红火蚁对荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性及稳定性的影响

对红火蚁发生区和对照区荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性的研究表明:红火蚁发生区的荔枝园树冠、地面植被、地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物群落的物种数和个体数都较对照区出现了明显的下降,群落结构特征也发生了明显的变化,群落及各亚群落的物种多样性﹑物种丰富度减小,优势度﹑优势集中性上升,群落由稳定走向波动,群落可侵入性进一步增强。在荔枝树冠,受红火蚁捕食或其它作用影响而明显减少的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目幼虫,天敌主要包括广斧螳Hierodulapatellifera(Serville)、锥盾菱猎蝽Isyndus reticulatesSt、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tieder、平腹小蜂Anastatus japonicus、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopessertatus(L.Koch)及白条锯足蛛Runciniaal bostriata Boes.et Str.等。在地面植被上,受红火蚁影响的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目夜蛾科的幼虫,天敌种类主要包括中华大刀螳Tenodera aridifolia sinensis、丽眼斑螳Creobroter gemmata(Stoll)、中华草蛉Chrysopasinica Tieder、线纹猫蛛Oxyope slineatipes(L.Koch)及草皮逍遥蛛Philodromus cespitum(Walckenaer)等。但值得注意的是,在红火蚁轻度发生区,地面植被上的四斑月瓢虫Chilomenes quadriplaglata Swartz和六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius的种群数量却出现增加。在荔枝园地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物中,以步甲﹑隐翅甲等作为生物指示物反映环境条件变化的物种受影响下降明显。但在红火蚁轻度发生区,一些种类(如独角仙Xylotrupes gideon L幼虫)与红火蚁存在互利共生的关系,其数量非但没有减少,反而有所增加,这在一定程度上增加了对荔枝园有害生物防治的难度。相关分析的研究表明,红火蚁种群数量与荔枝园无脊椎动物群落各特征指数存在一定的相关关系,其中与重度发生区地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落各特征指数高度相关。红火蚁发生区无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分分析表明,影响荔枝园树冠和地面植被无脊椎动物群落多样性的主要成分都是优势集中性,而影响荔枝园地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分却是均匀度。     

红火蚁入侵对人为干扰区蚂蚁群落结构及多样性的影响

【目的】研究红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren入侵人为干扰区域后对本地蚂蚁群落建立及物种多样性的影响,为有效控制红火蚁进一步扩散蔓延提供科学依据。【方法】以广州市花都区花东镇保良村安置区为典型案例,调查研究了安置区外围(非人为干扰区)、安置区(人为干扰区)内的楼房区、草坪绿化地、荒地3种生境的蚂蚁种类和数量,分析其群落结构及多样性指数。【结果】(1)安置区外围诱集到25种蚂蚁,以黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius、褐大头蚁Pheidole megacephala Fabricius为优势种,而在安置内仅诱集到13种,红火蚁占绝对优势;红火蚁入侵定殖显著降低了安置区内蚂蚁种群的多样性、均匀度和丰富度,而优势度及优势集中性指数却显著升高,其对安置区外围的农业生态系统影响较小。(2)安置区内草坪绿化地、荒地生境中红火蚁的比例占90%以上,而在楼房区中红火蚁的比例仅为29.11%;红火蚁在草坪绿化地、荒地的优势种占绝对优势,其优势度指数、优势集中性指数与楼房区差异极显著;在安置区内,红火蚁在人类极少活动的荒地发生较重,偶尔活动的草坪区发生次之,经常活动的楼房区极少发生。【结论】入侵红火蚁与本地蚂蚁在人为干扰区共同定殖时,红火蚁入侵显著降低了人为干扰区内的蚂蚁群落多样性,但其红火蚁的发生程度与人类日常活动呈反比。     

山东青州玉米田蜘蛛群落结构及动态

青州地区玉米田蜘蛛群落结构和组成有13科,21属、30种,其中微蛛科的草间小黑蛛(Erigonidium graminicola)和狼蛛科的星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)为优势种。空间优势位于玉米植株的中、下部,8月下旬蛛量达到最高峰。间作田蜘蛛群落的种类丰富度、个体数量和多样性指数及均匀度等参数均高于净玉米田。用药田的蜘蛛种类和数量明显低于非用药田。并且间作田用药后蜘蛛群落的恢复速度快,所以,间作田蜘蛛群落稳定性强。     

岫岩地区大豆田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及优势种群动态分析

为了研究农田地表蜘蛛的边缘效应及优势种群动态特征,本文采用陷阱法对辽宁省岫岩地区大豆田地表蜘蛛进行了系统的调查和分析。共采集成熟蜘蛛3312头,属于11科23属38种。其中狼蛛科和皿蛛科为优势科,白纹舞蛛、晨豹蛛、赫氏豹蛛、草间钻头蛛、锯胸微蛛为优势种。清种大豆田边缘样带与内部样带的蜘蛛物种数和优势种均存在差异。多样性分析的结果表明,从大豆田边缘到内部,地表蜘蛛的物种数量、丰富度指数D、多样性指数H'有逐渐降低的趋势,说明大豆田地表蜘蛛存在着明显的边缘效应。群落相似性分析的结果也证明了边缘效应的存在。大豆与玉米间作可以显著提高地表蜘蛛的均匀度指数,对蜘蛛多样性和丰度的影响很小。通过优势种的动态分析发现,地表蜘蛛优势种的时间动态变化明显。     

红火蚁入侵对广东多种生境中蚂蚁类群的影响

采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法研究了深圳红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁的类群多样性和相似性.结果表明:草坪和荒草地红火蚁发生区域的蚂蚁物种数明显减少,且草坪中蚂蚁种类减少的程度(6种)大于荒草地 (3种).红火蚁入侵后荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的蚂蚁优势种发生了明显改变,红火蚁替代了原来的优势蚂蚁种类,在数量上占据了主导地位,在荒草地和草坪这种优势种的改变更为明显.对蚂蚁类群指数的分析表明:红火蚁入侵荒草地和草坪后蚂蚁类群的多样性、均匀度降低,优势度明显增大;而荔枝园中蚂蚁类群多样性指数、均匀度指数均增大,优势度指数降低.荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁类群相似性系数不同,分别为0.6316、0.5882和0.2941.     

广西红树林蜘蛛群落研究

广西红树林区及其近邻非红树林生境共采集到蜘蛛８２种,隶属于１３科４９属,其中红树林区有１３科３２属５５种。红树林区以园蛛科、非红树林区以猫蛛科和狼蛛科种类所占比例较高。角腹艾蛛是红树林区的优势种。物种多样性和丰富度红树林区比非红树林区高。     

花和田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛４１种,隶属于１２科、２７属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为６０．９１～８６．２１％,秋药生田为５０．４０～９０．３６％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、珠蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生男的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉蜗蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球     

红火蚁入侵草坪过程中蚂蚁类群变动趋势

观察研究了红火蚁入侵草坪之后蚂蚁群落结构的变动趋势。对各处理区在不同时期的蚂蚁优势种进行了分析,结果表明,与对照区相比红火蚁入侵后各处理区的蚂蚁优势种发生了明显改变,红火蚁替代了原来的优势蚂蚁种类,并在数量上占主导地位,而且各处理区的蚂蚁类群多样性、均匀度降低,优势度明显增大。通过分析红火蚁入侵过程中各处理区的蚂蚁类群相似性,表明轻度发生区与对照区的蚂蚁类群相似性系数q一直处在0.25-0.50之间,为中等不相似;中度发生区与对照区的蚂蚁类群相似性系数q一直处在0.075-0.444之间,为中等不相似或极不相似;重度发生区与对照区的蚂蚁类群相似性系数q一直处在0.0-0.222之间,为极不相似,这也说明了不同的红火蚁危害程度对本地蚂蚁类群结构的影响是不同的,红火蚁种群数量越大,对本地蚂蚁类群的影响也越大,排挤或取代它们所需要的时间也越短。     

红火蚁入侵对玉米植株上节肢动物群落的影响

在农业生态系统中,入侵性红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种贪婪的节肢动物捕食者,会不加区分地攻击害虫和有益昆虫。本文以玉米地作为研究生境,系统调查并探讨红火蚁入侵对玉米植株上节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,红火蚁入侵使得玉米地内节肢动物的种类下降了64.7%,而减少的种类主要隶属于半翅目、鳞翅目和双翅目,并且这种负面影响主要体现在玉米生长后期。随着玉米植株上红火蚁数量的增加,相应的节肢动物群落物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数减少,生态优势度指数增加。进一步通过系统聚类分析表明,红火蚁发生区玉米植株上节肢动物类群结构在时间序列上波动较大,其入侵已显著影响了生境内节肢动物群落。     

花生田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛41种,隶属于12科、27属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为60.91％～86.21％,秋花生田为50.40％～90.36％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、球蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生田的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉娲蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球蛛科是秋花生田的优势科、脉娲蛛、斜纹猫蛛和八斑鞘蛛为优势种。     

Prey classification by an araneophagic ant-like jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)

What to attack is one of the most basic decisions predators must make, and these decisions are reliant upon the predator's sensory and cognitive capacity. Active choice of spiders as preferred prey, or araneophagy, has evolved in several distantly related spider families, including jumping spiders (Salticidae), but has never been demonstrated in ant-like jumping spiders. We used prey-choice tests with motionless lures to investigate prey-choice behaviour in Myrmarachne melanotarsa , an East African ant-like salticid that normally lives in aggregations and often associates with other spider species. We show that M . melanotarsa chooses spiders as prey in preference to insects and, furthermore, discriminates between different types of spiders. Myrmarachne melanotarsa 's preferred prey were juvenile hersiliids and its second most preferred were other salticids. To date, all documented examples of araneophagic salticids have been from the basal subfamily Spartaeinae. Myrmarachne melanotarsa is the first non-spartaeine and also the first ant-like salticid for which araneophagy has been demonstrated.     

中国洞穴蜘蛛多样性及其对洞穴环境的适应

对中国洞穴蜘蛛的多样性、地理分布信息进行了详细的闸述.初步探讨了洞穴蜘蛛对洞穴环境的适应性特征及其进化机制.我国洞穴蜘蛛目前已知16科27属80种,其巾暗蛛科、弱蛛科、泰莱蛛科和巨蟹蛛科物种最多;在属级阶元上,以弱蛛属Leptoneta14种、泰莱蛛属Telema lO种、龙角蛛属Draamar如和巾遁蛛属Sinopoda各9种,宽隙蛛属Platocoelotes 8种居多.我国洞穴蜘蛛主要集中分布在贵卅、海南、云南、北京、浙江、广西等喀斯特洞穴较为密集地区,在河北、河南、湖北和湖南也有部分报道.在不同地区分布的洞穴蜘蛛类群或优势类群及区系成分等都存在较大差异.洞穴蜘蛛中约有20%～30%的种类凶为长期生活在黑暗无光、食物匮乏以及缺乏温度和光周期的季节调节等特殊环境,出现了一些地表生境蜘蛛类群中所没有的刘洞穴环境的适应性特征,如缺乏体色素、眼退化共至无眼、附肢延长、全身牛有很多具较敏锐触觉和嗅觉功能的感觉毛、繁殖无季节性、耗氧量降低而新陈代谢缓慢、代谢率降低、产牛的后代少、单个卵粒包含更多的营养等.     

贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区蜘蛛群落多样性分析

2008年5～10月,采用随机捕捉法、扫网法和扣管法相结合,对贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区内的灌丛、竹林、稻田等生境的蜘蛛群落结构进行了调查,共采集蜘蛛标本1937头,隶属于24科81属159种,其中以跳蛛科(38种)、园蛛科(29种)和球蛛科(23种)最多,占总量的56.6%。稻田内结网型蜘蛛数量明显少于竹林和灌丛,而游猎型蜘蛛数量则相对较多,群落稳定性较差;灌丛空间异质性大,蜘蛛数量大、种类丰富,群落稳定性强;竹林生境单一,但受人为干扰较小,地面相对干燥,结网型蜘蛛介于灌丛和稻田之间,游猎型蜘蛛则很少,但均匀度较高。3种生境蜘蛛群落结构为中等不相似,表明植被类型与蜘蛛群落结构密切相关。另外发现5～10月灌丛蜘蛛群落里肖蛸科的西里银鳞蛛Leucauge celebesiana处于优势种地位,具有较大的开发利用潜力。     

Spider Fauna of Jeju Island in Korea

A critical check list of the spiders in Jeju island, Korea is presented with review of published reports from 1936 to 2001 and identification of the authors' specimens collected from 1964 to 2001. Total 166 genera 347 species belonging to 36 families of spiders was classified in Jeju Island. The species composition of spiders in Jeju island comprises about 52% of total number of Korean spider species. Dominant spider families with species abundance were Araneidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Lycosidae. The spider fauna of Jeju island is under strong influence of northern species which are Holarctic and Palearctic species.     

Effect of an invasive ground cover plant on the abundance and diversity of a forest floor spider assemblage

Ground dwelling spiders are important predators in the detrital food web, which plays important roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow in forest ecosystems. The cursorial spider assemblage in a Beech-Maple forest in southwestern Michigan at sites where and invasive plant, Vinca minor, has invaded was compared to a native site within the same forest and to the forest prior to invasion by the plant. Pitfall traps were used to sample cursorial spiders over the course of a summer. Vinca minor substantially altered the forest floor spider assemblage. The invasive plant reduced the total activity-abundance of spiders by nearly 49% and depressed species diversity and evenness; in contrast, species richness was not affected. We found that V. minor changed the guild and family structure with wolf spiders being common at sites where the plant had invaded. Vinca minor reduced the abundance of vagrant web building and crab spiders. Similarity indices revealed that the spider communities between the two sites were quite dissimilar (Bray-Curtis = 0.506; Jaccard’s = 0.520). Importantly, comparison to a study conducted in the same forest 28 years earlier showed that the cursorial spider assemblage in the forest prior to Vinca invasion was very different than it was after Vinca invaded but was similar to the current native site in species and guild composition. We conclude that invasion by Vinca has caused the striking changes we observed in community organization of this important group of forest floor predators. We suggest that changes in the physical structure of the litter/soil microhabitat with the invasion of V. minor are likely the cause of the substantial impacts of the plant on the spider assemblage.     

Non‐cropped fragments as important spider reservoirs in a Pampean agro‐ecosystem

Agricultural landscapes include patches of cropped and non‐cropped habitats. Non‐cropped fragments are often source habitats for natural pest predators which colonise less suitable agricultural fields. The goals of the present study were: (a) to evaluate the contribution of non‐cropped fragments to agro‐ecosystems as biodiversity reservoirs and ecosystem service providers, by assessing the abundance of spider species and their diversity and (b) to quantify the spatial variation in spider communities across different non‐cropped fragments and crops. We hypothesised that non‐cropped fragments function as spider diversity reservoirs with better conditions for reproduction than crops. We collected spiders from 10 restored fragments having had no disturbance for 20 years and four field edges, along a gradient inside the crop adjacent to each fragment. Overall, we collected 3,591 spiders belonging to 49 species/morphospecies in 14 families. Non‐cropped fragments had a central role in the spider community, as estimated through species–habitat networks. We found differences in the diversity and abundance of spiders between non‐cropped and cropped fragments. However, these differences were only for immature spiders, whose abundance decreased from non‐cropped fragments towards the inside of crops. Our results highlight the importance of non‐cropped fragments in agro‐ecosystems as important source habitat patches, reservoirs of biodiversity and sites where spider reproductive success is possibly higher.     

红火蚁三龄、四龄幼虫肠道菌菌群多样性分析

昆虫体内细菌的多样性对昆虫的消化、营养的吸收、生长发育繁殖具有至关重要的作用.本研究利用16S rRNA基因序列,构建内生菌16S rRNA克隆文库,探明红火蚁3龄幼虫和4龄幼虫种群体内微生物菌群结构并加以对比,采用Miseq高通量测序的方法揭示红火蚁3龄幼虫与4龄幼虫肠道菌的相似性和差异性.结果表明:红火蚁高龄幼虫的...     

Hunting Spiders of Woodland Fragments and Agricultural Habitats in the Atlantic Rain Forest Region of Brazil

The hunting spider communities of the Dionycha clade were studied 1986 through 1988 in fragmented woodlands and secondary agricultural habitats of the Botucatu area in São Paulo state, Brazil. The original vegetation of mainly tropical Atlantic rain forest (Mata Atlântica) was cleared already 70 years ago. In a total sample of over 1000 adult spiders, 247 species belonging to 12 families were determined. A decreasing frequency and diversity of spiders was found if forest remnants were compared with sugar cane fields and cattle pasture. The specific composition of the spider fauna as surveyed in different habitats is discussed under ecological aspects and in relation to the history of land use.     

湖南稻田蜘蛛群落生态特点及控虫作用研究

总结近年来对湖南省境内不同地理、生态类型的稻田蜘蛛群落结构的研究结果;报道湖南稻田蜘蛛198种,隶属25科87属,及其常见类群和主要优势种:拟水狼蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛。并应用测定群落结构特征的多种指数公式比较分析不同地理、生态类型的稻田蜘蛛群落的时空格局特点、物种多样性差异、主要优势种差异以及农药对稻田蜘蛛群落结构的影响和蜘蛛群落对目标害虫的控制效应的定性定量分析结果。