后河保护区柳杉林中黏菌群落组成

柳杉是中国特有树种,对于广泛分布于森林生态系统的黏菌而言,单纯的柳杉林是一种特殊的生境。为探索柳杉林中黏菌的物种多样性,本研究在武陵山区东北部的湖北省后河国家级自然保护区柳杉林样地中采集柳杉树皮和凋落物,在120个培养湿室中,发生黏菌的湿室68个,占56.67%。从两种基物上获得黏菌6目7科12属24种,优势种为混淆筛菌Cribraria confusa,相对丰度达到19.01%。柳杉林凋落物上发生的黏菌种类和数量高于柳杉树皮,凋落物和柳杉树皮上发生的黏菌共有种为4种,种群间的Sørensen相似性系数为Cs=0.333。在不同季节间,黏菌物种的群落组成与多样性也表现出差异,春季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Hʹ=0.2987±0.1564,夏季Hʹ=0.1105±0.0949,秋季Hʹ=0.1968±0.0589,冬季Hʹ=0.2726±0.0875。黏菌物种数量发生最多的是春季和冬季,均有15种,仅在春季发生的黏菌物种为粗壮发菌Comatricha suksdorfii、鲜黄绒泡菌Physarum luteolum、暗红团网菌Arcyria denudata和极小无丝菌Licea minima,仅在冬季发生的黏菌物种为钙丝绒泡菌Physarum decipiens、小筛菌Cribraria microcarpa和暗褐无丝菌Licea belmontiana。典型对应分析（canonical correspondence analyses,CCA）表明,影响柳杉林中黏菌物种群落组成与多样性的主要环境因素是基物类型。     

Seasonal occurrence and distribution of myxomycetes on different types of leaf litter in a warm temperate forest of western Japan

The seasonal occurrence and distribution of myxomycetes on different types of newly defoliated leaf litter were examined in a secondary forest in a warm temperate region of western Japan. The two types of leaf litter (deciduous trees, Prunus verecunda and Quercus variabilis, and evergreen trees, Q. glauca and Cinnamomum camphora) were incubated in trays on the forest floor. A total of 45 myxomycete species were recorded from 3021 collected samples that occurred at the July peak during the warmest and humidest season from April to November. The occurrence of species was significantly related to the changes in mean temperature and minimum temperature on both leaf types under humid conditions. Myxomycete assemblages were divided into three seasonal phases. Most of the species occurred in June–September, while a few species demonstrated characteristic distributions; i.e., Didymium melanospermum appeared in April– May and Diderma umbilicatum appeared in October– November. The respective leaf types supported the reproduction of myxomycetes with high species richness and diversity, with 34 species and H’ = 2.59 on deciduous trees and similarly 30 species and H’ = 2.49 on evergreen trees. Several species, however, exhibited a preference for either the deciduous tree or evergreen tree leaves. Thus, a mixed forest that defoliates during different two seasons yields a greater species diversity of myxomycete assemblage.     

陕南秦巴山区黏菌的物种组成和分布格局

为揭示陕西省南部秦巴山区腹地黏菌物种多样性与分布特征,对陕南地区的42个地点开展了黏菌资源调查,共获得1 021份标本,根据形态特征鉴定为5目9科26属119种。分析黏菌物种组成与多样性指数表明,陕南地区的优势种为蛇形半网菌Hemitrichia serpula,相对多度为6.37%,该地具有较高黏菌物种多样性(H?=6.24),同时秦岭黏菌物种多样性指数(H?=6.19)高于大巴山(H?=5.28)。黏菌物种多样性在不同植被类型下差异显著,针阔叶混交林最高,针叶林最低,群落分布相似性较低,表明植被类型的变化会影响该地区黏菌的物种组成。     

Geographical distribution of myxomycetes on coniferous deadwood in relation to air temperature in Japan

This study obtained information on the biogeographical distribution of lignicolous myxomycetes in temperate regions in Japan. It examined how climatic variables are related to patterns of occurrence in myxomycete communities. Sixty-four taxa were recorded on coniferous wood in 15 forest sites in summer. Common species that were abundant and widely distributed in Japan included Stemonitis axifera, Lycogala epidendrum, and Cribraria cancellata. In addition, Lindbladia cribrarioides was characteristic on dead Pinus densiflora wood in southwestern Japan. The species diversity index (H′) of the myxomycete communities was positively correlated with the annual mean temperature. The distribution of myxomycete communities was analyzed using nonmultidimensional scaling (NMDS). The ecological nature of the gradients expressed by the first two NMDS axes was that the first axis was found to correspond strongly to changes in the average minimum temperature and the latitude, and the second axis was related to a complex of factors, including altitude. The relative abundance of certain species in a myxomycete community on Japanese red pine changed in relation to the annual mean temperature, e.g., Lycogala epidendrum correlated negatively while Stemonitopsis hyperopta did so positively. We conclude that air temperatures can be used to predict the geographical distribution of lignicolous myxomycetes in this temperate region of Japan.     

甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区的黏菌物种多样性

黏菌是森林生态系统中不可或缺的生物资源, 在生态系统中发挥重要的作用。为了探讨黏菌在西北地区森林中的物种多样性及影响物种组成和多样性的因素, 本文对甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区进行为期2年的多点调查采样, 获得黏菌标本826份, 经形态学鉴定属于4目5科22属71种, 其中甘肃省新记录种30种。发现鹅绒菌(Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa)等9个物种是祁连山保护区广泛分布的物种, 针叶林中的黏菌总物种数(58种)和特有物种数(38种)均高于阔叶林(33种; 13种), 海拔高度对黏菌多样性无明显影响。主成分分析结果表明, 腐木型基质上的黏菌物种多样性最丰富, 木本基物与草本基物上的黏菌物种组成具有明显差异。研究结果表明, 甘肃省祁连山自然保护区的山地森林带的植被类型与基物类型是影响黏菌物种组成和多样性的重要因素。     

Predicted potential distribution of Sydowia japonica in Japan

Sydowia japonica, a dothidealean fungus, is a parasite that is specific to the male strobili of Japanese cedar. The fungus is a candidate for the control of Japanese cedar pollen dispersal, which is a cause of pollinosis. To evaluate S. japonica for bioherbicidal applications, it is necessary to characterise its potential distribution and environmental niche. Here, we predicted the distribution of S. japonica in Japan using field surveys and a maximum entropy model, and identified the environmental variables that influence its distribution. We identified S. japonica from a total of 87 localities in Japan through field surveys. Based on presence data and associated environmental variables, our model predicted that S. japonica is widely distributed in Japan, but concentrated in the Hokuriku and Kinki areas along the Sea of Japan. The model also predicted that the most important environmental variables influencing fungal distribution were sunshine duration in the winter and precipitation in the summer. This new information will contribute to the development of bioherbicidal applications for S. japonica.     

Predicting the distribution of the two bark beetles Tomicus destruens and Tomicus piniperda in Europe and the Mediterranean region

• 1 Various factors such as climate and resource availability influence the geographical distributions of organisms. Species sensitive to small temperature variations are known to experience rapid distribution shifts as a result of current global warming, sometimes leading to new threats to agriculture and forests. Tomicus piniperda and Tomicus destruens (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) cause economic damage to pines in Europe and around the Mediterranean Basin. However, their respective potential distributions have not yet been studied at a large scale. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of climatic and host factors on the geographical distributions of both Tomicus species in Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea, and to establish maps of suitable areas.
• 2 Using 114 published localities where the presence or absence of both species was unambiguously recorded, we gathered WorldClim meteorological records to correlate the occurrence of insects with bioclimatic variables and to build potential distribution maps.
• 3 The two studied Tomicus species presented parapatric distributions and opposite climate demands, with T. destruens occurring in locations with warmer temperatures, whereas T. piniperda occurs under a colder climate. Amongst the investigated climate variables, temperature appeared to be most correlated with both species distributions.
• 4 The potential ranges of both species were further restricted by the availability of pine hosts. It appeared that setting new pine plantations in regions where T. destruens or T. piniperda are still absent could favour a rapid expansion of their distributions. Our data will be useful when aiming to apply management strategies adapted to each species, and to forecast their potential range expansions/contractions as a result of climate warming.

     

Geographical distribution ofSporidesmium goidanichii in pine forests of Japan

The geographical distribution of a saprotrophic hyphomycete,Sporidesmium goidanichii was studied in pine forests of Japan. Using the data of 282 fungal communitles of pine leaf litter collected over a wide range of climatic conditions, the relationships among two indexes of distribution of the species (constancy and abundance) and three climatic variables were analyzed by the multiple regression analysis. The results demonstrated that the mean annual air temperature and the mean annual range (the difference in monthly mean air temperatures between the coldest and warmest months at the study sites) were necessary variables for the prediction of the values of indexes ofS. goidanichii in pine forests of Japan, while the mean annual precipitation was an unimportant factor. The distribution patterns of the fungus along the gradients of two temperature variables were analyzed graphically. The fungus has an optimal climatic area with high values of indexes where is restricted to the center of the warm temperate regions of the main islands. The relationship between the life strategy of the fungus and its temperature-dependent distribution pattern in Japan was also discussed. Contributions to Sugadaira Montane Research Center No. 179.     

Geographical distribution of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) in South-eastern and South Brazilian Mountain Ranges

This study deals with the geographical distribution of Eupatorieae species in South-eastern and Southern Brazilian mountain ranges, with special emphasis on the Mantiqueira range (Serra da Mantiqueira). In the Mantiqueira range, five localities were sampled for two years during the flowering period of the plants. Species composition in the Mantiqueira localities was then compared to data from a central range (the Espinhaço) and a southern coastal range. Cluster and ordination analyses showed clear floristic differences among the three ranges. Nearer localities were more similar floristically only within the Espinhaço range and across all ranges, as shown by Mantel tests. The dendrogram in the Mantiqueira range clustered Itatiaia and Campos do Jordão, two non-adjacent localities with similar environment, landscape and topography. Different processes may be influencing the structure and composition of the Eupatorieae flora at different geographical scales. Historical and biogeographical processes may be more important in determining community composition of different mountain ranges, whereas factors such as climate and human impact may be determining differences among localities within each mountain range.     

Developmental changes in the bark lectin of Sophora japonica L.

Lectin is the major protein in the phloem tissue of S. japonica. By immunohistochemistry using anti-seed lectin antibody it was demonstrated that the lectin was localized in the ray and the axial parenchyma. Neither lectin nor other cross-reactive materials were observed in the cambium, sieve tubes and companion cells. The distribution and localization changed in relation to tissue development. Lectin content in the bark changed during the year, the average in summer being about 50% of that in winter. The distribution of lectin in the bark in winter was similar from the innermost (youngest) to the outermost (oldest) region. In contrast, in summer the innermost region hardly contained any lectin, and the outermost region contained less lectin than the middle. Lectin localization in tissues and cells differed also depending on tissue age. In new tissue, produced in the current year, lectip was absent in summer, was located in the cytoplasmic layer between cell wall and vacuole in autumn, and sequestered in the vacuoles in winter. On the other hand, lectin in old tissue (formed in the previous year) was located throughout the year mainly within the vacuoles, with only very small contents in the cytoplasmic layer in autumn. Within the outermost (oldest) region, in which the lectin content was low in summer, the cells which bordered the outer bark never contained any lectin in summer. The intracellular localization in autumn in new tissue, determined by immunogold electron microscopy, was in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles, with gold particles hardly present in the cytoplasm. From these findings we conclude that lectin is synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and most vigorously in the new tissue in autumn, and that it is mainly consumed in the outermost bark regions, where dilatation occurs and-or where cork cambium is differentiated.Abbreviations ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ER endoplasmic reticulum - kDa kilodalton Retired. Anatomical terms in this paper are used according to Multilingual glossary of terms used in wood anatomy edited by the Committee on Nomenclature, International Association of Wood Anatomists; reprints may be obtained from the Office of the Secretary-Treasurer, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zürich 6, Switzerland.     

火地塘生态定位站不同植物群落与小蠹类群多样性

为探讨不同森林植物群落中植物类群与小蠹类群的结构特征以及小蠹类群随海拔高度而发生的变化,于2001~2003年夏季,采用取样调查法,依据海拔高度将秦岭火地塘生态定位站植物群落划分为山麓农田和侧柏群落(群落Ⅰ)、油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落(群落Ⅱ)、油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落(群落Ⅲ)、油松-华山松-辽东栎群落(群落Ⅳ),亚高山云杉林群落(群落Ⅴ),亚高山冷杉林群落(群落Ⅵ)6种类型的植物群落中,分乔木层、灌木层、草本层3个层次,分别计算出高等森林植物群落和针叶树小蠹类群的Shannon-W iener多样性指数、B erger-Parker生态优势度和P ie lou均匀度指数。结果表明,在山麓灌丛群落至针阔混交林群落之间,森林植物物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈递增趋势;在针阔混交林群落与亚高山云杉林群落、亚高山冷杉林群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈下降趋势。从总体看,阔叶林中森林植被的多样性程度高于亚高山云杉林和冷杉林。群落优势度指数的变化规律则与之相反。不同森林群落类型中针叶树小蠹类群的多样性、均匀度和优势度研究结果表明,针叶树小蠹物种多样性指数和均匀度由高到低的排列顺序依次为:油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落、油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落、油松-华山松-辽东栎群落、亚高山云杉林群落、亚高山冷杉林群落、山麓农田侧柏群落;针叶树小蠹群落优势度的变化趋势与之相反。6种类型的植物群落中,共获得针叶树小蠹21种。讨论了小蠹这一昆虫类群对森林植物群落的指示意义、海拔高度对森林植物和小蠹组成及分布的主要影响、研究森林生态系统各部分组成及相互关系的必要性以及进一步深入研究森林群落物种多样性需要注意的问题。     

海南岛的蝎子地理分布研究

蝎目是蛛形动物中较早登陆且又比较原始的类群,在蛛形动物进化历程中占重要地位,是已知最古老的陆生节肢动物之一,具有较高的药用价值和食用价值.本文对海南岛蝎子的生态地理分布进行了研究,从理论上丰富了热带地区蝎目动物的地理分布和物种丰富度等方面的内容;在实践上,拓宽了应用的领域,有利于对不同蝎目动物的资源开发和利用,同时也为保护这类古老的动物提供了依据.经调查,共发现蝎目动物2科3属3种,均为海南已有记录种类,其中钳蝎科2种,分别为等蝎属的斑等蝎和狼蝎属的细尖狼蝎;瘦尾蝎科1种,系链尾蝎属的澳链尾蝎.     

黏菌分布格局与生态学研究进展

黏菌是一类广泛分布于全球各种陆地生态系统的菌物,生态功能独特。随着物种资源调查的极大拓展以及分子标记和高通量测序技术等的成熟应用,黏菌的生态学研究在近年来取得了长足的发展。本文综述了国内外黏菌物种分布与群落生态学的研究进展,旨在为基于经典分类和分子标记研究黏菌的物种演替、群落结构和生态作用等提供重要参考和有益借鉴。     

Geographical distribution of Polycelis (Seidlia) auriculata in Japan

Polycelis (Seidlia) auriculata is endemic to mountain districts of Japan, from the central part of Honshû to the area of the Daisetsu Mts of Hokkaidô. In northern Japan, it sometimes occurs in cold-water biotopes of lowland areas. The progenitor of P. auriculata appears to have been the oldest immigrant into northern Japan among the Japanese Polycelis species, entering through a northern route as a preglacial faunal element. P. auriculata now shows a discontinious distribution in northern Japan. By virtue of its geographical and vertical distribution, ecological niche, variation in anatomy of the copulatory apparatus, and cytodemes, this species appears to be in the process of transformation.     

Reproduction of the gorgonian Plexaura flexuosa in Bermuda

This study examined geographically based differences in reproductive biology of Plexaura flexuosa, a gonochoric broadcasting gorgonian that is abundant across the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic. Gametogenesis, spawning, and per polyp fecundity-colony height ratios were assessed in Bermuda and then compared with existing studies of populations in the Bahamas, Florida, and the Caribbean and in conjunction with analyses of mean sea surface temperature (MSST) at these locales. Differences documented in the Bermudian population include: lag in onset of spermary development and completion of oogenesis as compared to southern populations; later spawning that occurred over fewer days; and lack of correlation between fecundity polyp^− 1 and colony height. These findings suggest that important differences occur in major reproductive events between the distantly separated northern-most populations of P. flexuosa found in Bermuda compared with more tropical populations of this species. Such population-level variability in life history characteristics needs to be incorporated into approaches for conservation planning efforts.     

Geographical distributions of rhytismataceous fungi on Camellia japonica leaf litter in Japan

Rhytismataceous fungi (Ascomycota) exhibit ligninolytic activities during the initial stages of litter decomposition. We quantitatively investigated the geographical distributions of rhytismataceous fungi on Camellia japonica leaf litter across Japan. We found three rhytismataceous species (Coccomyces sp., Lophodermium jiangnanense, and a Rhytismataceae sp.) on bleached leaves of C. japonica. The Coccomyces sp. was distributed at all 40 sites investigated. On the other hand, L. jiangnanense was restricted to the southwestern region, and the Rhytismataceae sp. was localized to part of the warm-temperate zone. L. jiangnanense and the Rhytismataceae sp. were more common at sites with higher annual temperatures and greater precipitation. The relative abundance of rhytismataceous fungi revealed that either Coccomyces sp. or L. jiangnanense predominated at all sites, with a distribution related to annual precipitation. These results suggest that the geographical distributions and abundances of rhytismataceous fungi are influenced by climatic conditions.     

Geographical distribution and cytological variation ofLemna paucicostata Hegelm. in Japan

More than 100 strains ofLemna paucicostata Hegelm. collected from various localities in Japan were classified into 4 types according to the criterion of Yukawa and Takimoto (1976). N-1 type strains are widely distributed in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, N-2 type strains only in the area on the Japan Sea side of north Japan, K type strain only at the campus of Kyoto University, and S type strains in southern Japan. Numbers of chromosomes in somatic cells of N-1, N-2, K and S type strains were 2n=66–84, 40, 50 and 40, respectively. In N-2 and S type strains, all chromosomes (20 bivalent chromosomes) were lined up on the equatorial plate at metaphase of the first meiotic division (MI). However, in N-1 type strains, several chromosomes, and in the K type strain, more chromosomes were away from the equatorial plate at MI. Pollen fertility was 60–70%, higher than 90%, 0% and higher than 90%, in N-1, N-2, K and S type strains, respectively.     

Photoprotective role of rhodoxanthin during cold acclimation in Cryptomeria japonica

To examine the role of rhodoxanthin in long‐term acclimation to low temperatures, we monitored seasonal changes in pigment composition, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and the level of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in needles of wild‐type and mutant forms of Cryptomeria japonica. In winter, rhodoxanthin accumulated in sun‐exposed needles of wild‐type plants, but not in those of the mutant. The level of chlorophyll decreased in both types of plant in winter. In contrast, the level of the xanthophyll cycle pool increased in both cases. The level of the pool in the mutant was twice that in the wild type in winter, on a Chl basis, even though the levels in both were similar in summer. The synthesis of rhodoxanthin might be triggered by photo‐inhibitory conditions, as suggested by the sustained elevated levels of zeaxanthin (Z) and antheraxanthin (A). In the wild type and the mutant, the quantum yield of CO₂ fixation (φ), the photosynthetic capacity, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), the photochemical quenching and the level of Rubisco in summer were similar. However, all these values for the wild type were higher than those for the mutant in winter. The non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the mutant in winter increased rapidly even under low light conditions due to the high sustained levels of Z and A. In contrast, in the wild type, the conversion of Z via A to rhodoxanthin prevented the rapid increase in NPQ to maintain the relatively high level of φ. These findings suggest that rhodoxanthin might play an important photoprotective role in long‐term acclimation to cold. The dynamic regulation of the amount of rhodoxanthin relative to the level of the xanthophyll cycle pool might act to maintain an appropriate balance between light absorption, photosynthesis and the thermal dissipation of energy due to excess absorbed light in winter.     

Geographical distribution and phenotypic differentiation in populations of Dactylis glomerata L. in Japan

Although the perennial grass Dactylis glomerata L. has established dominant populations in Japan since its introduction in the 1870s, there have been marked reductions in its abundance in southern and northeastern regions. In order to examine the effects of climatic factors on distribution and differentiation of the naturalized populations of D. glomerata, abundance of 26 populations over a distance of 1500 km along a latitudinal gradient was recorded at each site, and life-history traits of each population were measured in a common garden. It was found that the reduction in abundance was related to the mean summer temperature in southern regions and to the lowest temperature before snow cover in northeastern regions. Recent climatic records in Japan show an increase in the mean summer temperature but no apparent changes in the lowest temperature before snow cover. These data suggest that, assuming the recent trend in climatic changes continues, the population abundance will decrease in southern regions and will change little in the northeastern regions. Germination speed, leaf width and reproductive allocations showed clinal variation over a geographical range, and the southern populations had more rapid germination, narrower leaves and lower reproductive allocation than did the northern populations. On the other hand, seed size and germination date showed margin-center differentiation. Marginal populations in both distributional borders had smaller seeds and lower germination rates than did the central populations. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.