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正20世纪前半叶,人类化石发现得还不多,比较各处化石在原始性和进步性方面的差异很明显,人类学家认为人类进化呈阶梯状,从一个梯级上升到另一更高的梯级,将人类进化分为猿人、古人和新人3个阶段。60年代,古道尔在坦桑尼亚的密林中近距离观察黑猩猩的生活,发现它们能将草棍的枝杈去掉,然后将没有枝杈的草棍插进蚂蚁窝,等待许多蚂蚁附到草棍上,抽出草棍吃蚂蚁。这意味着黑猩猩也会将天然物件进行改造为自己所用,表明它们会制造工具。既然 相似文献
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郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨的形态比较 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
对郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨作了形态上的比较以检验直立人特征在郧县头骨化石上的表现情况.比较项目包括眶上圆枕、枕骨圆枕、枕平面与项平面之间的转折情况、眶后收缩、颅骨最大宽位置、颅盖低平情况、前额后倾情况和颅容量.结果表明,在郧县人类头骨化石的这些特征项目中,有的因头骨破损和变形而难以肯定.其余的则应是早期智人的特征.从形态上讲,郧县人类头骨化石目前还难肯定是属于直立人,而有可能属于智人,如果认为“直立人”和“智人”是两个不同的物种的话. 相似文献
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对现代人、直立人、早期智人、晚期智人脑膜中动脉前支和后支压迹的形态的观察和对比发现:从直立人到现代人脑膜中动脉管径从粗到逐渐变细,分枝从简单到逐渐复杂,前支趋向于增大,后支趋向于缩小,呈现出一定的规律性,有地域性差异。作者认为脑膜中动脉的这种分布形式间接地反映了直立人向智人演化及现代人类形成过程中,大脑各部分比例的变化和功能的日益复杂对供血需求的影响。在研究颅骨与大脑之间的关系上及脑演化上,脑膜中动脉有一定的意义。 相似文献
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《人类演化》一书,作者是美国密歇根大学古人类学教授沃尔波夫,大13开本,厚达900多面。初次看到如此又大又厚的书时,着实使人吃惊。16午前,沃尔波夫曾出版过一部《古人类学》教科书,在学术界颇有影响。现在出版的虽然书名为《人类演化》,但在编写材料的安排次序上,与前者并无二致,而在内容上却大大扩充了。全书内容分四大部分。第一部分是有关人类演化的基础知识,分三章,分别论述年代测定、演化理 相似文献
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鄂西“南方古猿”和印尼早更新世若干人类化石 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
在鄂西发现的四枚臼齿化石曾被认为是南方古猿的。鄂西臼齿,从其齿冠尺寸和形状等来看,与非洲的有关材料对比,更接近人属成员的;与印尼早更新世有关的化石对比,与魁人等的很相似。直立人牙齿的演化趋势和变异性表明:鄂西臼齿以及印尼早更新世人类下颌骨化石更大的可能是代表一类时代较早的直立人。 相似文献
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本文将大荔颅骨的一系列形态特征与中国的直立人、欧洲和非洲的中更新世人、欧洲和亚洲的尼安德特人、中国和欧洲的早期现代人以及现生现代人的数据进行比较,发现可以归纳为几种状况。大荔颅骨:1)与其他中更新世颅骨比较一致,而与早期现代人相去较远;2)与早期和现生现代人一致或接近,显得比其他中更新世人进步;3)在中国早期现代人或现代人变异范围内,也在欧洲中更新世人变异范围内或与之接近,却与中国直立人相距较远;4)处于一般中更新世人与早期现代人之间的中间状态;5)处于中国直立人与中国早期现代人之间的中间位置,而且比较接近欧洲/非洲中更新世人;6)与东亚多数化石人比较一致,而与旧大陆西部中更新世化石人相去较远;7)与中国直立人显然不同,而与欧洲/非洲中更新世人更加接近;8)与非洲中更新世人接近,而与中国直立人和欧洲中更新世人差距较大;9)与大多数中更新世人不同,似乎是自身独有或罕见的。基于这样复杂的状况,作者提出,大荔颅骨既不属于直立人,也不属于海德堡人,表现为兼具东亚的直立人、欧洲和非洲中更新世人的特征,而且是这些共有特征与早期现代人部分特征的镶嵌体,可能比中国的直立人对中国现代人的形成做出过更大的贡献。 相似文献
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The purpose of this paper is to study the evolution of Homo erectus by means of the analyses of dental metrics of the people of China in different time periods. The general trend of tooth reduction was found from Homo erectus to modern Chinese. From the time periods of Homo erectus till early Homo sapiens of China, there was no obvious change of tooth size. From the stage of late Homo sapiens in late Pleistocene, the tooth size of human in China decreased sharply. After that, the speed of tooth size reduction went down and came to the tooth size ranges of modern Chinese gradually. Compared with the tooth sizes of late Pleistocene and Holocene Europeans, the patterns of tooth size reduction in Chinese humans are quite different. The main differences include earlier appearance of sharp tooth size reduction, high variations of the speed of tooth size reduction and smaller scope of overall dental reduction.<br>The author believes that according to the currently hold evidence, the tooth sizes and their change patterns of Chinese humans, especially the similarities between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens in tooth sizes, are the example of the mosaic of human evolution. The Homo erectus of China differs from early Homo sapiens of China obviously in fossil morphology and living periods. The evidence for the proposal of canceling Homo erectus and putting Homo erectus into Homo sapiens is not enough. At present, it is better to treat Homo erectus and Homo sapiens as two species within the genus of Homo. The evolutionary relationship between the two species is the course of phyletic gradualism. One of the important characteristics in the course is the existence of transition forms and...... 相似文献
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中国古人类牙齿尺寸演化特点及东亚直立人的系统地位 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
对中国境内不同时代人类牙齿测量数据的发析显示,中国古人类牙齿尺寸的总体演化趋势与世界其它地区人类一致,呈缩小变化,其中一个表现特点是中国直立人与早期智人在牙齿尺寸上不差别不大,但作者根据对中国古人类化石形态特征,生存年代等方面的综合分析认为中国直立人在化石形态,生存年代等方面均与智人有明显的不同,取消直立人,将其并入智人意见的证据还是不够充分的,目前仍宜将直立人与智人作为人属内两个不同的种来看待, 相似文献
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LIU Wu; WU Xiu-jie; ; ZHANG Yin-yun 《人类学学报》2004,23(02):119
The cranium found at Bodo of Middle Awash area in Ethiopia is derived from Middle Pleis-tocene deposits with the age about 0.6 Ma. The Bodo cranium is the most complete and oldest Middle Pleistocene human fossil ever found in the world. Because both the morphological features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens can be identified on the Bodo cranium, the affinity of Bodo cranium has been in debate.Rightmire believes that the Bodo cranium with more resemblance to the archaic Homo sapiens of Broken Hill and Petralona is the representative of the transitions from Homo erectus to archaic Homo sapiens in Africa. At least as early as 0.6 Ma the speciation event of the transition from Homo erectus to the archaic Homo sapiens happened in Africa,which is much earlier than in Asia and Europe. The human fossils represented by the Bodo cranium and otherMiddle Pleistocene specimens form Africa and Europe constitute an assemblage of Homo heidelbergensis,which may be the direct ancestor of later humans. These opinions led to the discussions of the emergence time of the archaic Homo sapiens in Africa and Eurasia, and the relationship between the humans of Middle Pleistocene in Africa and Eurasia.<br>For this background, in this paper the comparisons of morphological features between the Bodo cranium and the Homo erectus of Zhoukoudian were carried out. Out results show that several feature of the Bodo cranium resemble those of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus. Some other features including the cra-nial capacity exhibits the patterns of later Homo sapiens. In its overall morphology, the Bodo cranium seems to be closer to Homo erectus. The authors believe that even though the morphological mosaic pattern of human evolution can be found in the human fossil records of China, the uncertainty of the ages of Chinese human fossils makes no reliable evidence to demonstrate contemporary or earlier occurrence of the mosaic pattern of Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens as in Africa. Taking the big time gap of between African and Asian Homo erectus, and the unsynchronism and regional variations of human evolution into considerations, it is possible for the humans with more advanced features first appeared in Africa. Based on the comparisons in the present study, the mosaic patterns in the human evolution, and the differences of the Middle Pleistocene human evolution in Africa and Asia are discussed. 相似文献
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发现于埃塞俄比亚MiddleAwash地区Bodo地点距今60万年的人类头骨化石是迄今发现的最为古老和完整的非洲中更新世人类化石。由于Bodo头骨化石在形态特征上兼有直立人与智人的特点,多年来学术界对其分类地位一直存在争议。Rightmire认为Bodo头骨化石与BrokenHill及Petralona等在分类上属于古老型智人的中更新世人类更为接近,是非洲直立人向古老型智人过渡的代表。至少在距今60万年的中更新世早期直立人向古老型智人转变的成种事件在非洲就已经发生。以Bodo头骨为代表的一批更新世中期非洲和欧洲人类化石构成了可能是后期人类祖先的人属海德堡种。这些观点导致了近年学术界对古老型智人在非洲及欧亚出现时间以及更新世中期非洲和欧亚地区古人类相互之间演化关系的关注。基于这样的背景,本文对年代与Bodo化石接近的周口店直立人头骨特征与Bodo头骨的相似及差异表现情况进行了对比研究。结果发现Bodo头骨在一系列特征上与周口店直立人相似,同时在包括颅容量在内的其它一些特征上呈现出后期智人的特点,但总体形态上似乎与直立人更为相似。作者认为尽管这种进化上的镶嵌现象在中国古人类化石记录上也广泛存在,但由于中国人类化石标本在年代上的不确定性,目前还没有可靠的证据说明这种集直立人与智人化石特征为一体的镶嵌性在中国古人类化石出现的时间接近或早于非洲。考虑到中国与非洲直立人生存年代的巨大差异及人类演化的不同步或地区间差异,具有较多后期人类特征表现的人类首先出现在非洲是完全可能的。根据这些研究对比,作者就人类演化的镶嵌现象、更新世中期非洲与亚洲地区人类演化上的差异等问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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Erik Trinkaus 《American journal of physical anthropology》1984,64(2):137-139
Kennedy (1983) has proposed that the KNM-ER 1481A femur represents Homo erectus and establishes the presence of this species at ca. 2.0.myr BP. A reconsideration of her criteria for taxonomic attribution indicates that its morphology implies only that it is an archaic member of the genus Homo. Its geochronological position, in conjunction with its morphology, suggest that it is best referred to H. habilis. 相似文献
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Adam P. Van Arsdale Milford H. Wolpoff 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2013,67(3):841-850
The relationship between Homo habilis and early African Homo erectus has been contentious because H. habilis was hypothesized to be an evolutionary stage between Australopithecus and H. erectus, more than a half‐century ago. Recent work re‐dating key African early Homo localities and the discovery of new fossils in East Africa and Georgia provide the opportunity for a productive re‐evaluation of this topic. Here, we test the hypothesis that the cranial sample from East Africa and Georgia represents a single evolutionary lineage of Homo spanning the approximately 1.9–1.5 Mya time period, consisting of specimens attributed to H. habilis and H. erectus. To address issues of small sample sizes in each time period, and uneven representation of cranial data, we developed a novel nonparametric randomization technique based on the variance in an index of pairwise difference from a broad set of fossil comparisons. We fail to reject the hypothesis of a single lineage this period by identifying a strong, time‐dependent pattern of variation throughout the sequence. These results suggest the need for a reappraisal of fossil evidence from other regions within this time period and highlight the critical nature of the Plio‐Pleistocene boundary for understanding the early evolution of the genus Homo. 相似文献
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A. P. Van Arsdale M. H. Wolpoff 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2014,68(3):916-919
Scott presents a welcome reply to our article, “A single lineage in early Pleistocene Homo” (Van Arsdale and Wolpoff 2012 ). However, Scott's reply mischaracterizes and fails to directly address the hypothesis of a single lineage that we test. Additionally, the approach taken by Scott fails to replicate the methods used in our analysis. As Scott himself suggests, our null hypothesis of a single evolving lineage in early Homo remains without refutation. Although many evolutionary scenarios might explain the complex pattern of variation present in the early Homo fossil record, the most parsimonious remains that of a single lineage displaying evolutionary change over time. 相似文献
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南京2号人类头骨化石的复位和形态 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
南京2号人类头骨化石仅保留部分的额骨、顶骨、枕骨和颞骨,为一不完整的颅盖骨。其顶骨和枕骨有数条断裂缝,各断块之间有程度不一的错动,致使该颅盖骨显得外形异常。本项研究是对该颅盖骨的错动部分进行复位,结果表明,南京2号头骨有较大的顶骨、较小的上枕鳞相对宽度、可能较大的颅容量。这些形态提示该头骨与直立人有所不同而与早期智人相近。该头骨所具有的角圆枕、颞鳞顶缘形状、枕骨圆枕发育程度、枕骨的枕平面与项平面过渡情况、枕内隆突点与枕外隆突点的距离、头骨骨壁厚度、脑膜中动脉分支情况、头骨枕面观之轮廓线样式等形态细节,还很难作为可靠的依据把南京2号头骨鉴定为直立人。南京2号头骨很大可能是属于智人亚种(Homo sapiens sapiens)中的一员。 相似文献
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ZHANG Yinyun 《人类学学报》2006,25(04):267
The Nanjing 2 calvarium is believed to represent Homo sapiens erectus since its discovery in 1993. This calvarium preserves incomplete frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. The parietal and occipital bones are cracked and as their fragments are displaced the calvarium appears to be distorted. The calvarium was recently restored by the authors, exposing some anatomical details that had previously been obscured. Compared with Homo sapiens erectus, the restored calvarium presents larger parietal bones, a relatively narrow upper scale of occipital bone and a probable larger cranial capacity, which suggests affinities with Homo sapiens sapiens. Other anatomical details observed in the parietal and occipital bones are examined in this paper including the angular torus, parietal border of temporal squamous part, the occipital torus, the angle between the occipital and nuchal planes, the distance between inion and endinion, cranial vault thickness, the branches of the middle meningeal artery and the coronal contour of the vault. The results of this examination reveal that there must be some uncertainty in referring the Nanjing 2 calvarium to Homo sapiens erectus. It is more likely that the Nanjing 2 belongs to Homo sapiens sapiens. 相似文献
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ZHANG Yin-yun; LIU Wu 《人类学学报》2002,21(02):87
The comparisons of maxillary dental fossils of Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens found in China show that most of the dental measurements of early Homo sapiens are within the ranges of Homo erectus, except the central incisor breadth which is larger in early Homo sapiens. Almost all the dental nonmetric characters of Homo erectus can be found in early Homo sapiens. The results of the comparisons suggest that there may not be a clear species boundary between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens, and the opinion that Homo erectus should be merged with early Homo sapiens is accept- able by the present study.<br>The comparisons of present study also show that the dental remains from Tongzi, Yiyuan, Yunxian, Luonan and Xichuan may be reclassified as early Homo sapiens, although these fossils have been believed to be Homo erectus. 相似文献