Loss of glucocorticoid receptor expression by DNA methylation prevents glucocorticoid induced apoptosis in human small cell lung cancer cells

Human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly aggressive, and quickly develops resistance to therapy. SCLC cells are typically insensitive to glucocorticoids due to impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. This is important as we have previously shown that expression of a GR transgene induces cell death in-vitro, and inhibits tumor growth in-vivo. However, the underlying mechanism for loss of GR expression is unknown. The SCLC cell line, DMS79, has low GR expression, compared to non-SCLC cell lines and normal bronchial epithelial cells. Retroviral GR expression in DMS79 cells caused activation of the apoptotic pathway as evidenced by marked induction of caspase-3 activity. Methylation analysis of the GR promoter revealed some methylation in the 1D, and 1E promoters of the GR gene, however the ubiquitous constitutively active 1C promoter was heavily methylated. In the 1C promoter there was a highly significant increase in DNA methylation in a panel of 14 human SCLC cell lines compared to a mixed panel of GR expressing, and non-expressing cell lines, and to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, within the panel of SCLC cell lines there was a significant negative correlation seen between methylation of the 1C promoter, and GR protein expression. Reversal of GR gene methylation with DNA methyltransferase inhibition caused increased GR mRNA and protein expression in SCLC but not non-SCLC cells. This resulted in increased Gc sensitivity, decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased caspase-3 activity in SCLC cells. These data suggest that DNA methylation decreases GR gene expression in human SCLC cells, in a similar manner to that for conventional tumor suppressor genes.     

Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression in the fetal guinea pig brain

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for neuronal maturation and synaptic formation as well as for the onset of long-term potentiation, a process critical to learning and memory in postnatal life. In the current study, we demonstrated that NMDAR subunits undergo spatial, temporal, and sex-specific regulation. During development, we observed increasing NR1 and NR2A expression at the same time as levels of NR2B subunits decreased in the hippocampus and cortex in the fetal guinea pig. We have also shown that glucocorticoids can modulate fetal NMDAR subunit expression in a sex-specific fashion. This is clinically important because synthetic glucocorticoids are administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm labor. Repeated exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids caused a dose-dependent decrease in NR1 mRNA levels and increased NR2A mRNA expression in the female hippocampus at Gestational Day 62. There are significant changes in NMDAR subunit expression in late gestation. It is possible that these alter NMDA-dependent signaling at this time. Prenatal exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids modifies the trajectory of NMDAR subunit expression in females but not in males.     

Capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction and neuropeptide release in guinea pig perfused lungs.

In the guinea pig isolated perfused lung, we have examined the relationship between the effects of capsaicin and neuropeptide release and the possible existence of an axon reflex arrangement. Bolus injections into the pulmonary artery of capsaicin (1-100 pmol), substance P (10-1,000 pmol), and neurokinin (NK) A (10-100 pmol) produced a concentration-dependent bronchoconstriction, whereas calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, 20-40 nmol) was without effect. Repeated administration of capsaicin at 40- to 60-min intervals was not associated with tachyphylaxis. These data support the presence of a NK2- (or NKA) type of tachykinin receptor in the guinea pig airways. Tetrodotoxin (0.3-3 microM) inhibited the effect of capsaicin, indicating that an axon reflex was operant. Capsaicin increased overflow of CGRP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) and NKA-LI, the latter only during concurrent infusion of the enkephalinase inhibitor phosphoramidon (3 microM). Phosphoramidon also increased overflow of CGRP-LI, suggesting that both NKA and CGRP were catabolized by a similar enzyme. The purine nucleoside adenosine did not cause any detectable overflow of CGRP-LI, indicating that neuropeptides may not be involved in adenosine-evoked bronchoconstriction and that bronchoconstriction per se does not induce neuropeptide overflow. Capsaicin and NKA had only minor effects on buffer flow, whereas substance P produced pulmonary vasoconstriction. These data clearly demonstrate that capsaicin acts via an axon reflex in the guinea pig airways. Supramaximal concentrations of capsaicin are needed to detect neuropeptide overflow, but the possibility exists that released neuropeptides mediate its effects.     

Effect of inhaled glucocorticoid and leukotriene receptor on IL-6 expression in the lungs of asthmatic mice

目的 探讨白细胞介素6 (IL-6)在小鼠哮喘模型肺组织表达及吸入性糖皮质激素(ICS)、白三烯受体拮抗剂对其影响.方法 96只雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为哮喘组、布地奈德组、孟鲁斯特组和对照组,每组24只.每组又分为第1周、第2周、第3周、第4周4个亚组,每亚组6只.免疫组化标记IL-6在肺组织的分布,Image-Pro Plus图像分析系统分析IL-6的灰度值.结果 成功制作哮喘小鼠模型.与对照组相比,哮喘组、布地奈德组、孟鲁斯特组IL-6表达在第1～4周时差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);孟鲁斯特组IL-6表达在第3周时较布地奈德组增多(P＜0.05);哮喘组、布地奈德组、孟鲁斯特组在不同时间点组内差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 IL-6参与哮喘气道炎症.布地奈德、孟鲁斯特可减少哮喘小鼠肺组织IL-6的表达,布地奈德作用优于孟鲁斯特.     

Modulation of cAMP level by tedisamil in guinea pig heart

Tedisamil is antiarrhythmic class III drug with antifibrillating/defibrillating potency linked to enhancement of intermyocyte gap junctional electrical coupling most likely via its sympathomimetic cAMP-related mechanisms. This study was designed to examin the effect of tedisamil on cAMP level in guinea pig hearts in vivo and in vitro in Langendorff preparation. The drug was administered either as a bolus into vena jugularis in dosage 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg or into the perfusion solution at a concentration of 1.5 × 10^-6 mol/l. In additional experiments, this period was followed by brief 10 min global ischemia, induced by clamping of the aorta or perfusion. After 10 min from the onset of tedisamil administration as well as after 10 min of ischemia the ventricular tissue was immediately frozen for cAMP immunoassay Tedisamil caused in normal heart small but significant dose-dependent increase of myocardial cAMP (pmol/mg) level in vivo 1.8 and 2.5 vs. 1.4 as well as in vitro 1.1 vs. 0.8 (p < 0.05) conditions. Ischemia itself induced accumulation of cAMP in both, in vitro and in vitro experiments, 2.6 vs. 1.4 and 1.3 vs. 0.8, respectively. The preischemic elevation of cAMP by tedisamil was not potentiated by following ischemia, on the contrary, decline of the cyclic nucleotide was detected comparing to ischemia itself. In conclusion, tedisamil increased cAMP level in normal heart and prevented additional ischemia-related elevation of this nucleotide. The results indicate modulation of myocardial cAMP level by tedisamil, which may account for its protective effect on gap junctional electrical coupling.     

The role of phospholipase in beta-agonist-induced down regulation in guinea pig lungs

It has been observed that repeated and prolonged beta-agonist treatment causes the impairment of beta-adrenergic function, so-called "desensitization" or "down regulation". To clarify the mechanism of down regulation, the following experiment was performed using guinea pig lungs. Animals were divided into four groups: In the metaproterenol groups, guinea pigs were treated with metaproterenol (10 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 1 day or for 7 successive days In the control groups, guinea pigs were treated with saline by the same procedure as in the metaproterenol groups. In the group treated with metaproterenol for 7 days, there was a 45% reduction in the number of beta-adrenoceptors and a 62% reduction in adenylate cyclase activity, compared with those of the control group. However, there were no significant changes in the dissociation constant (Kd) of the receptors. On the other hand, no reduction in the number of beta-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activity was observed in the group treated with metaproterenol once a day for 1 day, compared with those of the control group. Phospholipase (PLase) activity in the lung microsomes of guinea pigs injected with metaproterenol for 1 day and for 7 days was elevated by 14.4 and 33.1%, respectively, compared with that of the control groups. Phospholipid contents of lung membranes prepared from the animals treated with metaproterenol for 7 days were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group, though in the group treated with metaproterenol once a day for 1 day, phospholipid contents did not differ from those of the control. Lung membranes treated with PLase A2 revealed decreases both in the number of beta-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activity, dose dependently. These results and the fact that membrane phospholipids are involved in the beta-adrenoceptor system suggest that down regulation observed during beta-agonist administration is, at least in part, attributed to degradation of phospholipids of lung membranes by the persistent activation of PLase in the tissue.     

Analysis of glucocorticoid unresponsive cell variants using a mouse glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA clone

We have used a glucocorticoid receptor cDNA isolated from a mouse lymphoma cell line to characterize receptor mRNA and genomic sequences present in wild type and mutant rat hepatoma (HTC) and mouse thymoma (S49 and WEHI7) cells. Wild type rat and mouse cell lines contain two receptor mRNAs, 5 and 7 kilobase pairs (kb) in length, which differ in the length of their 3'-untranslated regions. Levels of receptor mRNA present in mutant HTC, WEHI7, and S49 cells of the r- (receptorless) phenotype are decreased compared to wild type cells. This decreased level of receptor mRNA parallels the decreased level of total immunoreactive receptor protein found in these cells. S49 nt- (nuclear transfer minus) cells contain receptor mRNA levels which parallel their hormone binding and immunoreactive receptor levels. Cells of the r- and nt- phenotype contain no detectable deletions or rearrangements of the receptor gene. We conclude that r- cells have lesions which affect the expression of receptor mRNA. Surprisingly, HTC cells of the r- phenotype differ from WEHI7 and S49 r- cells in that HTC r- cells contain a lower level of receptor DNA than does their parental wild type cell line. Although these cells may contain multiple lesions, it appears that loss of receptor genomic sequences is responsible, in part, for the phenotype of the HTC r- cells. The S49 nti (nuclear transfer increase) cells produce glucocorticoid receptors of molecular weights 40,000 and 94,000. These cells produce, in addition to the wild type 5- and 7-kb receptor mRNAs, two other receptor messages 5.5 and 3.5 kb in length. RNA blot analysis using various portions of our receptor cDNA indicates that these are 5' truncated messages and suggests that the 40-kDa nti receptor is truncated at its NH2-terminal end. These data also indicate that the hormone and DNA-binding regions of the receptor are located in the COOH-terminal half of the protein.     

Substance P-induced effects in guinea pig lungs: effects of thiorphan and captopril

The effects of the neutral metalloendopeptidase inhibitor, thiorphan, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on the changes in airway opening pressure (PaO), pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), and weight induced by intravascular administration of substance P were examined in isolated perfused and ventilated guinea pig lungs. Administration of 1 nmol substance P without enzyme inhibitors resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the peak PaO during ventilation from 12.4 +/- 0.5 to 22.4 +/- 2.2 cmH2O; there were small statistically insignificant increases in Ppa. The changes in PaO peaked approximately 30 s after peptide infusion and returned to preinfusion values by 5 min. In the presence of combined thiorphan (5.6 microM) and captopril (7.7 microM) the magnitude of the Pao response at 30 s (41.5 +/- 3.8 cmH2O) and at 5 min (40.0 +/- 3.6 cmH2O) after peptide infusion was significantly greater than in control lungs (P less than 0.05). The effects of substance P on PaO in the presence of the various inhibitors were not related to amount of peptide recovered in the lung effluent. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of [3H]Pro2,4 substance P perfused through the lungs demonstrated that the major products were consistent with intact substance P, substance P 1-4, and smaller peptides; only minor amounts of products consistent with substance P 1-7, 1-9, or 3-11 were identified. These data support our previous findings showing that the physiological effects of intravascular substance P are limited by peptide degradation; the latter process, once begun, proceeds rapidly to nearly complete peptide degradation.     

Cloning and expression of the A2a adenosine receptor from guinea pig brain

A full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding the guinea pig brain A₂ adenosine receptor has been isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and low-stringency-hybridization screening of a guinea pig brain cDNA library. This cDNA contains a long open reading frame encoding a 409-amino acid-residue protein which is highly homologous to the A₂ adenosine receptors previously cloned from other species. Hydrophobicity analysis of the deduced protein sequence reveals seven hydrophobic regions, characteristic of a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Radioligand binding assay and functional (GTPase and cAMP) assays of the receptor, transiently expressed in mammalian cells, demonstrate typical characteristics of the A₂ type adenosine receptor. The messenger RNA (mRNA) of this A₂ receptor is found in the brain, heart, kidney and spleen. Receptor autoradiography with [³H]CGS21680, a specific A₂ agonist, and in situ hybridization with A₂ cRNA probe in guinea pig brain indicate that the receptor is expressed exclusively in the caudate nucleus. The pharmacological profile and anatomical distribution of this receptor indicate that it is of the A_2a subtype. This work represents the first cloning of an A_2a receptor in a rodent species, offers a complete pharmacological characterization of the receptor and provides an anatomical comparison between binding profile and gene expression of the receptor.Abbreviations ADAC adenosine amine congener - BA N⁶-benzyladenosine - bp nucleotide base pair - cAMP cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate - CCPA 2-chloro-N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine - CGS 21680 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine hydrochloride - CHA N⁶-cyclohexyladenosine - CNS central nervous system - CPA N⁶-cyclohexyladenosine - CNS central nervous system - CPA N⁶-cyclopentyladenosine - CPX 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine - DME Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium - DMPX 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine - DPMX 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine - DPX 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amono-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine - FCS fetal calf serum - IBMX 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine - KHB Kreb-HEPES buffer - MECA 5-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine - NECA 5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine - D-PBS Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline - PCR polymerase chain reaction - R-PIA R(–)-N⁶-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine - SSPE sodium chloride-sodium phosphate-EDTA buffer - TM transmembrane domain - XAC xanthine amine congener Special issue dedicated to Dr. Bernard W. Agranoff     

Selective regulation of bone cell apoptosis by translational isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor

Glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. However, high-dose or chronic administration often triggers troublesome side effects such as metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis. We recently described that one glucocorticoid receptor gene produces eight translational glucocorticoid receptor isoforms that have distinct gene-regulatory abilities. We show here that specific, but not all, glucocorticoid receptor isoforms induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS bone cells. Whole human genome microarray analysis revealed that the majority of the glucocorticoid target genes were selectively regulated by specific glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. Real-time PCR experiments confirmed that proapoptotic enzymes necessary for cell death, granzyme A and caspase-6, were induced by specific glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further suggested that glucocorticoid receptor isoform-dependent induction of proapoptotic genes was likely due to selective coregulator recruitment and chromatin modification. Interestingly, the capabilities to transrepress proinflammatory genes were similar among glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. Together, these findings provide new evidence that translational glucocorticoid receptor isoforms can elicit distinct glucocorticoid responses and may be useful for the development of safe glucocorticoids with reduced side effects.     

Modulation of the progesterone receptor in the fetal uterus of the progesterone-primed guinea pig in vivo and in organ culture

Guinea pig fetuses were treated with progesterone for 7 days before placing fetal uteri in organ culture to see if progesterone pre-treatment of fetuses in utero would permanently inhibit the spontaneous rise in progesterone receptor which occurs in organ culture. The data show that: the basal level of progesterone receptor in fetal uteri was not affected by the progesterone treatment and progesterone receptor concentrations in vitro were also not inhibited. When guinea pig fetuses were treated sequentially with progesterone and estradiol, estradiol failed to provoke an uterotrophic effect but it retained its ability to stimulate progesterone receptor concentrations.     

Neurokinins and inflammatory cell iNOS expression in guinea pigs with chronic allergic airway inflammation

In the present study we evaluated the role of neurokinins in the modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inflammatory cell expression in guinea pigs with chronic allergic airway inflammation. In addition, we studied the acute effects of nitric oxide inhibition on this response. Animals were anesthetized and pretreated with capsaicin (50 mg/kg sc) or vehicle 10 days before receiving aerosolized ovalbumin or normal saline twice weekly for 4 wk. Animals were then anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, given normal saline or N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 50 mg/kg ic), and challenged with ovalbumin. Prechallenge exhaled NO increased in ovalbumin-exposed guinea pigs (P < 0.05 compared with controls), and capsaicin reduced this response (P < 0.001). Compared with animals inhaled with normal saline, ovalbumin-exposed animals presented increases in respiratory system resistance and elastance and numbers of total mononuclear cells and eosinophils, including those expressing iNOS (P < 0.001). Capsaicin reduced all these responses (P < 0.05) except for iNOS expression in eosinophils. Treatment with l-NAME increased postantigen challenge elastance and restored both resistance and elastance previously attenuated by capsaicin treatment. Isolated l-NAME administration also reduced total eosinophils and mononuclear cells, as well as those cells expressing iNOS (P < 0.05 compared with ovalbumin alone). Because l-NAME treatment restored lung mechanical alterations previously attenuated by capsaicin, NO and neurokinins may interact in controlling airway tone. In this experimental model, NO and neurokinins modulate eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration in the airways.     

Changes in the properties of adenylate cyclase from guinea pig lungs in tuberculosis

Changes in the properties of adenylate cyclase from the lungs of tuberculotic guinea pigs were revealed. The number of beta-adrenergic receptors in the lungs was found to be reduced by 30% at the second and by 70% at the third stage of the disease. The degree and the value of Ka for adenylate cyclase activation by isoproterenol remained thereby unchanged. The basal activity of adenylate cyclase was increased by 20% against the control level at the second stage and decreased by 20% at the third stage of the disease. At these periods, the stimulating effects of guanylyl imidodiphosphate, NaF and forskolin on lung adenylate cyclase were diminished. The experimental results point to the significant role of the enzymes of cAMP metabolism and reflect the course of the tuberculosis process in experimental animals.     

Effects of airway inflammation on cough response in the guinea pig

We have developed a guinea pig model for coughrelated to allergic airway inflammation. Unanesthetized animals wereexposed to capsaicin aerosols for 10 min, and cough frequency wascounted during this period. The cough evaluation was performed by the following three methods: visual observation, acoustic analysis, andmonitoring of pressure changes in the body chamber. These analysesclearly differentiated a cough from a sneeze. To elucidate therelationship between cough response and airway inflammation, animalswere immunosensitized and multiple challenged. Sensitized guinea pigspresented no specific changes microscopically, but multiple-challengedanimals showed an increased infiltration of inflammatory cells into theairway. Cough number in response to capsaicin increased significantlyfrom 4.7 ± 1.4 coughs/10 min in normal animals to 10.6 ± 2.0 coughs/10 min in sensitized animals and further to 22.8 ± 1.3 coughs/10 min in multiple-challenged animals. This augmentedcough frequency was significantly inhibited by the inhalation oftachykinin-receptor antagonists and by oral ingestion, but notinhalation, of codeine phosphate. The results suggest that airwayinflammation potentiates an elevation of cough sensitivity in this model.

     

Down-regulation of Fc receptor expression in guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages by muramyl dipeptide or lipopolysaccharide

Expression of Fc receptors on the plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) was suppressed to almost one-half of that of the controls by long-term exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in culture. The effect of the reagents was dose and time dependent, and as little as 0.5 ng/ml LPS or 5 ng/ml MDP was effective for the suppression. The expression of the Fc receptors decreased to 60 to 70% of the control level at 48 hr and to 45 to 50% at 72 hr after incubation of the cells in the presence of LPS or MDP. A Scatchard plot of the binding of 125I-soluble immune complexes (I.C.) to the cells revealed that the decrease in the binding of 125I-I.C. is due to a reduction in the number of Fc receptors on the cell membrane and not to a decreased affinity of the receptors. The membrane protein was radio-labeled with 125I, and the Fc receptors were purified by being bound to insoluble I.C. The specific binding of the 125I-labeled Fc receptors, from the LPS-treated macrophages, to the insoluble I.C. was almost one-half of that from the untreated control cells. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified 125I-labeled Fc receptors revealed that the major peak of the m.w. 44,000 molecule in the LPS-treated cells was almost one-half of that of the control. Contrary to the effect of LPS or MDP, 72-hr incubation of macrophages with MIF-rich supernatant, cultured from lymph node cells, enhanced the expression of Fc receptors. Macrophages were treated with I.C. for 4 hr at 37 degrees C to remove the Fc receptors from the surface membrane. The reappearance of the receptors on the plasma membrane of the cells was significantly suppressed by LPS and MDP. The effect of LPS on the binding of five murine monoclonal antibodies (Ab) raised against PEM to the macrophage membrane and also that of 125I-wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or 125I-insulin was studied. The monoclonal Ab were selected for their activity to induce superoxide anion generation in the macrophages, as do I.C., although the binding sites for the monoclonal Ab were not related to Fc receptors. The bindings of the five monoclonal Ab were not affected by exposure of the cells to LPS or MDP. Macrophages treated with the reagents bound as much 125I-insulin or WGA as did the untreated control cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Simultaneous activation of apoptosis and inflammation in pathogenesis of septic shock: a hypothesis

Sepsis, a widely prevalent disease with increasing morbidity and mortality, is thought to result from uncontrolled inflammatory responses to microbial infection and/or components. However, failure of several experimental anti-inflammatory therapies has necessitated re-evaluation of the paradigm underlying the pathogenesis of this complex disorder. Apoptotic cell death forms a second dominant feature of septic shock in patients and animal models. Anti-apoptotic strategies may protect animals from septic death. However, simultaneous occurrence of apoptosis and inflammation is necessary for septic death. At the cellular level, apoptosis plays a central role in the development of the lymphoid system and regulation of immune responses. Immune activation renders cells refractory to apoptosis while apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is an important immunoregulatory mechanism. Factors such as complement factor 5a, caspase-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase, which participate in apoptosis as well as pro-inflammatory pathways, may be responsible for simultaneous activation of apoptosis and inflammation in sepsis. Further identification of other similar biochemical events capable of co-activating inflammation and apoptosis may provide new targets for therapy of this hitherto untreatable disease.     

Identification of a VIP-specific receptor in guinea pig tenia coli

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) interact with VPAC(2) receptors in rabbit and guinea pig (GP) gastric muscle but with functionally distinct VIP and PACAP receptors in GP tenia coli. This study examined whether selectivity for VIP was determined by two residues (40, 41) in the extracellular domain that differ in the VIP receptors of GP gastric and tenial muscle. A mutant rat VPAC(2) receptor (L40F, L41F), and two chimeric receptors in which the NH(2)-terminal domain of rat VPAC(2) receptor was replaced with that of GP gastric (chimeric-G) or tenia coli (chimeric-T) VIP receptors, were constructed and expressed in COS-1 cells. VIP and PACAP bound with equal affinity to wild-type and mutant rat VPAC(2) receptors and to chimeric-G receptor (IC(50): VIP 0.3 +/- 0.1 to 1.5 +/- 0.4 nM, PACAP 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 2.5 +/- 0.1 nM) and stimulated cAMP with equal potency (EC(50): VIP 13 +/- 5 to 48 +/- 8 nM, PACAP 8 +/- 3 to 31 +/- 14 nM). VIP bound with high affinity also to chimeric-T receptor (IC(50): 0.5 +/- 0.1 nM) and stimulated cAMP with high potency (EC(50): 3 +/- 1 nM). In contrast, PACAP exhibited >1,000-fold less affinity for binding or potency for stimulating cAMP. We conclude that GP tenia coli express a VIP-specific receptor and that selectivity is determined by a pair of extracellular phenylalanine residues.     

The role of taurine added to pulmonary reperfusion solutions in isolated guinea pig lungs

Summary.  An experimental comparative study on isolated guinea pig-lungs has been undertaken to determine the probable beneficial effects of adding taurine to pulmonary reperfusion solutions in lung ischemia-reperfusion. 20 guinea pigs were used. The isolated lungs (n = 10 in each group) previously being perfused by oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution were put in normothermic ischemic conditions. After 3 hours of normothermic ischemia the lungs were reperfused (with Krebs-Henseleit solution in the control group, Krebs-Henseleit solution plus taurine 10⁻² M in the experiment group) for 20 minutes. Pulmonary artery pressures, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured before and after the ischemic period and also at the end of reperfusion. Malondialdehyde and glutathione levels of the pefusate were measured before ischemic period and at the end of reperfusion. An electron microscopic analysis was performed on the lung tissues before and after the ischemic period and also at the end of reperfusion. Decreased pulmonary artery pressure, tissue perfusate MDA levels and increased perfusate GSH levels were observed in taurine added group. Electron microscopic evaluation supported our findings indicating preservation of lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes. It is concluded that taurine may play an important role in protecting tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury by functioning as an antioxidant. Received May 16, 2001 Accepted September 6, 2001     

Toll-like receptor 4 in normal and inflamed lungs and other organs of pig, dog and cattle

Bacterial diseases, especially those of the lung caused by Gram-negative bacteria, inflict significant economic loss associated with mortality and morbidity in domestic animals. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has recently been recognized as a major receptor for cellular interactions with lipopolysaccharides derived from Gram-negative bacteria. However, there are no data on the expression of TLR4 in various organs of domestic animals. We performed immunohistochemistry and immuno-gold electron microscopy to localize TLR4 in lung and seven other organs from normal pig, dog and calf (n=2 each) and in inflamed lungs from calves (n=4) challenged with Mannheimia hemolytica. The data show TLR4 in macrophages in lung, small intestine, liver and spleen in all the species and pulmonary intravascular macrophages in calves and pigs. Epithelium in lung, small intestine, cornea and convoluted and straight renal tubules was stained for TLR4. Vascular endothelium of large blood vessels only in lungs and skin was positive, and skeletal muscles were negative for TLR4. In inflamed lungs, airway epithelium showed reduced staining for TLR4 while staining in macrophages remained unaltered. These are the first immunocytochemical data on TLR4 expression in domestic animal species and show similarity in TLR4 staining in macrophages, epithelium and vascular endothelium among dog, pig and cattle.     

Angiotensinase activity and angiotensin receptor binding in guinea pig aorta.

The angiotensinase (EC 3.4.99.3) activity of the subcellular fractions of guinea pig aorta has been studied in relation to their [14C]angiotensin binding capacity. The enzyme activity occurs in the following decreasing order: supernatant greater than plasma membrane fraction greater than 105 000 X g pellet greater than mitochondrial fraction. The specific binding of [14C]angiotensin to these fractions follows the same pattern. Pretreatment of the subcellular fractions at 47 degrees C for 20 min was performed in an attempt to differentiate binding of angiotensin to the pharmacological receptor from binding to the destroying enzymes. This procedure decreased the angiotensinase activity in the plasma membrane fraction only whereas the specific binding of [14C]angiotensin to this fraction was not significantly decreased, suggesting that the plasma membrane angiotensinase is a thermolabile enzyme.