水稻分蘖期和孕穗期根际反硝化菌群落结构及功能变化

通过水稻盆栽试验,分别于水稻分蘖期和孕穗期采集根际与非根际土壤,利用末端限制性片段长度多态技术(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术探究水稻生长对根际反硝化作用和反硝化微生物的影响.结果表明: 分蘖期根际土壤的反硝化势显著低于非根际土壤,而孕穗期根际与非根际土壤的反硝化势没有显著性差异.但分蘖期和孕穗期根际土壤中含narG和nosZ基因的微生物数量均显著高于非根际土壤,其中含nosZ基因的反硝化微生物的群落组成结构和多样性对根际环境响应更敏感.说明虽然水稻根系生长会刺激反硝化微生物的生长繁殖,但抑制了根际土壤中一些反硝化微生物的活性,从而降低了根际土壤的反硝化潜势.     

崇明岛不同土地利用类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性特征

以崇明岛河岸带为研究对象,采用乙炔抑制法,研究了不同土地利用类型河岸带(农田河岸带、林地河岸带、草地河岸带)土壤反硝化酶活性及其影响因素.结果表明：河岸带反硝化酶活性在(0.69±0.11)～(134.93±33.72) μg N·kg^-1·h^-1,不同土地类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性存在明显差异,整体趋势为林地河岸带>农田河岸带>草地河岸带.河岸带表层土壤(0～10 cm)反硝化酶活性与其他土层(10～30、30～50和50～70 cm)呈显著差异(P<0.05).反硝化酶活性与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土地利用类型的变化主要通过改变河岸带土壤自然结构和理化性质、降低土壤有机质的积累、影响土壤氮素的转化,从而抑制河岸带土壤反硝化作用的发生.     

混交对亚热带针叶树根际土壤氮矿化和微生物特性的影响

混交阔叶树是退化红壤区针叶林改造的重要措施之一，土壤养分供应和转化是评价混交效应的重要参数，但混交后针叶树根际土壤氮矿化特征及其影响因素还不清楚。选取退化红壤区马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）纯林、湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelmann）纯林及其补植木荷（Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.）形成的马-木混交林和湿-木混交林为研究对象，采集4种林分下针叶树根际土壤，测定速效养分含量、氮矿化速率、氮水解酶活性和微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量，探究混交对针叶树根际土壤氮供应及微生物特性的影响，分析土壤氮矿化和微生物特性间的相关性。结果表明：混交显著增加了针叶树根际土壤铵态氮，矿质氮和有效磷含量，而对硝态氮影响不显著。根际土壤氮矿化以硝化作用为主，混交后针叶树根际土壤氨化速率降低了27.0%，硝化速率增加了55.4%，而最终净氮矿化速率增加了24.1%。两个树种间，马尾松根际土壤矿质氮含量和净氮矿化速率显著高于湿地松。针叶树根际土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌，总微生物生物量及真菌/细菌比在混交后显著增加，且马尾松根际土壤总微生物和真菌生物量分别比湿地松高18.9%和27.0%。同时，针叶树根际土壤β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性在混交后显著增强，且根际土壤硝化速率和净氮矿化速率与微生物指标和酶活性正相关。总的来说，混交阔叶树显著提高了针叶树根际土壤氮供应，以此应对阔叶树混交后带来的养分竞争压力，而马尾松倾向于积极性的应对策略，通过增加土壤氮矿化以适应外界环境改变。     

落叶松人工林施肥对土壤酶和微生物的影响

以落叶松(Larix gmelinii)二代1年、一代14年和34年人工林为研究对象,对林地进行了不同施肥实验处理．结果表明,施肥能不同程度地促进或抑制土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,尤其是对根际土壤生理活性影响效果更为明显．相同处理对不同发育阶段土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响效果不同．二代1年生幼林地最佳施肥方案是处理9,其土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、微生物总量、细菌数量、放线菌数量和真菌数量分别比对照提高413.49％、22．10％、20．56％、220．00％、49．46％、238．88％、247．24％、106．70％和366．67％;一代34年生最佳施肥方案是处理5。根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性、微生物总量、细菌数量、真菌数量分别比对照提高30．44％、16．91％、0．22％、43．06％、124．18％、119．92％、87．66％、17．57％、24．55％、77．01％、168．62％、251．85％、183.33％、250．0％、38．24％和128．57％;一代14年生幼龄林需要适量的氮肥和有机无机混合肥,较理想的施肥方案为处理2和处理9,处理2根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性分别比对照提高44．39％、94．83％、4．62％、13.98％、10．70％和129．76％．处理9根际与非根际土壤微生物总量、细菌数量、真菌数量分别比对照增加176．49％、266．63％、198．04％、275．56％、66.67％和143．75％．     

我国南方红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征研究Ⅰ对土壤微生物活性的影响

通过对浙江哩浦铜矿废弃地土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及生化作用强度研究表明,与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤微生物总数下降68．43％～80．32％,细菌、放线菌数量减少,但真菌变化不明显,各主要生理类群硝化细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量均呈下降趋势,土壤基础呼吸速率下降;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶酶活性均有不同程度减弱;土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用和纤维素分解强度降低,抑制了矿区土壤C、N的周转速率和能量循环,土壤微生物活性减弱是矿区复垦土壤微生物生态的重要特征之一。     

嫁接对铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物特性和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了嫁接（以黑籽南瓜为砧木）对铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物生物量、微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和微生物生物量氮（MBN）含量显著下降,基础呼吸和代谢熵显著上升,但嫁接黄瓜根际土壤MBC和MBN含量显著高于自根黄瓜,而基础呼吸和代谢熵则显著低于自根黄瓜.铜胁迫下,根际土壤放线菌和自生固氮菌的数量显著下降,真菌数量显著上升,而细菌数量变化不显著;嫁接黄瓜根系土壤细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌的数量显著高于自根黄瓜,而真菌数量显著低于自根黄瓜.嫁接黄瓜根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性在铜胁迫下显著高于自根黄瓜.试验结果证明嫁接使铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物环境和酶活性得到了改善和提高,从而提高了黄瓜植株对铜胁迫的抵抗力.     

荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成对柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是荒漠草原区主要的造林绿化树种,研究其根际土壤微生物和酶活性与不同土壤类型土壤粒径组成的关系有重要意义,然而土壤粒径对荒漠草原柠条根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响知之甚少,探讨土壤颗粒组分与微生物数量、土壤酶活性之间的关系,以及土壤颗粒组成对荒漠草原区固沙灌木植物柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,可为揭示荒漠草原土壤退化及生态修复提供参考。以宁夏荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成差异显著的灰钙土、红黏土、风沙土环境下栽植的柠条为研究对象,研究不同土壤颗粒组成对根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的相互关系与影响。结果表明:土壤微生物的数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌。根际土壤中的细菌、真菌数量显著高于非根际,且在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂粒的增多,真菌和放线菌数量逐渐降低,而细菌数量呈先增大后减小的趋势;根际与非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出灰钙土红黏土风沙土的趋势,红黏土根际土壤中的脲酶活性显著高于灰钙土与风沙土;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性表现为根际高于非根际,在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂含量的增加,土壤酶活性均呈递减趋势。土壤颗粒组成与微生物数量之间没有明显的相关性,而与土壤酶活性之间显著相关,土壤酶活性与黏粒、粉粒呈正相关,与细砂、中砂呈负相关关系,根际土壤中酶活性更高,能够为植物及微生物提供更多的营养。     

异丙甲草胺对芹菜根际与非根际生物活性的影响

通过根际袋法土培试验,研究了异丙甲草胺对芹菜根际与非根际土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量的影响以及异丙甲草胺在根际与非根际土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,异丙甲草胺对土壤过氧化氢酶活性有一定的抑制作用,对土壤脱氢酶活性有激活作用.一般情况下根际土壤酶活性均要大于非根际土壤.异丙甲草胺作用45 d后,芹菜根际土壤细菌、真菌数量大于非根际土壤,根际效应R/S在1.76～2.51之间;异丙甲草胺对土壤放线菌数量影响不大,根际效应不明显.异丙甲草胺在根际土壤与非根际土壤中的降解速率分别为0.0217和0.0176,相应的半衰期分别为31.9和39.4 d.在根际土壤中异丙甲草胺更易降解.     

溴甲烷熏蒸对土壤反硝化作用及nosZ型反硝化微生物群落结构的影响

【目的】探究溴甲烷熏蒸对土壤反硝化作用的影响及机制。【方法】本研究采用nos Z-PCR-RFLP(Restriction fragment length polymorphism)方法、nos Z-MPN-PCR(Most-Probable-Number-PCR)计数法和土壤硝酸根的消灭率方法研究溴甲烷熏蒸对土壤nos Z型反硝化细菌群落结构、数量及反硝化活性的影响。【结果】实验结果说明溴甲烷熏蒸剂熏蒸土壤100 d土壤的反硝化作用与对照无显著差异(P>0.05)。溴甲烷熏蒸土壤和对照土样nos Z型反硝化细菌群落的Margalef指数,Shannon-Wiener和Evenness指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。溴甲烷熏蒸土壤和对照土壤中存在Uncultured bacterium partial rhodopsendomonas、pseudomonas fluorescens、Herbacspirillum、Mesorhizobium和Bradyrhizobium,并且此6种微生物均是试验土样和对照土样的优势种群;对照土壤中检测到Azospirillum、Rhizobium melibei和Nitrosospira multiformis,在溴甲烷熏蒸土壤中未检测到;而溴甲烷熏蒸土壤中检测到Uncultured Azospirillum,Mesorhizobium在对照土壤中未检测到。通过nos Z-MPN-PCR计数法得出反硝化细菌数量比对照低1.4倍。【结论】说明溴甲烷熏蒸100d土壤的nos Z型反硝化微生物群落组成和反硝化细菌数量发生变化,而土壤的反硝化作用与对照无显著差异。     

四年O3熏气对小麦根际土壤氮素微生物转化的影响

采用开顶箱（open top chambers,OTC） 法设置3个臭氧浓度梯度,连续4a对小麦生长季土壤进行臭氧增加试验。测定小麦拔节、孕穗、抽穗、灌浆和成熟期的根际土壤微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌、反硝化细菌数量以及硝化和反硝化强度。结果显示微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量和硝化强度随小麦生育进程的推进,呈先升高后降低的趋势,4a变化趋势相同。O₃胁迫下,小麦根际微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量、硝化强度亦降低,与对照比较,均达显著水平（P < 0.05）;随O₃作用年限增加,抑制效应越强,第4年 O₃对其的抑制率显著高于第1年的抑制率。反硝化细菌数量在前期没有显著变化,成熟期则增加两个数量级,O₃显著促进成熟期反硝化细菌数量增加。4a试验有相同的变化趋势。在较短时间里O₃对土壤反硝化强度没有显著影响,而作用3个生长季后,反硝化强度显著升高。结果说明,O₃浓度升高降低了麦田土壤微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量和硝化强度,并有一定的积累效应。O₃剂量和作用时间的累积量达到一定阈值,显著增加土壤反硝化细菌数量和反硝化强度,增加麦田土壤N₂O排放的风险。土壤氮素微生物转化受小麦生长发育状况和O₃剂量、作用时间的共同影响,不同形态的氮素对O₃的敏感阈值不同,响应的时间和变化的范围有差异。     

Impacts of Saltwater Incursion on Plant Communities,Anaerobic Microbial Metabolism,and Resulting Relationships in a Restored Freshwater Wetland

Saltwater incursion carries high concentrations of sea salts, including sulfate, which can alter anaerobic microbial processes and plant community composition of coastal freshwater marshes. We studied these phenomena in a recently restored wetland on the coastal plain of North Carolina. We measured water inundation patterns, porewater chemistry, microbial process rates, plant tissue chemistry and iron plaque on plant roots, and quantified plant community composition across a hydrologic and salinity gradient to understand the potential interactions between saltwater incursion and changes in microbial processes and plant communities. Plant communities showed no obvious response to incursion, but were structured by inundation patterns and plant growth form (for example, graminoid versus forb). Saltwater incursion increased chloride and sulfate concentrations in surface and porewater, and drove resulting spatial patterns in anaerobic microbial metabolism rates. Plots experiencing saltwater incursion had higher sulfate reduction rates and were dominated by graminoid plant species (for example, sedges, rushes, and grasses). Graminoid plant species’ roots had greater iron plaque formation than forb and submerged species, indicative that graminoid plant species are supplying more oxygen to the rhizosphere, potentially influencing microbial metabolism. Future studies should focus on how plant and microbial communities may respond to saltwater incursion at different time scales, and on parsing out the influence that plants and microbes have on each other as freshwater wetlands experience sea level rise.     

Plant--rhizosphere-microflora association during phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soil

The capability of plants to promote the microbial degradation of pollutants in rhizosphere soil is a principal mechanism of phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soil. The formation of a specific rhizosphere microbocenosis with a high degradative potential toward contaminants is largely determined by plant species. The comparative PAH-degradation in unplanted soil and in soil planted with reed (Phragmites australis) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was studied in pot experiments during 2 years. Both alfalfa and reed successfully remediated contaminated soil by degrading 74.5 and 68.7% of PAHs, respectively. The study of the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and unplanted-soil microflora in experimental pots showed that alfalfa stimulated the rhizosphere microflora of PAH-contaminated soil more effectively than did reed. Alfalfa clearly enhanced both the total number of microorganisms (1.3 times, according to fluorescence microscopy data) and the rate of the PAH-degrading population (almost seven times, according to plate counting). The degradative potential of its rhizosphere microflora toward PAHs was higher than the degradative activity of the reed rhizosphere. This study provides relevant information for the successful application of alfalfa to phytoremediate PAH-contaminated soil.     

Persistence of Denitrifying Enzyme Activity in Dried Soils

The effects of air drying soil on denitrifying enzyme activity, denitrifier numbers, and rates of N gas loss from soil cores were measured. Only 29 and 16% of the initial denitrifying enzyme activity in fresh, near field capacity samples of Maury and Donerail soils, respectively, were lost after 7 days of air drying. The denitrifying activity of bacteria added to soil and activity recently formed in situ were not stable during drying. When dried and moist soil cores were irrigated, evolution of N gas began, and it maximized sooner in the dried cores. This suggests that the persistence of denitrifying enzymes permits accelerated denitrification when dried soils are remoistened. Enzyme activity increased significantly in these waterlogged cores, but fluctuations in enzyme activity were small compared with fluctuations in actual denitrification rate, and enzyme activities were always greater than denitrification rates. Apparent numbers of isolatable denitrifiers (most-probable-number counts) decreased more than enzyme activity as the soils were dried, but after the soils were rewetted, the extent of apparent growth was not consistently related to the magnitude of N loss. We hypothesize that activation-inactivation of existing enzymes by soil O₂ is of greater significance in transient denitrification events than is growth of denitrifiers or synthesis of new enzymes.     

Woody Vegetation Removal Stimulates Riparian and Benthic Denitrification in Tallgrass Prairie

Expansion of woody vegetation into areas that were historically grass-dominated is a significant contemporary threat to grasslands, including native tallgrass prairie ecosystems of the Midwestern United States. In tallgrass prairie, much of this woody expansion is concentrated in riparian zones with potential impacts on biogeochemical processes there. Although the effects of woody riparian vegetation on denitrification in both riparian soils and streams have been well studied in naturally wooded ecosystems, less is known about the impacts of woody vegetation encroachment in ecosystems that were historically dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Here, we analyze the effect of afforestation and subsequent woody plant removal on riparian and benthic denitrification. Denitrification rates in riparian soil and selected benthic compartments were measured seasonally in naturally grass-dominated riparian zones, woody encroached riparian zones, and riparian zones with woody vegetation removed in two separate watersheds. Riparian soil denitrification was highly seasonal, with the greatest rates in early spring. Benthic denitrification also exhibited high temporal variability, but no seasonality. Soil denitrification rates were greatest in riparian zones where woody vegetation was removed. Additionally, concentrations of nitrate, carbon, and soil moisture (indicative of potential anoxia) were greatest in wood removal soils. Differences in the presence and abundance of benthic compartments reflected riparian vegetation, and may have indirectly affected denitrification in streams. Riparian soil denitrification increased with soil water content and NO₃ ^?. Management of tallgrass prairies that includes removal of woody vegetation encroaching on riparian areas may alter biogeochemical cycling by increasing nitrogen removed via denitrification while the restored riparian zones return to a natural grass-dominated state.     

Efficiency of alfalfa and reed in the phytoremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil

The efficacy of plants as means of decontaminating hydrocarbon-polluted soil has been studied. Ditch reed (Phragmites australis) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) markedly intensified processes of pollutant destruction, the effect being particularly pronounced in the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Comparative analysis of microflora in soils (including those devoid of plants and rhizosphere) demonstrated that, in addition to preventing the pollutant-induced decrease in the amount of heterotrophic microorganisms, the plants stimulated their development, significantly increasing the population of destructors. Effects of plants on major physiological groups of soil microorganisms under conditions of pollution were ambiguous. The rhizosphere consortium of alfalfa was less susceptible to effects of pollutants than that of reed.     

Denitrification Potential, Root Biomass, and Organic Matter in Degraded and Restored Urban Riparian Zones

Hydrologic changes associated with urbanization often lead to lower water tables and drier, more aerobic soils in riparian zones. These changes reduce the potential for denitrification, an anaerobic microbial process that converts nitrate, a common water pollutant, into nitrogen gas. In addition to oxygen, denitrification is controlled by soil organic matter and nitrate. Geomorphic stream restorations are common in urban areas, but their effects on riparian soil conditions and denitrification have not been evaluated. We measured root biomass, soil organic matter, and denitrification potential (anaerobic slurry assay) at four depths in duplicate degraded, restored, and reference riparian zones in the Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., metropolitan area. There were three main findings in this study. First, although reference sites were wet and had high soil organic matter, they had low levels of nitrate relative to degraded and restored sites and therefore there were few differences in denitrification potential among sites. Evaluations of riparian restorations that have nitrate removal by denitrification as a goal should consider the complex controls of this process and how they vary between sites. Second, all variables declined markedly with depth in the soil. Restorations that increase riparian water tables will thus foster interaction of groundwater nitrate with near-surface soils with higher denitrification potential. Third, we observed strong positive relationships between root biomass and soil organic matter and between soil organic matter and denitrification potential, which suggest that establishment of deep-rooted vegetation may be particularly important for increasing the depth of the active denitrification zone in restored riparian zones.     

Rhizosphere microflora of plants used for the phytoremediation of bitumen-contaminated soil

The microbial communities and their degradative potential in rhizospheres of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and reed (Phragmites australis) and in unplanted soil in response to bitumen contamination of soil were studied in pot experiments. According to the results of fluorescence microscopy, over a period of 27 months, bitumen contamination of soil reduced the total number of microorganisms more significantly (by 75%) in unplanted than in rhizosphere soil (by 42% and 7% for reed and alfalfa, respectively) and had various effects on some important physiological groups of microorganisms such as actinomycetes as well as nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying, denitrifying, ammonifying, phosphate-solubilizing, sulphur-oxidizing, cellulolytic and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. The changes in the physiological structure of the microbial community under bitumen contamination were found to hinge on not merely the presence of plants but also their type. It was noted that the rhizosphere microflora of alfalfa was less inhibited by hydrocarbon pollution and had a higher degradative potential than the rhizosphere microflora of reed.     

Respiration and microflora of the rhizosphere soil of wheat influenced by foliar application of urea

The numbers of micromycetes and bacteria were investigated with respect to oxygen consumption in the rhizosphere soil of wheat and in non-rhizosphere soil. Plants after foliar application of urea (2 % solution) and non-treated plants were cultivated in degraded chernozem and garden soil in a green-house. Changes in oxygen consumption by the suspensions of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils corresponded to changes in the number of bacteria designated as the rhizosphere effect (R/S). Values of R/S depended on the presence of organic substrates. Changes in oxygen consumption by the soil suspension from the rhizosphere of wheat occurring due to foliar application of urea corresponded to changes in the amount of microflora. The results obtained are discussed with respect to a possible utilization of the data to follow metabolic activity of soils in a natural environment (in situ) determined according to oxygen consumption by a soil suspension, and to assess changes in the microflora of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil.     

Spatial Heterogeneity of Denitrification in Semi-Arid Floodplains

Riparian ecosystems are recognized as sinks for inorganic nitrogen (N). Denitrification, a heterotrophic microbial process, often accounts for a significant fraction of the N removed. Characteristics of both riparian soils and hydrologic vectors may constrain the locations where denitrification can occur within riparian ecosystems by influencing the distribution of substrates, water, and suitable redox conditions. We employed spatially explicit methods to quantify heterogeneity of soil characteristics and potential rate of denitrification in semi-arid riparian ecosystems. These results allow us to evaluate the relative contributions of hydrologic vectors (water courses that convey materials) and soil resources (materials required by biota) to spatial heterogeneity of denitrification. During dry and monsoon seasons we contrasted a mesic site, characterized by shallow groundwater and annual inundation by floods, with a xeric site that is inundated less often and has a deeper water table. Potential denitrification was detected throughout the mesic floodplain and the average rate of denitrification was greater at the mesic site than at the xeric site, indicating the influence of water availability on denitrification. At the xeric reach, sharp declines in pools of soil resources and rate of denitrification occurred away from the stream, demonstrating the importance of the stream in determining spatial patterns. Using geographically weighted regression analysis, we determined that soil organic matter and soil nitrate were significant predictors of denitrification at the xeric site, but that factors influencing denitrification varied spatially. Spatial heterogeneity of carbon (C) and N substrates in soils likely influenced spatial patterns of denitrification, but distribution of C and N substrates was ultimately organized by hydrologic vectors. Droughts will increase the abundance of reaches with hydrogeomorphic templates similar to the xeric reach studied here. Consequences of such a transition may include a reduced rate of denitrification and patchy distribution of denitrification in floodplain soils, which will decrease the contribution of riparian ecosystems to N removal. TKH designed and completed the study and wrote the paper; EAW contributed methods and edited the paper; NBG designed the study and edited the paper.