Thermal sweat lactate in cystic fibrosis and in normal children

We attempt to determine whether the decrease in Na+ reabsorption and the increase in K+ secretion in sweat of cystic fibrosis patients (CF) were associated with changes in glandular anaerobic metabolism evaluated by forehead sweat lactate excretion rate. 6 CF and 11 normal (C) children, 5 months to 14 years old, were exposed to external thermal load (45 degrees C). The data showed that: 1) Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations in CF are constant at any flow rate (Qsw); 2) In both groups the excretion rates of Na+, K+ and Cl- increased linearly with Qsw but the slopes in CF were significantly higher than in C (p less than 0.001); 3) Lactate excretion rate increased with Qsw as in CF and C with the same slope. We suggest that an increase in energy expenditure of Na+ - K+ exchange and an active secretion of K+ by the duct could explain the normal energy metabolism that we observed in CF sweat glands.     

Cyclosporin A in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of recent onset: a pilot study in children

We report on the first pilot study in newly diabetic children treated with cyclosporin A (CsA), for 6 months. Three groups of children were recruited based on the desired CsA plasma level: group I (n = 13) aiming at 100 ng CsA/ml plasma; group II (n = 14) at 200 ng/ml, and group III (n = 13) aiming initially at 200 ng/ml and later on 100 ng/ml. These groups were compared to a control group (n = 12) receiving no CsA but the same insulin regimen. A significant reduction in insulin requirements was observed in the CsA-treated children, more marked in groups II and III (p less than 0.001 vs. control group). The rate of total remissions was 0 in the control group, and 30% in group I; it was 57 and 76% in groups II and III, respectively. CsA also induced an increase in C-peptide secretion after 6 months (p less than 0.01 in groups II and III vs. controls). Side effects of the drug were of minor clinical importance in group I. But in groups II and III, 48% of the children exhibited a reversible increase in blood pressure or plasma creatinine. This study demonstrates a dose-related effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on the insulin requirements of newly diagnosed diabetic children (more frequent and prolonged remissions with the high CsA dosage). Nevertheless, the noticeable side effects, induced by this high dosage, are of concern for prolonged CsA administration in diabetic children.     

Analogues of oxytocin antagonists bearing a ureido group in the amino acid side chain at position 4 or 5.

Substitution of the side chain carboxamido group at position 4 in the potent oxytocin antagonist (OTA) [ThiaPmp(1), D-Trp(2), Cys(6), Arg(8)]-OT, PA, in which ThiaPmp = beta,beta-(3-thiapentamethylene)-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, led to [Orn(Car)(4)]-PA, ([Cit(4)]-PA), which had uterotonic antagonistic activity equal to that of PA. The same modification at position 5, leading to [Cit(5)]-PA, resulted in antagonistic potency more than 10 times lower than that of PA. This paper also describes the same substitutions introduced in the highly potent OTA [Pen(6)]-PA (antioxytocic in vitro pA(2) = 8.72). Analogues of the general formula [U(4)-X(5)-Pen(6)]-PA, in which U = Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap or X = Orn, Dab or Dap, were synthesized by SPPS. Each of these analogues was carbamoylated by treatment with KCNO in DMF-H(2)O, yielding the corresponding U(Car)(4) or X(Car)(5) derivatives. In the uterotonic assay, the substitution with the ureido group at Gln(4) results in retention of high antagonistic potency, albeit somewhat lower than that of PA, e.g. [Orn(Car)(4), Pen(6)]-PA and [Dab(Car)(4), Pen(6)]-PA having pA(2) = 8.52 and pA(2) = 8.42 respectively. In the pressor assay, [Lys(Car)(4), Pen(6)]-PA and [Dab(Car)(4), Pen(6)]-PA were somewhat weaker antagonists of arginine vasopressin than [Pen(6)]-PA; [Dap(Car)(4), Pen(6)]-PA showed only a faint trace of pressor agonistic activity. The substitution with the ureido group at position 5 leads to a significant loss of OTA potency in the in vitro uterotonic assay. The [Orn(Car)(5), Pen(6)]-PA was the most potent of the series (pA(2) = 8.05). An interesting finding is that [Dap(Car)(5), Pen(6)]-PA is equipotent with its precursor [Dap(5), Pen(6)]-PA (potency in the uterotonic test in vitro, pA(2) = 7.71 and pA(2) = 7.68, respectively). Furthermore, neither [Dap(5), Pen(6)]-PA nor [Dap(5), Pen(6), Gly(9)]-PA exhibited activity in the antidiuretic or pressor assays. Although these last two analogues show some decrease in antioxytocin potency, they behave as pure oxytocin antagonists, which makes them attractive candidates for further studies on the development of potent and specific OTAs.     

Renal excretion ofγ-carboxyglutamic acid and metabolic rate in 3–18 years old humans

Summary The modified amino acid y-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) occurs in several proteins such as prothrombin, blood coagulation factors VII, IX and X, proteins C, S and Z as well as matrix Gla protein and osteocalcin. The amount of Gla excreted in urine is a common indicator of the whole-body degradation of these proteins. We have determined the renal excretion rates of Gla in 3, 6,10,14 and 18 years old male and female human subjects (n = 14 per age group and sex) and calculated the respective resting metabolic rates (RMR) on the basis of the body weights using published formulas. We found high correlations between the excretion rates of Gla (µmol/d/kg body weight) and the RMR (kJ/d/kg body weight) in the females (n = 70) of r = 0.70 (y = 0.003x + 0.29) and in the males (n = 70) of r = 0.70 (y = 0.0038x + 0.27) and in all subjects (n = 140) of r = 0.69 (y = 0.0035x + 0.27); p < 0.01. We postulate that in children and adolescents a causal relationship exists between the whole-body degradation rate of Gla containing proteins and the metabolic rate.     

Comparative Study for Efficacy and Safety of Adenoidectomy according to the Surgical Method: A Prospective Multicenter Study

Background/Objective

There have been several operative techniques for adenoidectomy and their efficacy and morbidity are different according to the technique. This prospective multicenter study was aimed to compare the efficacy and morbidity of coblation adenoidectomy (CA) with those of power-assisted adenoidectomy.

Study Design

Prospective multi-institutional study.

Methods

Children who underwent CA, power-assisted adenoidectomy with cauterization (PAA+C) or without cauterization (PAA-C) due to adenoid hypertrophy were enrolled from 13 hospitals between July 2013 and June 2014. Mean operation time, degree of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative bleeding rate were evaluated.

Results

A total of 388 children (mean age ± standard deviation = 6.6 ± 2.5 years; 245 males and 143 females) were included. According to the adenoidectomy technique, the children were classified into 3 groups: (1) CA (n = 116); (2) PAA+C (n = 153); and (3) PAA-C (n = 119). Significant differences were not found in age and sex among three groups. In the CA group, mean operation time was significantly shorter (P < 0.001) and degree of intraoperative bleeding was significantly less (P < 0.001) compared to PAA+C or PAA-C group. Delayed postoperative bleeding rate of PAA-C group was significantly higher than that of CA or PAA+C group (P = 0.016).

Conclusions

This prospective multicenter study showed that CA was superior to PAA in terms of mean operation time and degree of intraoperative bleeding.     

Physical activity in aging: comparison among young, aged, and nonagenarian individuals.

Physical activity (PA) is known to decline with age; however, there is a paucity of data on activity in persons who are in their nineties and beyond. We used objective and reliable methods to measure PA in nonagenarians (>or=90 yr; n=98) and hypothesized that activity would be similar to that of aged (60-74 yr; n=58) subjects but less than in young (20-34 yr; n=53) volunteers. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water over 14 days and resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry. Measures of PA included activity energy expenditure adjusted for body composition, TEE adjusted for RMR, physical activity level (PAL), and activity over 14 days by accelerometry expressed as average daily durations of light and moderate activity. RMR and TEE were lower with increasing age group (P<0.01); however, RMR was not different between aged and nonagenarian subjects after adjusting for fat-free mass, fat mass, and sex. Nonagenarians had a lower PAL and were more sedentary than the aged and young groups (P<0.01); however, the nonagenarians who were more active on a daily basis walked further during a timed test, indicating higher physical functionality. For all measures of activity, no differences were found between young and aged volunteers. PA was markedly lower in nonagenarians compared with young and aged adults. Interestingly, PA was similar between young volunteers and those who were in their 60s and 70s, likely due to the sedentary nature of our society, particularly in young adults.     

胱蛋白酶抑制剂C与肌酐评价儿童肾小球滤过功能中的作用比较

用胱蛋白酶抑制剂C与肌酐、内生肌酐清除率评价儿童肾小球滤过功能,并将其作用进行比较,确定胱蛋白酶抑制剂C在儿童中的正常参考范围。采用颗粒增强散射免疫比浊法检测150例出生后2d～13岁正常儿童及90例1～16岁患不同程度肾脏疾病的儿童血清中胱蛋白酶抑制剂C和血肌酐的浓度,并比较胱蛋白酶抑制剂C与血肌酐的相关性。结果发现胱蛋白酶抑制剂C在出生后四个月内水平明显高于成人,但在出生5个月以后下降至接近成人参考范围。血清胱蛋白酶抑制剂浓度C与尿素清除率之间有显著相关性(P<0.01)。此外,在内生肌酐清除率CCr>80(属于正常参考范围)的肾脏疾病的患儿中有56%胱蛋白酶抑制剂C异常,说明胱蛋白酶抑制剂C比血肌酐更能够敏感地反应儿童肾小球滤过功能的损伤,建议用胱蛋白酶抑制剂C作为儿童肾脏疾病的患者肾小球滤过功能的损伤指标。     

Design of novel bicyclic analogues derived from a potent oxytocin antagonist.

Eleven new analogues were synthesized by modification of the potent oxytocin antagonist (OTA) [(S)Pmp(1), D-Trp(2), Pen(6), Arg(8)]-Oxytocin, or PA (parent antagonist), in which (S)Pmp = beta,beta-(3-thiapentamethylene)-beta-mercapto-propionic acid. By internal acylation of Lys, Orn, L-1,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dab), L-1,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) at position 4 with the C-terminal Gly of the peptide tail, we prepared cyclo-(4-9)-[Lys(4), Gly(9)]-PA (pA(2) = 8.77 +/- 0.27), 1, and cyclo-(4-9)-[Orn(4), Gly(9)]-PA (pA(2) = 8.81 +/- 0.25), 3, which are equipotent with PA (pA(2) = 8.68 +/- 0.18) in the rat uterotonic assay and cyclo-(4-9)-[Dab(4), Gly(9)]-PA, 4, cyclo-(4-9)-[Dap(4), Gly(9)]-PA, 5, and cyclo-(4-9)-[Pmp(1), Lys(4), Gly(9)]-PA, 2, which were weaker OTAs. Neither 1 nor 3 had activity as agonists or antagonists in the antidiuretic assay. In the pressor assay, both analogues 1 and 3, with pA(2) = 7.05 +/- 0.10 and pA(2) = 6.77 +/- 0.12, respectively, are somewhat weaker antagonists than PA (pA(2) = 7.47 +/- 0.35) showing significant gain in specificity. The [desamido(9)] PA-ethylenediamine monoamide, 6, and the dimer ([desamido(9)]-PA)(2) ethylenediamine diamide, 7, had lower potency in the uterotonic assay than PA. Additionally, we synthesized cyclo-(1-5)-[(HN)Pmp(1), Asp(5)]-PA, 8, inactive in all tests, which suggests that the intact Asn(5) side chain may be critical in the interaction of the OTAs with the oxytocin (OT) receptor. Similarly, cyclo-(5-9)-[Dap(5), Gly(9)]-PA, 9, had very low uterotonic potency. Two derivatives of PA truncated from the C-terminus were internally cyclized to Lys(4), giving rise to cyclo-(4-8)-desGly-NH(2)(9)[Lys(4), Arg(8)]-PA, 10 (pA(2) = 8.35 +/- 0.20), which maintains the high potency of PA and has no activity in the rat antidiuretic assay, and in the rat pressor assay it is about ten times weaker (pA2 = 6.41 +/- 0.15) than PA (pA2 = 7.47 +/- 0.35), thus showing gains in specificity, and to cyclo-(4-7)-desArg-Gly-(NH)(2)(8-9)[Lys(4), Pro(7))-PA, 11, which has much weaker potency than PA. Synthesis of cyclo-(4-6)-desPro-Arg-Gly-(NH)(2)(7-9)[Lys(4)]-PA failed.     

Development of zinc deficiency in Zn labeled, fully grown rats as a model for adult individuals

The development of zinc deficiency in adults was studied in a metabolism experiment involving 31 adult, female rats labeled homogenously with 65Zn. The animals were fed restricted amounts (8 g/day) of a semisynthetic diet containing either 58 microgram Zn/g (control, n = 7) or 2 microgram Zn/g (Zn deficiency, n = 24). Control animals were sacrificed at day 0 (n = 3) and day 29 (n = 4). Zinc deficient animals were sacrificed at day 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, and 29 (3 animals per group). The development of zinc deficiency comprised 4 phases: (I) Fecal Zn excretion needed several days to adjust to the low level of Zn intake. The high initial Zn loss via feces was counterbalanced mainly by Zn mobilization from the skeleton. (II) During the 2nd week of deficiency Zn mobilization from tissue storage changed transiently to soft tissues (mainly muscle and fat tissue). (III) After the 2nd week the skeleton resumed to mobilize Zn. (IV) At the end of the study the skeleton Zn storage was exhausted and alkaline phosphatase activity indicated severe Zn deficiency. Urinary Zn excretion was too small to contribute quantitatively to changes in Zn metabolism during any phase of Zn deficiency. In conclusion, adults may compensate a deficient Zn supply by mobilizing tissue Zn for several weeks: The skeleton revealed to be the major short-term as well as long-term source of whole body tissue Zn that can be mobilized.     

Trends in Campylobacter pylori in pediatric and adult antral biopsies. A 5-year retrospective analysis.

Campylobacter pylori has been associated with chronic gastritis and antral ulceration in adults and has recently been reported in children with primary antral gastritis and duodenal ulceration. We reviewed all gastric antral biopsy specimens from children (n = 30) and adults (n = 77) over the past 5 years at the University of California, San Francisco. Tissue sections were stained with Giemsa to detect C pylori, and medical histories were obtained by chart review. The prevalence of C pylori in antral biopsy specimens with gastritis increased from 22% during the period 1983 to 1986 to 66% in 1987 (P less than .001). In all specimens showing gastritis, C pylori appeared more frequently in adults (31/67 [46%]) than in children (4/17 [24%]). In cases with primary gastritis, however, the prevalence of C pylori reversed to 57% (4/7) in children versus 49% (31/63) in adults. Most children (10/13) with gastritis and no C pylori had predisposing conditions. Infection with this organism was associated with more active inflammatory changes in adults than in children, but it may contribute to most cases of hitherto-unexplained gastritis in children. Further studies are needed to determine whether the prevalence of C pylori is increasing.     

Different effects of aging on the opioid mechanisms controlling gonadotropin and cortisol secretion in man

The present study was undertaken in order to assess the influence of aging on the endogenous opioid control of gonadotropin and adrenocorticotropin/cortisol secretion in man. For this purpose, the capability of the opioid antagonist naloxone to increase circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and cortisol was tested in male subjects of different ages. Thirty normal men were randomly chosen and divided into 3 groups by age: group I = 22-40 years (n = 10); group II = 41-59 years (n = 10); group III = 62-80 years (n = 10). Since the men of group III showed higher basal serum gonadotropin concentrations than the subjects of group I and group II, we selected from a large population a fourth group of elderly men with normal basal LH and FSH levels: group IV = 61-82 years (n = 7). All subjects were tested for 120 min during the intravenous administration of naloxone (4 mg given in an intravenous bolus at time 0, plus 10 mg infused for 2 h). Control tests with normal saline instead of naloxone were performed in all groups. All subjects had similar blood testosterone and cortisol levels, whereas LH and FSH concentrations were significantly higher in group III than in groups I, II and IV. Naloxone increased plasma cortisol concentrations by 50% in all groups. The cortisol secretory response followed a similar pattern regardless of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin F2 alpha in healthy children and adults

The 24-hours urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin F2 alpha (U-iPGF2 alpha) in normal children on a free diet was not significantly different in 30 boys (aged 3-15 years; geometric mean 589 ng/24 h) compared to 27 girls (aged 4-14 years; mean 473 ng/24 h). In both sexes this excretion rose with age until adolescence where it reached a plateau. In normal adults the men had significantly higher (p less than 0.001) excretions of U-iPGF2 alpha than the women; also body weight and urinary creatinine excretion were higher in men (p less than 0.001). In the children, as well as in the total population, U-iPGF2 alpha correlated best with body weight (r = 0.44 and r = 0.48 respectively; p less than 0.001) and the urinary creatinine excretion (r = 0.53 and 0.57 respectively; p less than 0.001); both body weight and urinary creatinine excretion are reflections of total body development. After the correction for urinary creatinine excretion or for body weight, the sex difference in the adult U-iPGF2 alpha totally disappeared.     

Environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and DNA damage in Mexican children

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants presenting a public health risk, particularly to children, a vulnerable population. PAHs have genotoxic and carcinogenic properties, which depend on their metabolism. Many enzymes involved in PAH metabolism, including CYP1A1, CYP1B1, GSTM and GSTT are polymorphic, which may modulate the activation/deactivation of these compounds. We evaluated PAH exposure and DNA damage in children living in the vicinity of the main petrochemical complex located in the Gulf of Mexico, and explored the modulation by genetic polymorphisms of PAH excretion and related DNA damage. The participants (n=82) were children aged 6-10y attending schools near the industrial area. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP; a biomarker of PAH exposure) was determined by reverse-phase-HPLC; DNA damage by the comet assay (Olive Tail Moment (OTM) parameter); CYP1A1*2C and CYP1B1*3 polymorphisms by real time-PCR; and GSTM1*0 and GSTT1*0 by multiplex PCR. The median value of 1-OHP was 0.37μmol/mol creatinine; 59% of children had higher 1-OHP concentrations than those reported in environmentally exposed adults (0.24μmol/mol creatinine). A stratified analysis showed increased DNA damage in children with 1-OHP concentrations greater than the median value. We observed higher 1-OHP concentrations in children with CYP1A1*2C or GSTM1*0 polymorphisms, and a positive influence of CYP1A1*2C on OTM values in children with the highest PAH exposure. The data indicate that children living in the surroundings of petrochemical industrial areas are exposed to high PAH levels, contributing to DNA damage and suggesting an increased health risk; furthermore, data suggest that polymorphisms affecting activation enzymes may modulate PAH metabolism and toxicity.     

Sweat lactate in exercising children and adolescents of varying physical maturity.

This study attempts to explain some of the individual variability in sweating pattern by comparing prepubescents and pubescents. Sweating rate and muscular anaerobic capacity are higher in adults than in children; thus we hypothesized that sweat gland anaerobic metabolism, as reflected by lactate excretion, might be higher with advanced physical maturity (PM). Lactate concentration in sweat ([LAC]sw) was measured at various stages of PM in boys who exercised in the heat. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of Tanner staging: prepubertal (PP, n = 16), midpubertal (MP, n = 15), and late pubertal (LP, n = 5). Subjects cycled at 50% of maximal O2 uptake for three 20-min bouts, with 10-min rest periods, in 42 degrees C and 18% relative humidity. Sweat samples were harvested, and population density of activated sweat glands was determined after each exercise bout. [LAC]sw during bout 1 was higher in PP than in LP [PP = 22.2 +/- 2.2, MP = 19.5 +/- 1.4, LP = 14.3 +/- 1.3 (SE) mmol/l]. In all groups, [LAC]sw decreased during subsequent bouts, and there were no intergroup differences in [LAC]sw during bout 3 (PP = 11.2 +/- 0.4, MP = 10.6 +/- 0.5, LP = 9.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). [LAC]sw was inversely related to sweating rate. Lactate excretion rate per gland was greater with the increase in PM (PP = 61.0 +/- 8.2, MP = 79.1 +/- 11.3, LP = 99.9 +/- 11.0 pmol/min; P = 0.08).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of metabolic control on urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines in diabetics.

Urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines were determined in 20 normal and 39 diabetic subjects to evaluate the sympathetic activity. Diabetic patients were divided into 4 groups according to the metabolic control. Sympathetic activity showed no differences between normal and subjects with chemical diabetes (group I, n = 5). In insulin-treated diabetics in good metabolic control (group II, n = 11) only urinary excretion of free norepinephrine was significantly higher than normals (p less than .05). In insulin-treated diabetics in poor metabolic control (group III, n = 16) urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine showed a marked increase over groups I and II (p less than .001). In insulin-treated diabetics with ketosis (group IV, n = 7) urinary excretion and plasma levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine showed the highest values (p less than .001 and less than .1). Finally, in groups III and IV, after achieving improved metabolic control, a significant decrease of urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines was observed. The results confirm that there is an increased rate of catecholamine release in poorly controlled diabeties and suggest a close correlation between sympathetic activity and metabolic derangement in diabetes.     

Effects of Exercise on Mobility in Obese and Nonobese Older Adults

Coupled with an aging society, the rising obesity prevalence is likely to increase the future burden of physical disability. We set out to determine whether obesity modified the effects of a physical activity (PA) intervention designed to prevent mobility disability in older adults. Older adults at risk for disability (N = 424, age range: 70–88 years) were randomized to a 12 month PA intervention involving moderate intensity aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility exercise (150 min per week) or a successful aging (SA) intervention involving weekly educational workshops. Individuals were stratified by obesity using a BMI ≥30 (n = 179). Mobility function was assessed as usual walking speed over 400 m and scores on a short physical performance battery (SPPB), which includes short distance walking, balance tests, and chair rises. Over 12 months of supervised training, the attendance and total amount of walking time was similar between obese and nonobese subjects and no weight change was observed. Nonobese participants in the PA group had significant increases in 400‐m walking speed (+1.5%), whereas their counterparts in the SA group declined (?4.3%). In contrast, obese individuals declined regardless of their assigned intervention group (PA: ?3.1%; SA: ?4.9%). SPPB scores, however, increased following PA in both obese (PA: +13.5%; SA: +2.5%) and nonobese older adults (PA: +18.6%; SA: +6.1%). A moderate intensity PA intervention improves physical function in older adults, but the positive benefits are attenuated with obesity.     

Getting the Message Across: Outcomes and Risk Profiles by Awareness Levels of the “Measure-Up” Obesity Prevention Campaign in Australia

Background

Obesity campaign evaluations have used campaign awareness to assess impact, yet have not compared unprompted campaign recallers, with prompted recallers and those with no campaign recall. Using data from an Australian mass-media obesity prevention campaign linking waist circumference and chronic disease we examined whether those with different degrees of campaign recall are distinct groups demographically and for subsequent campaign effects.

Methods

A national cross-sectional telephone survey of randomly selected adults aged 18 to 65 years was conducted post- campaign (n = 2812) covering campaign recall, self-reported diet and physical activity (PA) and waist-measuring knowledge, behaviours and intentions to make lifestyle changes. Respondents were divided into three groups indicating campaign recall: Unprompted Recallers (n=1154); Prompted Recallers (n=1284); and No Recallers (n=374) and compared on demographic, knowledge, and behavioural risk factors for obesity/chronic disease.

Results

Unprompted Recallers were more likely to speak English at home (p<.001), be in the primary campaign target group (25-45 years with children) (p<0.001) than the other two groups and to be university educated and female than the Prompted Recall group only (p=0.001). Unprompted Recallers had better knowledge about recommended waist circumference (p<.001), fruit (p=0.004), vegetable (p<0.001) and PA guidelines (p<0.001) than both the other groups. The No Recall group was less likely than the other two to be overweight/obese (46% vs 55%, p=0.020 and 54%, p=0.037), comparable on meeting fruit consumption and PA guidelines but more likely to meet vegetable intake recommendations (than Unprompted Recallers only).

Conclusions

Unprompted recallers were more knowledgeable about campaign messages; behaviour change and intentions to change were stronger for the two recall groups compared with the No Recall group but not different between them. The current analysis revealed subtle differences in campaign exposure and/or attendance by different demographic subgroups that would not be apparent in a simple aware/unaware dichotomy.     

No Own-Age Advantage in Children’s Recognition of Emotion on Prototypical Faces of Different Ages

We test whether there is an own-age advantage in emotion recognition using prototypical younger child, older child and adult faces displaying emotional expressions. Prototypes were created by averaging photographs of individuals from 6 different age and sex categories (male 5–8 years, male 9–12 years, female 5–8 years, female 9–12 years, adult male and adult female), each posing 6 basic emotional expressions. In the study 5–8 year old children (n = 33), 9–13 year old children (n = 70) and adults (n = 92) labelled these expression prototypes in a 6-alternative forced-choice task. There was no evidence that children or adults recognised expressions better on faces from their own age group. Instead, child facial expression prototypes were recognised as accurately as adult expression prototypes by all age groups. This suggests there is no substantial own-age advantage in children’s emotion recognition.     

去铁酮联合去铁胺治疗重型地中海贫血患儿的疗效及对血糖代谢和铁代谢的影响

目的:探讨去铁酮联合去铁胺治疗重型地中海贫血患儿的疗效及对血糖代谢和铁代谢的影响。方法:选取2015年3月～2017年12月期间海南省妇女儿童医学中心儿科收治的127例重型地中海贫血患儿,根据数表法将患儿随机分为对照组(n=63)和研究组(n=64),其中对照组在基础治疗的基础上给予去铁胺治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上联合去铁酮治疗。比较两组患儿临床疗效、治疗前后的血糖代谢和铁代谢情况,记录两组患儿治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果:研究组患儿治疗后临床总有效率为73.44%(47/64),高于对照组患儿的55.56%(35/63)(P0.05)。两组患儿治疗后血糖代谢正常率均升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患儿治疗后血清铁蛋白(SF)降低,尿铁排泄量(UIE)升高(P0.05);研究组治疗后SF低于对照组,UIE高于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:去铁酮联合去铁胺治疗重型地中海贫血患儿,安全有效,可改善机体铁代谢,提高血糖代谢正常比例,具有一定的临床应用价值。