天然色素的开发及应用

一、天然色素的发展概况天然色素作为食品着色剂已有非常悠久的历史。我国古代的《食经》和《齐民要术》等书中,就有关于利用天然色素为食品和酿酒着色的记载,如用艾青做青饺;用红米和茜草科植物使食品着色。十二世纪以前,在大不列颠,阿利克赛人也喜欢在糖果中加入天然色素材料使糖果呈现各种不同的颜色,如玫瑰色、紫色等。到了十九世纪中期,分类学家Peing记载了罗马帝国时代使用天然着色剂的情况,当时常     

天然色素在日本的应用

用天然色素为食品着色已有悠久的历史,既使在合成色素普及使用之后,天然色素仍然是重要的着色材料。在此方面,世界各国均有同样的倾向和经历。日本从二十世纪二十年代至六十年代,是合成色素普及、需要量大大增加的时代。一九五七年,日本有26种合成食用色素.到六二年,经检查合格的合成食用色素年产量为580吨,相当于美国当时年产量的六分之一。之后,人们从各个不同的角度对食品添加剂的安全性进行了实验,合成色素的种类和数量都减小了。而天然色素则兴旺起来,需求量大大增加。一九七二年,美国就红色2号色素的安全性问题发生了争议,这就更加促使日本向天然色素方向发展。由于各公司生产的色     

微生物产色素机制及其生物活性

近年来,随着人工合成色素的大量使用引起一系列环境和健康问题,增加了人们对安全、无毒天然色素的需求.天然色素主要来源于植物和微生物,由于植物生长周期较长使植物源色素在大规模应用中受限.与植物源天然色素相比,微生物源色素易于大规模快速培养,具有更广阔的应用前景.本文系统总结了不同微生物源色素产生机制,及其在抗菌、抗氧化及抗...     

用薄膜技术净化和浓缩天然着色剂

目前,可以用于食品的合成着色剂的种类是很有限的,即便是正在使用的一些种类也受到安全性审查。在美国,食用合成色素红色2号已被禁止使用,这促使人们进一步考虑将天然色素用于食品之中。当前市场上出售的各类天然色素提取物着色能力比较弱、不够均匀,而且稳定性差。为了克服这些弱点,薄膜加工技术便应运而生了。它可以用来净化和浓缩花色苷和甜菜苷。除用在乳清加工外,薄膜技术在其它方面的应用历史还不太长,但是,它具     

食用天然色素的开发和利用

食用色素是发展食品工业的关键成分之一。近20～30年来,由于食用合成色素的安全性问题,人们对食用天然色素的兴趣日益发展。食用天然色素包括来自动物、植物、微生物以及矿物的色素。因矿物色素大都对人体有害,现已不再用于食品着色。动物及微生物色素应     

天然色素——多元酚色素的制造法

发明内容: 利用柿漆在中性或弱碱性条件下发色而作为食品着色剂,这一具有特色的多元酚色素的制造法。发明的详细说明: 近年来合成色素的安全性已引起广泛重视,其品种数量大大下降,而人们对安全性较高的天然色素的开发具有强烈的要求。本发明成功地开发以柿漆作原料,制作安全性较高,同时具有很好的耐光性、耐热性和着色性的水溶性多元酚褐色天然色素。自古以来,多元酚褐色天然色素就作为巧克力、可可茶、咖啡和红茶等的着色剂成分而广泛用于食品,同时,多元酚褐色天然色素也广泛存在于其它多种水果、蔬菜和茶等植物中。长期以来,人们将其和食物共同摄取,因此其安全性极高。本发明是提供稳定和含有较多单宁以及价格低廉的多元酚原料。本发明利用自古以来被     

天然植物食用色素的研究概况

天然植物食用色素的研究概况陈业高（云南省昆明医学院预防医学系,６５００３１）食用色素是食品的重要成分,近年来随着医学毒理学和生物学试验研究工作的不断深人,许多在食品工业中大量使用的合成色素被认为对人体有害,有的甚至致癌,因而世界各国开始禁用一些合成色...     

植物甜菜色素的研究进展

天然植物色素的存在使植物呈现出缤纷的色彩。甜菜色素是四大类天然植物色素之一,主要存在于石竹目某些科属植物中,使植物呈现出红色至黄色的多种色彩。作为一种重要的次生代谢产物,甜菜色素在植物中不仅起呈色的作用,同时也是一种重要的渗透调节物质,在植物适应逆境的过程中发挥着重要作用。在实际应用中,甜菜色素既可作为食品、药品的着色剂,同时因其良好的抗氧化能力,还具有一定的药用功效。从甜菜色素的理化性质、生物合成、提取工艺、应用前景等方面对其研究进展进行了综述。     

食用天然色素科学文献初探

前言近年来,随着我国人民生活水平的提高和食品工业的发展对食用色素的需求量与日俱增。目前,国内市场和食品工业使用的色素,绝大多数是合成色素。合成色素染着性和调色性好,但长期食用人们有一种不安全感,特别是最近发现某些合成食用色素有致癌危险之后,开发使用天然色素新品种、新工艺,已成为食品着色剂生产的迫切需要。从长远的观点看     

五彩的世界——话说植物与染色

植物与我们的生活息息相关,我们的衣食住行都离不开植物。五颜六色的植物将我们的生活带进了五彩的世界,从用于食品调色的天然色素,到布匹丝绸的印染以及书画颜料,大多数均源自于植物。正是有了它们,我们的世界才会如此绚丽多彩。     

Effects of lead on bioaccumulation patterns and the ecophysiological response inMonochoria korsakowi

Phytoextraction is a feasible method for eliminating heavy metals from contaminated soil. However, only a few plant species can hyperaccumulate toxic metals. We examined bioaccumulation patterns and the ecophysiological responses (i.e., photosynthetic pigments, total antioxidative capacity, and variations in antioxidant enzymes) in plants ofMonochoria korsakowi that were exposed to various concentrations of lead. Contents increased significantly when more lead was applied, with most of this metal being found in the roots. Biomass for each organ type decreased with higher lead concentrations. Chlorophyll a contents declined in proportion to lead amounts, whereas those of chlorophyllb were not significantly diminished. Carotenoid contents were not influenced by such treatment. Total antioxidant capacity in the leaf blades of treated plants increased greatly with higher lead concentrations. We conclude thatM. korsakowi could be used as a potential phytoremediator of heavy metals in contaminated soils.     

广西壮族传统利用的食用色素植物

广西壮族自治区位于我国南疆,属亚热带区域,地形地貌复杂多样,植物资源极为丰富,有高等植物约     

Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms

Carotenoids are important natural pigments produced by many microorganisms and plants. Traditionally, carotenoids have been used in the feed, food and nutraceutical industries. The recent discoveries of health-related beneficial properties attributed to carotenoids have spurred great interest in the production of structurally diverse carotenoids for pharmaceutical applications. The availability of a considerable number of microbial and plant carotenoid genes that can be functionally expressed in heterologous hosts has opened ways for the production of diverse carotenoid compounds in heterologous systems. In this review, we will describe the recent progress made in metabolic engineering of non-carotenogenic microorganisms for improved carotenoid productivity. In addition, we will discuss the application of combinatorial and evolutionary strategies to carotenoid pathway engineering to broaden the diversity of carotenoid structures synthesized in recombinant hosts.     

植物类胡萝卜素生物合成及功能

详述了植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径,并从突破类胡萝卜素合成途径中上游瓶颈限制、类胡萝卜素代谢各分支途径的改造、提高植物细胞对类胡萝卜素物质积累能力三个方面探讨了类胡萝卜素生物合成酶基因在植物基因工程中的研究现状,最后对植物类胡萝卜素代谢的研究前景进行了展望。     

Polygenic inheritance of bean mass

Analogies between plants and animals are often a source of confusion in the understanding of sexual reproduction in green plants

The ancient view that plants are non-sexual because they hold a place below animals on the ladder of nature was still held by many scientists in the 1 8th century. Paradoxically, al this time, Linnaeus and others were also postulating the universality of plant sexuality by using analogies with animals to over-extend the slowly emerging experimental evidence about the functions of floral parts. Today's school leavers seem to have similarly diverse views. A lack of school focus on gamete fusion appears to result in a continuing reliance on analogies with animals, and a belief that plants undergo only a qualified version of sexual reproduction. Suggestions for classroom activities to overcome this are offered, and some wider implications are considered.     

桉树叶片光合色素含量高光谱估算模型

色素在植物的生理生态过程中非常重要,利用高光谱数据,揭示光谱反射率上特征波段与光合色素含量间的关系将有助于理解光合色素光谱反射特征的规律,同时为利用高光谱遥感技术快速无损监测植物叶片光合色素提供了技术支持.利用野外采集的桉树叶片样本,在实验室内测定了叶片的高光谱反射率及对应的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量.利用光谱分析技术和统计学方法对光谱数据进行处理分析,提取了光谱特征参量,并建立叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量与光谱特征参量间的估算模型.通过精度检验,研究结果表明以(SDr-SDb)/(SDr+SDb)为变量建立的指数模型估算效果最佳.     

An improved method for extraction and separation of photosynthetic pigments

The method for extracting and separating hydrophobic photosynthetic pigments proposed by Katayama et al. (Japanese Journal of Phycology, 42, 71-77, 1994) has been improved to introduce it to student laboratories at the senior high school level. Silica gel powder was used for removing water from fresh materials prior to extracting pigments by a mixture of organic solvents that was also used for chromatographic separation of the pigments. A small silica gel thin-layer plate or a paper strip was used for separating the pigments. The improved method may be applicable to all kinds of plant materials including algae, is easier than most other methods, and can lead to more successful results in separating these pigments by both thin-layer chromatography and paper chromatography. The method has been carried out in student laboratories in some senior high schools and universities in Japan. The results indicate that this laboratory exercise is effective for students to recognise the unity and diversity of plants. Therefore, this laboratory seems to be useful for teaching plant systematics as well as for teaching photosynthesis.     

Comparison of Acylated Plant Pigments: Light-resistance and Radical-scavenging Ability

The acylated plant pigments synthesized by lipase-catalyzed transesterification with aromatic acids were compared in respect of their light-resistance and radical-scavenging ability. With both the flavonols and anthocyanins, their acylated derivatives were more stable against illumination with fluorescent light than their non-acylated glucosides. Their radical-scavenging ability partially decreased or was retained by acylation to the glucoside molecules.     

植物类胡萝卜素提取与分析技术研究进展

类胡萝卜素是所有光合生物及一些非光合原核生物和真菌合成的亲脂性天然色素, 对植物、动物和人都具有广泛的生物学作用。随着现代分析技术的快速发展, 越来越多的类胡萝卜素得以发现和利用。该文通过对植物类胡萝卜素的提取、分离纯化、含量测定和结构鉴定等方面的最新研究进展进行系统阐述, 以期为植物类胡萝卜素的有效开发利用提供技术支撑。     

Bacterial pigments and their applications

Natural pigments sourced from ores, insects, plants and animals were the colorants used since prehistoric period. Synthetic dyes which took the place of natural pigments in the middle of 19th century still rule the field to the maximum extent in spite of its hazardous effect to humans, animals and environment. As an alternative to synthetic pigments, bacterial pigments due to their better biodegradability and higher compatibility with the environment, offer promising avenues for various applications. The industry is now able to produce some bacterial pigments for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and textiles. Extraction of bacterial pigments in relatively pure and concentrated forms is the main technological challenge. Optimization of fermentation process and the medium components are reported as key strategies for economic recovery of pigments. Research work needs to be carried out to formulate the fermentation media for each bacterial pigment on large scale by using economical and easily available sources for commercial process. Recent advances in synthetic biology, metabolic engineering efforts of bacteria will greatly expand the pigments that could be produced economically in sufficient amounts for industrial application. This review summarizes the current technology status and challenges, economics, novel strategies for production of bacterial pigments and metabolic engineering of bacteria with a focus on applications of bacterial pigments in food industry, pharmaceutical industry, dyeing as well as on other applications.