大豆叶片呼吸作用与光合作用日变化的关系(简报)

两个田间栽种的大豆品种在鼓粒期的光合速率有明显的午休,此时呼吸速率也出现午休。在全天中光合速率和呼吸速率的变化趋势大致相同。在9:00～17:00时内,光合速率与呼吸速率呈显著的正相关。大豆叶片的光合午休以及下午光合速率明显低于上午的现象不是呼吸作用造成的。     

桂花光合特性的光温响应

对丹桂光合特性光温响应的研究结果表明：1）净光合速率最适温度为24～28℃,在22～42℃之间,净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和水分利用效率与温度的关系为二次多项式方程,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率与温度成线性关系;2）在控制条件下,随着温度的升高,光补偿点升高,光饱和点、表观量子效率、最大净光合速率下降.在自然条件下,丹桂光合日进程出现明显的光合“午休”,“午休”主要由非气孔限制引起,表观量子效率和光化学效率下降表明光抑制是午间非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因.     

大豆光合日变化过程中气孔限制和非气孔限制的研究

研究了在典型高温低湿天气下大豆光合日变化过程中气孔限制和非气孔限制的效应。大豆叶片在中午表现出严重的气孔关闭伴随着光合速率的大幅度下降,但中午光合速率下降期间,大豆叶片细胞间隙的CO_2浓度不但没有下降反而有所增加,同时气孔限制值也在下降。实验结果表明,大豆叶片的光合午休现象主要是因为大豆叶片的羧化效率、光合能力,RUBP再生能力的下降以及CO_2补偿点升高造成的。大豆叶片在中午时气孔导度的下降不是造成光合午休的原因,而是在特定环境中实现水分利用最优的一种对策。     

影响水稻光合午休的因素分析与响应曲面分析

当光强达到1700μmolphotonm~-2s~-1,叶温超过35℃的晴天中午,水稻可产生明显的午休．通过光合午休过程中各因素与光合速率的相关性分析,采用R～2（决定系数）决定最佳回归分析所建立的复合回归模式,以此数学模型绘制响应曲面图．本文由数学分析,证实了午休过程中光合速率下降的主要限制因子是气孔导度;并分析了光合午休过程中,气孔导度与其它各因素的交互作用对光合速率的影响,揭示午休是在干热条件下,气孔导度减小,胞间CO_2浓度明显降低,光合原料短缺导致的光合速率下降．     

狼针草光合特性对放牧干扰的响应

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原围封草地和放牧草地为实验样地, 通过对两种草地类型中狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)的光合特性、水分关系、植物渗透调节等生理生态学特性测定分析, 比较研究放牧干扰对狼针草的影响。结果表明: 在放牧干扰下, 狼针草通过增强核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶(RUBPCase)活性、叶绿素含量、改变电子流的方向和速率、增强光系统II (PSII)活性(p < 0.05), 促进同化物的累积和植物的补偿生长, 应对放牧干扰的影响。放牧干扰下狼针草的光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型, 而围封草地中呈“双峰型”, 出现“午休”现象, 正午RuBPCase的羧化能力下降是造成围封草地狼针草光合“午休”的非气孔因素之一, 而磷元素的缺失可能是导致二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)活性下降的原因。在光合能量分配方面, 两种样地狼针草的PSII最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)均出现光抑制现象。放牧草地中狼针草对光照增强较为敏感, F_v/F_m值下降趋势明显(p < 0.05)。和围封样地相比, 放牧样地的狼针草光化学猝灭(q_P)值升高, 而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)值降低(p < 0.05), 分配更多的能量于光合反应中心, 有利于同化物累积, 提高光合能力来适应放牧的影响。在放牧干扰下, 狼针草叶片水势与叶片含水量降低, 而渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量增加(p < 0.05), 狼针草的蓄水性变弱, 需要通过增加体内渗透调节物质, 主动降低水势, 以保证从土壤中获取足够的水分维持自身生理活性。同时, 放牧干扰促进了狼针草对氮元素的吸收利用。放牧样地中狼针草光合氮、磷利用率均与叶比重呈负相关关系。     

田间大豆光合午休原因的综合研究

本研究利用主成分分析构造同归模型,利用典型相关分析等方法,对自变量的重要程度进行排序,确定了光合午休的主要原因是气孔因素限制所致.光抑光合也是一个值得注意的因素,但不是主要因素.空气相对湿度、叶片与大气间水汽压差是诱发气孔限制的重要因素.当空气相对湿度较为适中时,叶温的影响较小,在空气相对湿度变坏的情况下,叶温才对光合午休有重要影响.     

内蒙古半干旱草原区沙地植物群落光合特征的动态研究

沙蒿(Artemisia intramongolica)群落是半干旱草原地区沙地的重要植被类型,分别在植物的生长前期、中期、盛期和后期采用便携式光合测定仪和大型同化分析仪测定了沙蒿叶片和沙蒿群落的光合动态。单叶和群落的光合速率日进程类型随气候的不同而异,瞬时光合速率主要决定于光合有效辐射强度(PAR)。土壤干旱大大降低了单叶和群落的光合能力,晴天土壤湿润时气温和空气湿度控制着叶片的光合速率,午间大气湿度降低是光合午休的主要外因。叶片的蒸腾速率与气温呈显著线性相关,植物的光能和水分利用效率也主要取决于PAR和气温,随着PAR和气温的升高利用效率下降。沙蒿叶片光能利用效率在后期也能保持较高水平。沙蒿对土壤干旱和高温具有一定的适应性,在土壤湿润时能迅速提高光合速率,形成较大的生物量。但是沙蒿的蒸腾速率高,水分利用效率低。研究认为,沙蒿通过对土壤干旱和高温的忍耐机制而保持长时间较高的光能利用效率,并在土壤湿润时迅速提高光合能力和积累干物质来适应半干旱的沙地环境,而且依靠高蒸腾速率和强的水分吸收能力来竞争性抑制其他植物的生长。     

吉林不同生境防风夏季光合特性

采用LCpro+全自动便携式光合仪同时测定了长春、长岭和白城3个生境防风的光合作用及环境因子,研究不同生境防风净光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率等日变化特征及其与生态因子之间关系,并采用通径分析法分析各环境因子对防风净光合速率的直接和间接影响,探讨防风的光合生理规律,为进一步研究防风的光合生理提供依据。结果表明,各环境因子之间存在相互作用,在影响防风光合作用的环境因子中,光合有效辐射(PAR)是驱动因子,它的变化驱动了大气温度(Ta)、叶片温度(Tl)变化,Ta升高引起空气密度的变化是午间相对湿度(RH)和大气浓度CO2(Ca)降低的一个重要原因。环境因子中对Pn直接作用由大到小长春为TlTaPARCaRH,长岭为PARTlRHCaTa,白城为TaTlRHPARCa。长春、长岭PAR与Pn相关系数最大,而白城地区Ca与Pn相关系数最大,说明防风叶片对不同环境因子的反应有所不同。8月份3个地区防风净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线,具有明显的光合"午休"现象。长春、长岭地区防风光合"午休"现象主要由气孔因素引起,白城地区防风光合"午休"现象主要由非气孔因素引起的。3个生境防风的Pn与Gs之间均呈显著的正相关关系,白城的Gs比长春、长岭地区的低44%左右,这是防风为适应高温干旱的环境而形成的生理反应。不同生境土壤含水量间差异显著,白城地区土壤水分含量很低,只有20.35%,仅是长春土壤含水量的56.50%,而空气温度较高,强辐射使气孔叶片蒸腾失水加剧,导致叶片含水量也很低,仅仅为56.60%,高温干旱使防风叶温升高,防风磷酸化、电子传递、酶活性等受到抑制,导致光合速率降低。因此,白城地区长期高温胁迫是限制防风Pn的主要原因。     

冰雪灾害后木荷倒木萌枝光合特性研究

采用Li-6400型便携式光合测定仪,对冰雪灾害后夏季木荷倒木萌枝和未受损木荷枝条的叶片进行光合特性研究。结果表明:倒木萌枝和未受损木荷枝条的Pn、Tr和Gs日变化均呈双峰曲线,具有典型的光合"午休"现象,中午Pn降低均为气孔限制;未受损木荷Pn中午午休时间(10:00～15:00)长于倒木的午休时间(11:00～15:00),其自我保护能力强于倒木,且对光适应的生态辐较宽;环境因子对Pn的直接作用由大到小为倒木:PAR>Ca>Ta>RH,未受损木荷:Ta>PAR>Ca>RH。倒木和未受损木荷的RH与Pn分别呈极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)负相关,高温高湿、高湿分别是制约倒木、未受损木荷Pn进一步升高的主要环境因子。     

松嫩平原西部林网生态场中玉米光合生态研究

东北松嫩平原林网生态场(Ecofield)中主要气候因子对玉米(Zea mays)光合作用影响的研究表明：在整个生长季中,玉米的瞬时光合速率与气温、光强正相关;日光合量则与空气温、湿度正相关。林网中部和东部(10—20H,H为1树高)玉米的光合日进程基本无午休现象,仅两侧主林带附近(1H、5H、25H)仍有午休;与此相应,日光合量也以中、东部高于两侧,这是由于林网中部的气温和湿度高于两侧。通过综合分析,发现午间空气湿度低是造成光合午休的主要原因,在东北松嫩平原,空气温、湿度是制约玉米光合作用主要的气候因子,其中气温是主导因子;光照不是限制因子。防护林可提高林网中的空气温、湿度,从而提高玉米的生产力。     

植物光效生态学研究 Ⅰ.小麦光合作用午休的原因

本文报道了用小麦作材料,从作物生理生态特性方面研究了小麦光合作用午休的原因。试验结果证明:在中午前后,小麦叶片气孔开关数目与光合作用午休密切相关;大部分小麦光合作用午休与生物节律无关;中午遮光后,光合作用加强和生物学产量提高,说明光合产物的累积是形成光合作用午休的重要因素之一。     

十种草原植物光合速率与光照的关系

光作为光合作用的能量来源,对植物的光合生产有很大的影响。本文以十种草原植物为研究对象,于1985—1986年在典型草原地带进行了草原植物的光—光合特性的研究。根据叶片净光合速率和光呼吸速率的高低,可确定这十种草原植物都属C_3草本植物范围。由测定结果表明,它们对光能的利用效率有所不同。当植物叶片在晴天最大光强(110千勒)时,山葱和马蔺的总光合和净光和均无光饱和点;均有光饱和点的是冰草、西伯利亚羽茅、大针茅、贝加尔针茅、无芒雀麦和日阴营;总光合无光饱和点,净光合有光饱和点的是羊草和芨芨草。并可认为近光饱和点是植物的适宜光强。     

光照对大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食量的影响

对不同照度下大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食量进行了初步测定,得知仔鱼在１００Ｌｘ时摄食量最大,其次为１０Ｌｘ,摄食率为１００Ｌｘ时最高,并在２０分钟时达到最大值,可见大泷六线仔鱼的适宜照度范围为１０－１００Ｌｘ,高或低于此照度都会影响仔鱼的摄食效果。     

Effects of salinity and illumination on photosynthesis and water balance of Spartina alterniflora Loisel

Summary Plants of the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel were collected from North Carolina and grown under controlled nutrient, temperature, and photoperiod conditions. Plants were grown at two different illumination levels; substrate salinity was varied, and leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, total chlorophyll, leaf xylem pressure, and specific leaf weight were measured. Conditions were controlled so that gaseous and liquid phase resistances to CO₂ diffusion could be calculated. Growth at low illumination and high salinity (30 ppt) resulted in a 50% reduction in photosynthesis. The reduction in photosynthesis of plants grown at low illumination was correlated with an increase in gaseous resistance. Photosynthetic rates of plants grown at high salinity and high illumination were reduced only slightly compared to rates of plants grown, in 10 ppt and Hoagland's solution. Both high salinity and high illumination were correlated with increases in specific leaf weight. Chlorophyll data indicate that specific leaf weight differences were the result of increases in leaf thickness. It is therefore hypothesized that photosynthetic response can be strongly influenced by salinity-induced changes in leaf structure. Similarities in photosynthetic rate on an area basis at high, illumination were apparently the result, of increases in leaf thickness at high salinity. Photosynthetic rates were generally quite high, even at salinities close to open ocean water, and it is concluded that salinity rarely limits photosynthesis in S. alterniflora.     

新疆甘家湖梭梭林的光合、水分生理生态的研究

测定了梭梭林中梭梭柴等7个树种的光合和水分生理生态特性,包括其光合和呼吸强度、叶绿素含量、气孔状况、光合产物的分配及初级生产力、水分利用效率等,发现荒漠树种具有较高的光合效率和水分利用效率。6—9月梭梭柴的平均光合强度为8.02CO2mg／g,干重·h,它接近于中生树种新疆杨同期光合强度的平均值(8.39);白梭梭的蒸腾系数为250.12mg水／g干重,约是新疆杨蒸腾系数(502.45)的一半。荒漠树种的高光合和水分利用效率是它们长期适应高温干旱生态环境的结果。荒漠梭梭林通常仅作为薪炭林,这对光合产物的利用是很不经济合理的,需要改进。     

Carbon dioxide exchange in the needles of the common spruce in southern taiga spruce forests

Dynamics of carbon dioxide exchange in the Common Spruce (Picea abies L.) in relation to environmental factors was monitored during several seasons. Direct linear dependence of photosynthesis rate from the levels of air temperature and illumination was found, and correlation coefficients were 0.860 (p < 0.001) and 0.704 (p < 0.001). It was found that seasonal maximum of net photosynthesis production was attained at temperatures of 23–25°C. A decrease in temperature optimum was associated with reduction of the CO₂ assimilation intensity level. The impact of environmental factors on photosynthesis intensity is discussed in terms of the developed model. Using this model, we demonstrated that temperature and illumination dynamics in toto accounts for 82% of changes in photosynthesis rate. It is the air temperature that exerts the strongest influence on the process of photosynthesis. According to our calculations, the net photosynthesis level was three times higher than the level of respiration. This is indicative of a positive carbon dioxide balance in the needles of the Common Spruce.     

Evidences from Action Spectra for a Specific Participation of Chlorophyll b in Photosynthesis

Rate of oxygen evolution in photosynthesis was measured as the current from a polarized platinum electrode covered by a thin layer of Chlorella. The arrangement gave a reproducibly measurable rate of photosynthesis proportional to light intensity at the low levels used and gave rapid response to changes in illumination. Two phenomena have been explored. The Emerson effect was observed as an enhancement of photosynthesis in long wavelength red light (700 mµ) when shorter wavelengths were added. Two light beams of wavelengths 653 and 700 mµ when presented together gave a photosynthetic rate about 25 per cent higher than the sum of the rates obtained separately. Large and reproducible transients in rate of oxygen evolution were observed accompanying change in illumination between two wavelengths adjusted in intensity to support equal steady rates of photosynthesis. The transients were found not to be specifically related to long wavelength red light. Both enhancement and the transients have identical action spectra which are interpreted as demonstrating a specific photochemical participation of chlorophyll b.     

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS OF INTENSITY DISCRIMINATION AND OF VISUAL ACUITY IN THE HONEY BEE

1. Bees respond by a characteristic reflex to a movement of their visual field. By confining the field to a series of parallel stripes of two alternating different brightnesses it is possible to determine for any width of stripe, at any brightness of one of the two sets of stripes, the brightness of the second at which the bee will first respond to a displacement of the field. Thus the relations between visual acuity and intensity discrimination can be studied. 2. For each width of stripe and visual angle subtended by the stripe the discrimination power of the bee''s eye for different brightnesses was studied. For each visual acuity the intensity discrimination varies with illumination in a characteristic, consistent manner. The discrimination is poor at low illuminations; as the intensity of illumination increases the discrimination increases, and reaches a constant level at high illuminations. 3. From the intensity discrimination curves obtained at different visual acuities, visual acuity curves can be reconstructed for different values of ΔI/I. The curves thus obtained are identical in form with the curve found previously by direct test for the relation between visual acuity and illumination.     

蛇足石杉的形态学及不同光照处理下气孔特征的研究

对蛇足石杉的形态学特征进行了重新描述,并对不同光照处理下蛇足石杉叶片的气孔特征进行比较。结果表明：在一定范围内,随着环境中光照强度的增加,气孔长度和宽度、单个气孔面积、气孔密度及气孔总面积都呈增加的趋势。当光照强度超过某一阈值时其气孔指数和气孔密度仍呈增加的趋势,但气孔长度、宽度和单个气孔面积呈变小趋势。小而密的气孔是其适应旱生环境的表现,表明其具有一定的生态适应能力,但进行人工栽培时应避免光照过强。