Complete nucleotide sequence of a quinolone resistance gene (qnrS2) carrying plasmid of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish

Aeromonas hydrophila strain AO1 isolated from an infected fish was found to be resistant to several quinolones. A plasmid isolated from the strain AO1, termed pBRST7.6, was cloned and sequenced and shown to be 7621 bp in length with a GC content of 60%. Further analysis confirmed that it contained a gene with 100% identity to qnrS2 genes described in plasmids associated with other Aeromonas species, the product of which usually confers increased resistance to quinolones. The plasmid backbone contained a replication initiation module (repA repC) belonging to the IncQ-family and two genes (mobC and mobB), the products of which are putatively involved in plasmid mobilization. Putative iteron-based origin of replication and characteristic oriT like sequences were also present in the plasmid. The result suggests that Aeromonas spp. carrying plasmids with quinolone resistance genes are potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the environment.     

Community analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and introduction of the fungal community into the seedlings of indigenous woody plants

A community of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was investigated in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest using a molecular analysis method. Root samples were obtained from the forest, and DNA was extracted from the samples. Partial 18S rDNA of AM fungi were amplified from the extracted DNA by polymerase chain reaction using a universal eukaryotic primer NS31 and an AM fungal-specific primer AM1. After cloning the PCR products, 394 clones were obtained in total, which were divided into five types by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with HinfI, RsaI, and Hsp92II. More than 20% of the clones were randomly selected from each RFLP type and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the obtained clones belonged to Glomus but could not be identified at species level. Topsoil of the forest containing plant roots was inoculated to nonmycorrhizal seedlings of indigenous woody plants, Rhus javanica var. roxburghii and Clethra barvinervis, to introduce the community of AM fungi into the seedlings. Among these five RFLP types, four types were detected from both seedlings, which indicates that the AM fungal community in the forest root samples was introduced at least partly into the seedlings. Meanwhile, an additional four types that were not found in the forest root samples were newly detected in the seedlings, these types were closely related to one another and close to G. fasciculatum or G. intraradices. It is expected that a community of indigenous diverse AM fungi could be introduced into target fields by planting these mycorrhizal seedlings.     

Community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in drought-resistant plants, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Moringa</Emphasis> spp., in semiarid regions in Madagascar and Uganda

The community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the roots of drought-resistant trees, Moringa spp., was examined in semiarid regions in Madagascar and Uganda. Root samples were collected from 8 individuals of M. hildebrandtii and 2 individuals of M. drouhardii in Madagascar and from 21 individuals of M. oleifera in Uganda. Total DNA was extracted from the root samples, and partial nSSU rDNA of AM fungi was amplified using a universal eukaryotic primer NS31 and an AM fungalspecific primer AM1. The PCR products were cloned and divided by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with HinfI and RsaI. Some representatives in each RFLP types were sequenced, and a neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis was conducted for the obtained sequences with analogous sequences of AM fungi. The RFLP and phylogenetic analyses showed that AM fungi closely related to Glomus intraradices or G. sinuosum were detected in many samples. The AM fungal groups frequently detected in the Moringa spp. might be widely distributed species in semiarid environments.     

Diversity of Sinorhizobium Meliloti and S. medicae Nodulating Medicago Truncatula According to Host and Soil Origins

Summary The model legume Medicago truncatula was used to trap natural populations of Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae in Tunisian soils to explore their genetic diversity. About 155 Sinorhizobium isolates were trapped from a combination of three soils and four Medicago truncatula populations in order to analyse soil and plant population effects on nodulating Sinorhizobium diversity. The species assignment was done according to the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR/RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes and their infraspecific genetic diversity was assessed with the repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) technique. It appeared that the trapped bacteria were clustered according to the soil of origin, particularly Sinorhizobium medicae isolates. However, regarding the plant population effect, it appeared that no major clustering tendency could be suggested even if the Bulla Regia and Soliman Medicago truncatula populations appeared to nodulate together specific Sinorhizobium medicae genotypes.     

Molecular genetic characterization of bacterial isolates causing brown blotch on cultivated mushrooms in Japan

The polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) was used to amplify 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) from bacteria, identified asPseudomonas tolaasii orP. fluorescens, causing brown blotch on cultivated mushrooms in Japan. PCR-amplified 16S rDNA was analyzed on the basis of nucleotide sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) to determine the specific identity of isolates. Banding patterns obtained through PCR using primers corresponding to repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences of enteric bacteria (REP-PCR) were used to determine the relatedness of conspecific isolates. AllP. tolaasii isolates and a mushroom pathogen identified asP. fluorescens had identical RFLP patterns and partial 16S sequences, and are considered conspecific. An isolate ofP. fluorescens from creamery wastes (IFO 3507) differed slightly from isolates ofP. tolaasii in both 16S sequence (0.8%) and RFLP patterns (d=0.08), and had almost entirely different REP-PCR bands (d=0.88–1.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S sequences indicated thatP. tolaasii andP. fluorescens are close members ofPseudomonas sensu stricto. REP-PCR shows promise in characterizing isolates pathogenic on different mushroom crops. Two isolates ofP. tolaasii pathogenic onPleurotus ostreatus had identical banding patterns, but three isolates fromLentinula edodes showed the greatest diversity. Contribution No. 312 of the Tottori Mycological Institute, Totori, Japan.     

Typing of clinical and environmental strains of Aeromonas spp. using two PCR based methods and whole cell protein analysis

Two PCR based typing methods i.e. random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC)-PCR were evaluated for typing of 42 Aeromonas isolates from clinical and environmental sources and whole cell protein (WCP) profiles were analyzed. Both RAPD and ERIC-PCR showed a high level of genetic diversity. Numerical index of the discriminatory (D) values were 0.94 and 0.96 (>0.90) for RAPD and ERIC-PCR, respectively. No correlation in banding pattern and evidence of genetic similarity was found between Aeromonas isolates from environmental and clinical sources. Therefore these techniques are highly reproducible and sensitive methods for typing the Aeromonas isolate from different sources. WCP profile showed two major variable regions i.e. 20 kDa to 45 kDa region and 70 kDa to 85 kDa region. Though WCP profiling had less discriminatory power, use of this method in combination with other established typing methods such as RAPD and ERIC-PCR may be helpful for reliable typing of Aeromonas isolates or to identify new proteins with pathogenic potential.     

Isolation and PCR detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterobacter sakazakii</Emphasis> in South African food products,specifically infant formula milks

Enterobacter sakazakii has recently been identified as an opportunistic pathogen. The current culture-dependent detection methods for these bacteria are time-consuming and in this study a PCR method for the detection of E. sakazakii in South African food products, including an internal amplification control (IAC) was developed. DNA was isolated and amplified from the products and they were plated on selective growth media after pre-enrichment and enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth. Four of the 22 products tested positive for the presence of E. sakazakii, confirmed by PCR detection and growth on selective media. The PCR method proved effective in detecting E. sakazakii in South African products after three days and could serve as an alternative for traditional microbiological techniques.     

Analysis of the chromosomal distribution of transposon-carrying T-DNAs in tomato using the inverse polymerase chain reaction

We are developing a system for isolating tomato genes by transposon mutagenesis. In maize and tobacco, the transposon Activator (Ac) transposes preferentially to genetically linked sites. To identify transposons linked to various target genes, we have determined the RFLP map locations of Ac- and Dissociation (Ds)-carrying T-DNAs in a number of transformants. T-DNA flanking sequences were isolated using the inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) and located on the RFLP map of tomato. The authenticity of IPCR reaction products was tested by several criteria including nested primer amplification, DNA sequence analysis and PCR amplification of the corresponding insertion target sequences. We report the RFLP map locations of 37 transposon-carrying T-DNAs. We also report the map locations of nine transposed Ds elements. T-DNAs were identified on all chromosomes except chromosome 6. Our data revealed no apparent chromosomal preference for T-DNA integration events. Lines carrying transposons at known map locations have been established which should prove a useful resource for isolating tomato genes by transposon mutagenesis.     

Detection and discrimination of Loa loa, Mansonella perstans and Wuchereria bancrofti by PCR–RFLP and nested-PCR of ribosomal DNA ITS1 region

The ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of two filarial nematodes, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans, was amplified and further sequenced to develop an species-specific polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) protocol for the differentiation of both species from Wuchereria bancrofti, three filarial nematodes with blood circulating microfilariae. The ITS1–PCR product digested with the restriction endonuclease Ase I generated an specific diagnostic pattern for each of the three species. Moreover, three new specific nested-PCRs, targeting the ITS1 region, for differential detection of L. loa, M. perstans and W. bancrofti were developed and used when the ITS1–PCR products were insufficient for the Ase I enzymatic digestion. These filarial species-specific molecular protocols were evaluated in forty blood samples from African adult immigrants attending in the Hospital Insular of Gran Canaria, Canarias, Spain.     

Physical, chemical and microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks and foods in Greece and its public health implications

Ice used for direct human consumption or to preserve foods and cool down drinks can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and may potentially become a vehicle for consumer’s infection. To evaluate physical, chemical and microbiological quality of commercial ice and ice used for fish and seafood, 100 ice samples collected at 10 different retail points in the region of Epirus were studied. The following microbiological parameters were determined: Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter sp., Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens.E. coli was detected in 22% and coliforms were detected in 31% of samples. Samples in which coliforms were detected fail to meet the microbiological criteria specified by the drinking water legislation.Aeromonas spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter sp. and V. cholerae were not detected. Spore forms of C. perfringens were prevalent at 35% and the psychotropic bacterium’s P. aeruginosa and Yersinia spp. were found only at three samples each.The presence of large numbers of coliforms as well as of other pathogenic strains suggested that commercial ice and ice used to make cool drinks or in preservation of fish and seafood may represent a potential hazard to the consumer. In view of the results reported herein, it is highly recommended that national regulatory guidelines should be established for the production of ice as long as regular inspections.     

Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs that distinguish African and European honey bee groups of subspecies. II: Conversion of long PCR markers to standard PCR

Nuclear DNA PCR-RFLPs previously found in amplifications of three long (>5 kbp) anonymous regions of DNA were made analyzable using standard PCR procedures. RFLP analyses were simplified by restricting the amplifications to sections, within each locus, that contained most of the informative polymorphic sites. AluI digests of locus L-1 section 2 (L-1S2) revealed three suballeles of which one was African-specific (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and one was east European-predominant (A. m. ligustica Spinola, A. m. carnica Pollman, and A. m. caucasica Gorbachev). Alleles found originally at locus L-2 with Avawere determined in RFLP analysis of two sections, L-2S1int and L-2S2, resulting in two African-specific and two east European-predominant suballeles. Suballele identity was determined by the combination of banding patterns from both fragments. revealed by HaeIII in locus L-2 were analyzed in amplifications and digests of L-2S1int, an 830 bp fragment within L-2S1. Seven suballeles were found of which two were African-specific and three were east European-specific or predominant, including one suballele specific to the east European subspecies A. m. caucasica. In locus L-5, RFLPs were detected with HaeIII, DdeI, and SpeI. HaeIII polymorphisms were analyzed by amplification and digestion of fragments L-5S1xt and L-5S1ter. Five suballeles were found of which three were African-specific and one east European-predominant. For DdeI, all five alleles originally found with long PCR could be identified in RFLP analyses of three sections. Two African-specific, one east European-specific, and one west European-predominant (A. m. mellifera L. and A. m. iberica Goetze) suballeles were found. A west European-predominant suballele was also found in RFLP analysis of L-5S3 with SpeI. Allele frequency data from Old World and U.S. populations are presented.     

PCR-based identification of microcystin-producing genotypes of different cyanobacterial genera

Microcystins are harmful hepatotoxins produced by many, but not all strains of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena, Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, and Nostoc. Waterbodies have to be monitored for the mass development of toxic cyanobacteria; however, because of the close genetic relationship of microcystin-producing and non-producing strains within a genus, identification of microcystin-producers by morphological criteria is not possible. The genomes of microcystin-producing cells contain mcy genes coding for the microcystin synthetase complex. Based on the sequence information of mcy genes from Microcystis and Planktothrix, a primer pair for PCR amplification of a mcyA gene fragment was designed. PCR with this primer pair is a powerful means to identify microcystin-producing strains of the genera Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix. Moreover, subsequent RFLP analysis of the PCR products generated genus-specific fragments and allowed the genus of the toxin producer to be identified. The assay can be used with DNA from field samples.Abbreviations RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism - MALDI-TOF Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight spectrometry - HPLC High performance liquid chromatography     

Significance and suitability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas hydrophila</Emphasis> vs. fecal coliforms in assessing microbiological water quality

We examined the significance and suitability of Aeromonas hydrophila versus fecal coliforms in assessing microbiological water quality. For this, we used the membrane filtration method to simultaneously estimate the abundance level of A. hydrophila and fecal coliforms in waters from the Mfoundi river watershed at Yaoundé, and compared how fluctuations in A. hydrophila abundance matched those observed with fecal coliforms index as an indicator of water quality in the system under study. Our results revealed that waters were not safe according to the standards for water quality established by the Word Health Organization (WHO). They also indicated the prevalence of A. hydrophila as compared to fecal coliforms, and suggested that water from the Mfoundi River and its tributaries could be classified as hypereutrophic based on the density of Aeromonas. Moreover, the spatial distribution of fecal coliforms and A. hydrophila exhibited similar trends within the different water bodies investigated, suggesting that A. hydrophila can be used as indicator of water quality in highly polluted waters. We concluded that waters from the Mfoundi River watershed at Yaoundé represent a great potential risk of infection for users, and foresee that the next challenge will be to determine, among other factors, the physico-chemical factors influencing the observed spatial distribution.     

Natural Diversity of Nodular Microsymbionts of Alnus glutinosa in the Tormes River Basin

The genetic diversity of Frankia strains nodulating Alnus glutinosa along the basin of the Tormes River was studied on DNA extracted directly from nodules. Frankia strains inhabiting root nodules at 12 different locations, ranging in altitude from 409 to 1181 m, were characterized. For that, we amplified the whole IGS region between 16S–23S rDNA and performed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with four restriction enzymes. Two different RFLP patterns (termed A and B) were obtained with HaeIII, indicating the existence of two different groups of Frankia strains. Three different nodule extracts from each of the two RFLP groups were selected for further analyses. Sequencing of the 16S–23S rDNA IGS showed a 100% of intragroup homology and also confirmed the difference (98.4% level of similarity) between the Frankia strains in the two nodule extract groups. The phylogenetic analyses based on the two 16S–23S rDNA IGS sequences obtained in this study and other previously published sequences indicated that Frankia strains TFAg5 and TFAg23 (chosen as representative of HaeIII–RFLP group A and B, respectively) are quite similar to other strains nodulating plants of A. rhombifolia and A. viridis in California (pairwise levels of similarity including gaps ranged from 97.8% to 98.6%), together with which they form a single group. To put the Frankia strains representative of each HaeIII–RFLP group in the context of overall Frankia diversity we amplified and sequenced the 16S rDNA and glnII gene from nodular DNA. An also remarkable fact found in this study was that Frankia strains belonging to the HaeIII–RFLP group A were distributed all along the river course, from the lowest site sampled to the highest, while Frankia strains placed into RFLP group B were restricted to the upper Tormes River, being exclusively found at altitudes of 946 m or higher.     

林下参内生生防细菌的分离鉴定及定殖能力

【背景】多年生林下参在自然环境下生长多年,其体内存在的内生菌具有更强的适应性和定殖性,可以提高植物自身抗性,抑制病原菌的生长,更好地发挥与植物的互作。【目的】筛选定殖能力强、繁殖能力快且对病原菌具有拮抗作用的优势菌株。【方法】采用常规组织分离方法,从健康林下参根部组织中分离内生菌,通过对峙试验筛选出对人参病原菌有拮抗作用的内生细菌并对其以传统的鉴定方法进行鉴定。【结果】在得到的6株内生细菌中,菌株LXS-N2对人参立枯病病原菌、人参猝倒病病原菌均有明显抑菌性,而且具有定殖性好、繁殖快的特点,通过破坏病原真菌细胞壁和细胞膜以及改变菌丝形态从而抑制病原真菌生长。【结论】经形态学观察、生理生化反应及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定内生菌LXS-N2为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,具有良好的应用开发潜力。     

广东中山地区气单胞菌环境株的分离、鉴定及系统发生关系

从广东省中山市的池塘水样、底泥、健康鱼、肠道及稻田土样中用Aeromonas的选择培养基分离到10株气单胞菌。通过生理生化测试、16S rDNA序列测定、与气单胞菌典型菌株的16S rDNA序列进行比对和聚类分析,对它们进行了鉴定,并研究了它们之间的系统发生关系。结果显示该地区环境中气单胞菌的优势种除A. hydrophila（HG1组）外, 还有A. caviae（HG4组）、A. jandaei(HG9组)和A. veronii(HG10组),其中后两种是国内新记录。这是国内首次对环境中气单胞菌多样性进行研究。     

Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from European wild boar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sus scrofa</Emphasis>) and Iberian red deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus elaphus hispanicus</Emphasis>) in central Spain

Emerging tick-borne diseases of humans and animals have occurred frequently during the past 30 years. These disease outbreaks appear to result from changes in the distribution of tick and vertebrate hosts, and the introduction of humans and domestic animals into tick–pathogen–wildlife cycles. Use of molecular technologies now available for identification of pathogens in ticks can provide valuable information that allows for risk analysis of emerging tick-borne diseases. In this study, the prevalence of selected pathogens in ticks collected in six locations in central Spain from the major wild ungulate species, European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), was determined by PCR. Tick species collected included Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus bursa and Hyalomma m. marginatum. Pathogens identified in ticks included piroplasmids, Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Rickettsia spp. Piroplasmids were identified in all tick species except I. ricinus. Ehrlichia spp. were detected in all tick species and collection locations, while Rickettsia spp., which proved to be R. slovaca and a recently identified Rickettsia sp. DnS28, were identified only in D. marginatus. A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum were detected in D. marginatus, R. bursa and Hy. m. marginatum. Concurrent infections of these pathogens were frequently observed in ticks. Notably, A. phagocytophilum, which is infective for a broad host range that includes humans and domestic and wild animals, was identified in ticks from all collection locations. The variety of ticks and tick-borne pathogens demonstrated in this study suggests a risk in central Spain for the emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and domestic animals.     

对硝基苯酚对细菌产生持留菌的影响及其相关机制

【目的】研究对硝基苯酚(PNP)对大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌产生持留菌的影响,并对转录组进行分析,阐明对硝基苯酚影响持留菌形成的相关机制。【方法】采用氧氟沙星抗生素探究对硝基苯酚对细菌产生持留菌的影响,并通过检测细菌自溶情况和呼吸抑制剂羰酰氰氯苯腙(CCCP)对持留菌比例的影响,然后通过转录组分析其相关基因的表达,最后通过实时荧光定量PCR和反义核酸进行相关功能基因的验证。【结果】PNP可以通过抑制大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的呼吸作用使其产生持留菌的比例增加,PNP不同浓度、作用不同时间和作用不同生长时期的菌体都会影响细菌产生持留菌的比例。PNP和呼吸抑制剂CCCP均能够抑制2个菌体的自溶情况,包括溶解氧含量的变化、蛋白质降解情况、细胞尺寸的变化和RNA完整性。转录组分析和实时荧光定量PCR实验结果表明加入PNP后,cyo A、app C两个基因在大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌中的表达量均显著下降,再通过反义核酸抑制cyo A、app C的表达发现持留菌的比例和原始菌株相比均有所增加。【结论】PNP可以通过抑制细胞呼吸作用来增加细菌产生持留菌的比例。     

Hyperparasitism by Mesochorus spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Peristenus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and development of PCR primers for hyperparasitoid detection

Peristenus sp. pupae collected from Lygus spp. nymphs in 2001 and 2002 were over-wintered in the laboratory. In both years, more than 30% of adults emerging from over-wintering pupae were identified as ichneumonid hyperparasitoids, Mesochorus curvulus Thomson and Meschorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). At the end of the over-wintering period, Peristenus sp. males emerged first followed by Peristenus sp. females and finally Mesochorus spp. The male:female ratio in emerging Peristenus sp. adults was skewed towards males. The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region and the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene from Mesochorus spp. were sequenced. ITS sequences were used to develop PCR primers to detect Mesochorus spp. hyperparasitism in the primary host, Lygus spp. PCR analysis of field-collected Lygus spp. nymphs gave similar estimates of Mesochorus spp. hyperparasitism to the rearing protocols (25–28%). Sequence analysis of COI and ITS regions and subsequent restriction endonuclease analysis of ITS PCR products from Mesochorus spp. indicate the presence of two genotypes in the population. The possibility that these two genotypes represent separate or cyrptic species is discussed.     

鰤诺卡氏菌对大口黑鲈头肾巨噬细胞的侵染过程

【背景】鱼类诺卡氏菌病潜伏期和病程较长,感染率和死亡率较高,给水产养殖业带来较大的经济损失,其病原鰤诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)是胞内寄生菌,侵入细胞后引起慢性感染是主要的致病机制。【目的】构建鰤诺卡氏菌侵染大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)头肾巨噬细胞体外模型,观察鰤诺卡氏菌侵染巨噬细胞的过程并探究鰤诺卡氏菌对巨噬细胞的凋亡作用。【方法】采用密度梯度离心法分离巨噬细胞,通过特异性染色和PCR扩增巨噬细胞表达基因mpeg1对细胞进行鉴定,并通过CCK-8法和氧呼吸暴发活性测定检测巨噬细胞的活性;通过倒置荧光显微镜和流式细胞术观察侵染过程中细菌与细胞的形态与数量变化;通过双荧光流式细胞术检测、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)释放试验及线粒体膜电位检测,探究鰤诺卡氏菌对巨噬细胞的凋亡作用。【结果】从大口黑鲈头肾分离获得纯度高的巨噬细胞,经染色和PCR法鉴定为巨噬细胞;筛选出最优的体外培养条件为1640培养基+1%青霉素链霉素+1%胎牛血清。在脂多糖刺激后,巨噬细胞的氧呼吸暴发能力显著提高(P<0.05)。GFP-鰤诺卡氏菌侵染细胞2 h后细菌被细胞吞噬,4 h细胞变圆且贴壁率降低,6 h细菌大量繁殖并包围细胞,8 h后细胞大量死亡。凋亡相关实验结果表明,侵染初期巨噬细胞凋亡率增加,LDH释放增加,线粒体膜电位下降;随着侵染时间延长,细胞凋亡率下降、LDH释放量及线粒体膜电位下降减少,说明鰤诺卡氏菌对巨噬细胞起先促进后抑制凋亡的作用。【结论】通过密度梯度离心法成功分离大口黑鲈头肾巨噬细胞,并通过鰤诺卡氏菌侵染细胞后初步摸清鰤诺卡细菌在细胞水平的致病机理,建立了鰤诺卡氏菌侵染大口黑鲈头肾巨噬细胞的体外模型;证实了鰤诺卡氏菌可侵染巨噬细胞并抑制细胞凋亡,从而达到在巨噬细胞内存活,为进一步开展鰤诺卡氏菌与巨噬细胞相互作用并阐明鰤诺卡氏菌的致病机制奠定了研究基础。