。(2)各土层土壤有机碳与年均气温、干燥度、碳酸钙、pH均呈现极显著的负相关性(P<0.01),与年均降水量、相对湿度、植被净初级生产力、全氮、全磷、全钾、钙离子、阳离子交换量、粘粒含量均呈现极显著的正相关性(P<0.01)。(3)各因素对不同土层土壤有机碳的作用方式和影响程度有差异。土壤全氮、全磷、碳酸钙、阳离子交换量均能直接影响土壤有机碳,年均气温和植被净初级生产力对土壤有机碳的直接影响效应不显著,主要通过土壤属性间接影响土壤有机碳含量。随着土层深度的增加,气候和植被因素作用明显减弱,土壤因素作用增强并成为主要影响因素。该结果有助于宁夏土...     

硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸性和盐基离子动态变化的影响

南方稻田土壤大面积酸化是水稻生产的主要限制因子.尽管石灰作为酸化土壤调理剂已广泛应用,但大量或长期施用石灰不仅会引起土壤板结,而且会导致土壤钙、钾、镁等元素的平衡失调.硅钙钾镁肥由于溶解度更低、养分全面是良好的替代材料.为了明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,本研究采用连续4年的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥为对照,分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875 kg·hm^-2硅钙钾镁肥下稻田土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子和有效硅的动态变化.结果表明: 农民习惯施肥导致土壤pH、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度逐年下降,土壤交换性酸逐年增加.与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥处理显著提高了土壤pH值,提高幅度随硅钙钾镁肥施用次数或用量的增加而增大.连续多次施用硅钙钾镁肥有效促进了盐基离子在土壤中的累积和土壤交换酸的消耗,特别是土壤交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的累积和土壤交换性Al³⁺的消耗,硅钙钾镁肥用量越大,积累或消耗的量越多,但速率相对越慢.土壤交换性酸消耗量中,硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基离子和相应碱贡献了108.8%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径.硅钙钾镁肥在改良稻田土壤酸性的同时,土壤有效硅含量逐年增加,增幅随硅钙钾镁肥施用量的增加而显著增大.总之,农民习惯施肥导致土壤持续酸化,酸化率为2.86 kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1,硅钙钾镁肥能有效阻控酸化过程,产生了大量碱(9.69~18.44 kmol OH^-·hm^-2·a^-1),释放的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺盐基离子和相应碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用因子.     

长期不同施肥模式对双季稻田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对稻田不同耕层(0～10和10～20 cm)土壤酸解有机氮组分及其含量的影响,本研究以长期(36年)定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了单独施用化肥(CF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和不施肥对照(CK)下双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮及其组分氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮、铵态氮和酸解未知氮含量的变化特征及其与土壤全氮、有机碳含量的关系。结果表明: 与CK相比,OM和RF处理均显著增加了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量。OM、RF和CF处理双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量均显著高于CK,分别比CK增加10.7%～42.6%和12.2%～51.5%。与CF和CK相比,OM和RF处理显著提高了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、酸解未知氮和氨基糖氮含量。不同施肥处理稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮和非酸解性氮含量大小顺序均表现为OM>RF>CF>CK。各施肥处理稻田0～10 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、氨基糖氮和非酸解性氮含量均高于10～20 cm土壤。土壤酸解有机氮含量与土壤全氮、有机碳含量均存在极显著的正相关关系。综上,RF和OM处理有利于增加双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤有机氮含量,增强稻田土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力。     

Feeding inhibition and mortality in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) after exposure to imidacloprid-treated soils

Feeding inhibition and mortality of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) exposed to sand, sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils treated with several concentrations of imidacloprid were studied using bioassay techniques under laboratory conditions. Termite workers stopped feeding after exposure to treated soils. Differences in feeding reduction varied among the soil types. Based on the magnitude of the F-statistics, the effect of imidacloprid on the reduction of termite feeding was greatest in sand followed by sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils. Soil properties such as organic matter content, silt and clay proportions, pH, and cation exchange capacity were suggested to affect the bioavailability of imidacloprid. Similar soil effects on mortality were observed in termites continuously exposed to treated soil for 21 d. In three of four soils tested, susceptibility to imidacloprid was not affected by the source of the termites tested.     

Effects of tree clumps on soil characteristics in a humid savanna of West Africa (Lamto,Côte d'Ivoire)

The effect of tree clumps on soil characteristics was investigated in a humid savanna (Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire). Soil texture and field capacity were not significantly different under tree clumps compared to open grassland. On the other hand, bulk density was lower under tree clumps, likely due to a greater soil fauna activity under the trees. The pH, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, total carbon and total nitrogen contents were higher under tree clumps due to greater organic matter input beneath canopies. Potential soil respiration and mineral nitrogen accumulation were also enhanced, indicating a higher potential microbial activity under tree clumps. Soil water content was slightly lower beneath canopies (from July to November only between 0 and 10 cm depth) when soil moisture was above field capacity. During the other months, no significant difference was measured.     

Effect of cropping systems on soil chemical characteristics,with emphasis on soil acidification*

The soil under intensive cultivation and low addition of crop residues is exposed to erosion and reduction of organic matter. Increases in soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and nutrient availability may occur in no-till systems with legumes and with large additions of organic residues. Nevertheless, some legumes may increase soil acidification through the carbon and nitrogen cycles. An experiment was carried out over 10 years, with 10 cropping systems on a Dark Red Podzolic soil (Paleudult) to evaluate the effect of no-till cropping systems on soil chemical characteristics. Legume cropping systems resulted in the greatest soil organic C gain and the highest ECEC to a depth of 17.5 cm. The increase was greatest at 0 - 2.5 cm layer. Clover systems resulted in the highest soil acidification at 2.5 - 7.5 and 7.5 - 17.5 cm depths. The rate of soil pH decrease at 2.5 - 7.5 cm depth under clover+ t Spergula/maize system was 0.1 unit year^-1. Differences in soil acidification affected soil ECEC. Soil exchangeable cation data indicate that nitrate leaching increased soil acidification. Maize yields were greatest in legume systems due to increased N supply.     

The effect of traces of beryllium on the growth of kale,grass, and mustard

Summary The effects of varying concentrations of beryllium on the growth of kale, grass and mustard in soil and in nutrient culture are reported. One to two ppm of dissolved Be was toxic in cultures and in acid soils but not in soils containing free calcium carbonate. A soluble beryllium salt significantly increased growth of crops in a calcareous soil but was persistently toxic for an acid sandy loam.