l-glutamate transport in Lactobacillus helveticus

An energy source (glucose or lactose) was required for the transport of l-glutamic acid by Lactobacillus helveticus. Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Li⁺ increased its accumulation while Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ decreased it. It was inhibited by NaF, indicating that ATP may be involved in uptake. Optimum transport was at pH 7.3 and 45°C. l-Glutamic acid transport showed a high degree of stereospecificity, as neither d-glutamate nor d-aspartate were active. Proton-conducting uncouplers, like carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and ionophores (nigericin, monensin and gramicidin) were strongly inhibitory. These results indicate that a proton motive force may be involved in the transport of l-glutamic acid.The authors are with the Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, Chacabuco 145 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina and the Cátedra de Microbiologia Superior, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina.     

Interaction between Lactobacillus hilgardii and Pediococcus pentosaceus and their metabolism of sugars and organic acids

In a mixed culture of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Pediococcus pentosaceus on commerical grape juice, growth of the latter was inhibited until 24 h; after 24 h no viable cells were detected. During the early stages of growth, sugars and malic acid were consumed and production of M- and L-lactic acids was greater in the mixed culture than in either of the pure cultures.The authors are with the Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA). Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucumán. Argentina. M.C. Manca De Nadra is also with the Facultad de Bioquimica, Quimica y Famacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina.     

Composition and morphology of Candida utilis grown in continuous culture with decreasing concentrations of phosphate

Candida utilis was grown in continuous culture with decreasing concentrations of phosphate. At a constant dllution rate three successlve growth patterns were observed: carbon-limited growth, carbon and phosphate dual-limited growth, and phosphatelimited growth. Phosphate deficlency as well as phosphate limitation produced significant modifications in cell composition and morphology, including cell size. At the lowest phosphate concentration (6 mg/P/I), the cell size was the largest and the relative contents of phosphorus and RNA in the cells was very low, with 96% of the total phosphorus being located in the RNA fraction.M.E. Lucca and M.E. Romero are with the Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial, Fac. Bioq. y Farmacia (U.N.T.) C.C. 90, suc. 2 (4.000) S.M. Tucumán, Argentina, J.C. Díaz Ricci, O.A. Garro and D.A.S. Callieri are with PROIMI, Avda Belgrano y Pje Caseros (4000) S.M. Tucumán, Argentina.     

Bacterial protein production from corn cob pre-treated with NaOH at room temperature

Corn cobs were treated at room temperature with NaOH at a ratio of 100:3 (w/w), but with different volumes of water from 3 to 0.25 ml/g corn cob. The biomasses obtained from a mixture culture of Cellulomonas sp. and Bacillus subtilis under each condition were similar (5.5 to 6.0 g/l) and protein only varied between 30% and 40% (w/w biomass) or 1.9 and 2.2 g/l. Low volumes and low amounts of NaOH can therefore be used in a cost-effective manner.N. Pece is with the Cátedra de Quimica Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. N. Perotti and O. Molina are with the Cátedra de Microbiologia Industrial, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, y PROIMI, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Av. Belgrano y Pje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina     

Multiple autosomal polymorphism in populations of Akodon simulator simulator Thomas, 1916 from Tucumán,Argentina (Rodentia,Cricetidae)

Cytogenetic analysis was performed on twenty seven specimens of Akodon simulator simulator collected in three different localities of Tucumán Province, Argentina. Diploid number, chromosomal morphology and C and G banding patterns were studied. Eight different karyomorphs were found, with diploid numbers of 2n=38, 39, 40, 41, and 42. All individuals showed the same number of chromosomal arms (FN=42). G-bands enable to identify chromosomal pairs (1, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14) involved in three centric fusions. C-bands revealed that the heterochromatin is located in centromeric regions of the telocentric and biarmed chromosomes. The present study allowed us to document a new example of a floating multiple Robertsonian fusion polymorphism. The data are discussed in relation to the occurrence of Robertsonian polymorphism in natural populations.

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Resumen Polimorfismo autosómico múltiple en poblaciones de Akodon simulator simulator Thomas, 1916 de Tucumán, Argentina (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Se realizó un análisis citogenético de 27 especímenes de Akodon simulator simulator colectados en tres localidades diferentes de la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. Se determinó el número diploide, la morfología cromosómica y los patrones de bandeo C y G. Se encotraron 8 cariomorfos differentes, con números diploides de 2n=38, 39, 40, 41, y 42. Todos los individuos presentaron el mismo número de brazos cromosómicos (FN=42). Las bandas G permitieron identificar los pares cromosómicos (1, 10, 11, 12, 13, y 14) involucrados en tres fusiones céntricas y las bandas C revelaron que la heterocromatina está localizada en las regiones centroméricas de los cromosomas telocéntricos y de los cromosomas bibraquiados. El presente estudio nos permite analizar un nuevo ejemplo de un polimorfismo robertsoniano. Los datos son discutidos en relación con la presencia de los polimorfismos robertsonianos en la naturaleza.

     

Yearly reproductive activity of Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia) as inferred from the occurrence of its larvae in the plankton of the lower Paraná river and the Río de la Plata estuary (Argentina)

Densities of planktonic larvae of the Asian freshwater invasive pest bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker) were monitored weekly between 19 September 1997 and 22 January 1999 at two sites: the Paraná de las Palmas river, ca. 130 km north of Buenos Aires (33°57.5 S, 59°12.5 W), and a coastal station on the Río de la Plata estuary, in Buenos Aires (34°33.5 S, 58°24.5 W). Very variable but generally high (up to 25000–35000 ind. m^–3) concentrations were recorded at both sites in September 1997-April 1998, and again in August 1998–January 1999, suggesting continuous reproduction during these months. In May through July 1998 larval densities were generally below 100-200 ind. m^–3. The threshold temperature level associated with the onset and termination of reproduction was ca. 16–17 °C. With the exception of August-September 1998, when Río de la Plata temperatures were below 16.7 °C and larval concentrations less than 1000 ind. m^–3, whereas those of the Paraná were above 16.7 °C, with 1300–13000 larvae m^–3, coupling between the two sites investigated was generally good. Since its invasion in Argentina around 1990, L. fortunei has rapidly become a major nuisance for industrial and power plants located along the lower Paraná and Río de la Plata. The fact that the mollusc produces larvae during 9 months per year greatly hinders its control.     

Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of morphotypes of Gracilaria (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) from Chile

The extreme phenotypic variability recognized among the species of Gracilaria has highlighted the need for the application of refined methods to help solve taxa identifications. In Chile, there still exists uncertainty about the exact number of Gracilaria species. Our investigations are centered on DNA analyses of morphotypes collected from different geographical locations, namely Lenga and Isla Santa María, Region VIII (36°00 S to 38°00 S), and Maullín, Region X (39°30 S to 43°40 S). These two regions of Chile are considered as areas of confluence of G. chilensis, G. verrucosa, and a species of Gracilariopsis. In this study four morphotypes, from a natural bed located in Maullín, were analyzed for RFLP of plastid DNA and the results compared with data of four morphotypes from a bed in Lenga. The DNA banding patterns from each enzyme digest were identical irrespective of morphotypes and/or locations. In an attempt to unravel the nature of the morphological differences found among Lenga and Maullín morphotypes, RAPD analyses of nuclear DNA were also performed; however, no polymorphism has been found yet. Therefore, the data of this study, as well as concurrent data from preliminary interfertility tests, suggest that all morphotypes belong to a single taxon, Gracilaria chilensis.Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas     

Effect of temperature,light intensity and dilution rate on the cellular composition of red algaPorphyridium cruentum in light-limited chemostat cultures

Summary The fatty acid, polysaccharide and pigment contents ofPorphyridium cruentum at different growth temperatures, light intensities and dilution rates were studied in light-limited chemostat. The highest biomass yield was obtained at 25°C over the range of dilution rate studied (0.079 to 0.30 day^–1). The production of fatty acids increased with increasing dilution rates. At low dilution rates, the contents of fatty acids at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C were comparable. Temperature did not affect the content of linolenic acid (182) though fatty acids with less than two double bonds predominated at higher temperatures, those with more than two double bonds accumulated at lower temperatures. The yields of arachidonic acid (204) increased under light of higher intensity. The maximum production of extracellular and cellular polysaccharides occured at low dilution rates under high light at 25°C. The amounts of chlorophylla, carotenoids and phycoerythrin all increased in the same proportions with dilution rate, and were highest at 25°C.

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Resumen Se estudió el contenido en polisaccaridos, pigmentos y ácidos grasos dePorphyridium cruentum a distintas temperaturas, intensidades lumínicas y porcentajes de dilución en un quimiostato con luz limitada. La mayor cantidad de biomasa para todas las diluciones estudiadas (0.079 a 0.30 día^–1) se obtuvo a 25°C. A bajas diluciones los contenidos en ácidos grasos a 20°C, 25°C y 30°C eran comparables. La temperatura no afectó al contenido en ácido linolénico (182), sin embargo los ácidos grasos con menos de dos dobles enlaces se acumularon a temperaturas más bajas. La producción de ácido arachidónico (204) se incrementó bajo la mayor intensidad lumínica ensayada. La producción máxima de polisaccaridos celulares y extracelulares se dió a bajas diluciones en condiciones de alta iluminación a 25°C. Las cantidades de clorofila a, carotenoides y ficoeritrina se incrementaron paralelamente al porcentaje de dilución siendo más elevadas a 25°C.

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Résumé On a étudié le contenu dePorphyridium cruentum en acides gras, en polysaccharides et en pigments, en fonction de la température de croissance, de l'intensité lumineuse et du taux de dilution dans un chémostat limité par la lumière. Le rendement le plus élevé en biomasse a été obtenu à 25°C quel que soit le taux de dilution (compris entre 0.079 et 0.30 jours^–1). La production d'acides gras augmente avec l'augmentation du taux de dilution. A des taux de dilution faibles, le contenu en acides gras est indépendant de la température (comprise entre 20 et 30°C). La température n'influence pas le contenu en acide linolénique (182) bien que les acides gras à deux ou plusieurs doubles liaisons s'accumulent à température plus basse. Les rendements en acide arachidonique (204) augmentent sous une lumière de plus forte intensité. La production maximum de polysaccharides tant extracellulaires que cellulaires a lieu à un taux faible de dilution sous une lumière intense à 25°C. Les teneurs en chlorophylle a, caroténoïdes et en phycoerythrine augmentent toutes les trois dans les mêmes proportions avec le taux de dilution et sont les plus élevées à 25°C.

     

Isolation and characterization of an amylolytic yeast:Candida edax

Summary A new amylolytic yeastCandida edax CBM20 was isolated from soil. The strain was able to grow at 37°C and pH 4.5 on a soluble starch (mineral salts) medium with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.59 h^–1 and a cell yield of 0.58 g per gram utilized starch. The strain synthesized high activities of intra- and extra-cellular -amylase and glycoamylase.Candida edax CBM20 is considered to be a good candidate for single-cell protein production from starch.

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Resumen Se ha aislado una nueva levadura amilolítica,Candida edax CBM 20 a partir del suelo. La cepa puede crecer a 37°C y a pH 4.5 en un medio mineral con almidón soluble, obteniendose una tasa de crecimiento máxima de 0.59 h^–1 y un rendimiento celular de 0.58 g por gramo de almidón utilizado. La cepa sintetiza elevades actividades de -amilasa y de glucoamilasa tanto intra como extracelulares. Se considera aCandida edax como un buen candidato para la producción de proteínas celulares a partir de almidón.

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Résumé Une nouvelle levure amylolytique,Candida edax CBM20, a été isolée à partir du sol. La souche peut pousser à 37°C et pH 4,5 sur un milieu minéral contenant de l'amidon soluble avec un taux de croissance maximum de 0.59 h^–1 et un rendement cellulaire de 0,58 g par g d'amidon utilisé. La souche synthétise de fortes activités -amylase et glucoamylase, toutes les deux intra-et extra-cellulaires.Candida edax CBM20 est considérée comme un bon candidat pour la production de protéines d'organismes unicellulaires à partir d'amidon.

     

Addendum: Recovery of cellulases from spent broth of sugar beet pulp fermentation byTrichoderma reesei

Summary The exo- and endo-glucanases ofTrichoderma reesei were recovered after growth on sugar beet pulp by vacuum concentration followed by (NH₄)₂SO₄ or acetone precipitation. Final respective recoveries were 53% and 57% for the exoglucanase and 41% and 42% for the endoglucanase. The resuspended acetone precipitates of both enzymes showed no loss of activity after 30 d at 4°C, pH 4.8 and in the presence of 0.5% sorbic acid. (NH₄)₂SO₄-precipitated exoglucanase lost activity in the same period.

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Resumen Las exo y endoglucanasas deTrichoderma reesei se recuperaron después de su crecimiento en pulpa de remolacha azucarera mediante concentración al vacío seguida de precipitación con (NH₄)₂SO₄ o acetona. La recuperación final fue de 53% y 57% para la exoglucanasa y de 41% y 42% para la endoglucanasa. La resuspensión de los precipitados cetónicos de ambos enzimas no mostró perdidas de actividad después de 30 d a 4°C y pH 4.8 en presencia de ácido sórbico. La exoglucanasa precipitada con (NH₄)₂SO₄ perdió actividad durante este mismo periodo.

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Résumé Les exo- et endoglucanases deTrichoderma reesei ont été récupérées après croissance sur pulpe de betterave sucrière, par concentration sous vide après précipitation par le sulfate ammonique ou l'acétone. Les récupérations ont été respectivement de 53% et 57% pour l'exoglucanase et de 41% et 42% pour l'endoglucanase. Les resuspensions des deux enzymes après précipitation à l'acétone n'ont révélé aucune perte d'activité après 30 jours à 4°C, pH 4.8 et en présence de 0.5% d'acide sorbique. L'exoglucanase précipitée au sulfate ammonique avait perdu toute activité dans le même laps de temps.

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(Based on a paper presented at the First Latin American Congress on Biotechnology, Tucumán, Argentina, October 4–8, 1987)     

Survival ofRhizobium trifolii in soil following inoculation of arrowleaf clover

Summary Arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) is an annual forage legume that is sown in south-eastern USA when temperature and moisture conditions may not be suitable for survival of inoculant rhizobia. Survival of two antibiotic-resistant strains of rhizobia on seed or quartz particles was evaluated under controlled conditions in the laboratory. At 30°C and 75% r.h., lime coating of inoculated seed, soil pH (4.2 and 6.7), and surface or subsurface sowing of inoculated seed did not significantly (P = 0.05) affect the survival of either rhizobial strain. The use of gum arabic as an inoculant adhesive resulted in better rhizobial survival than sucrose or water, but even with gum arabic treatment the population of strain 162Y10 declined fromc. 10,000/seed to less than ten/seed in six days. Survival of strain 162Y15 appeared better andc. 200 rhizobia/seed survived for six days. When inoculated seed were incubated at 45°C, soil pH, method of sowing, lime coating of the seed, and r.h. (75% and 100%) did not influence rhizobial survival. The gum arabic adhesive enhanced survival over the use of sucrose but survival was still poor. No viable rhizobia were detected after two days of incubation. High r.h. (100%) and 30°C favoured survival and growth of both rhizobial strains when inoculated onto quartz particles placed on, or mixed into, soil at pH 4.2. Coating inoculated quartz particles with lime increased the growth of rhizobia under these conditions, but sucrose and gum arabic were equally effective as inoculant adhesives.

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Resumen Supervivencia de Rhizobium trifoliien el suelo después de la inoculación de trébol El trébol en punta de flecha arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) es una leguminosa de forraje anual que se siembra en el S.E. de EUA en un periodo en el cual las condiciones de humedad y temperatura no suelen ser las adecuadas para la supervivencia de inóculo deRhizobium. La supervivencia en semillas o partículas de cuarzo de dos cepas deRhizobium resistentes a antibiôticos se evaluó bajo condiciones controladas en laboratorio. A 30°C y 75% de humedad relativa, ni el recubrimiento con cal de la semilla inoculada, ni la profundidad de la siembra (en superficie o no) ni el pH del suelo (4.2 y 6.7) alteraron significativamente la supervivencia de las dos cepas estudiadas. El uso de goma arábiga como adhesivo para el inóculo comparado con el uso de sucrosa o agua mejoró la supervivencia delRhizobium. Sin embargo incluso con el tratamiento con goma arábiga la población de la cepa 162Y10 declinó desde 10000/semilla hasta valores inferiores a 10/semilla en seis días. La cepa 162Y15 pareció tener mejor supervivencia y 200Rhizobium por semilla sobrevivieron a los seis días. Cuando las semillas inoculadas se incubaron a 45°C, el pH del suelo, el encalado de la semilla y la humedad relativa (75 y 100%) no influenciaron la supervivencia deRhizobium. El uso de goma arábiga mejoró relativamente la supervivencia aunque esta fue pobre de todos modos. No se detectaronRhizobium viables después de un periodo de incubación de dos días. Una elevada humedad relativa (100%) y una temperatura de 30°C favorecieron la supervivencia de ambas cepas cuando estas se inocularon en particulas de cuarzo, las cuales se situaron o, alternativamente, se mezclaron con suelo a pH 4.2. El recubrimiento con cal de las particulas de cuarzo inoculadas favoreció el crecimiento deRhizobium annque tanto sucrosa como goma arábiga fueron igualmente efectivos como adhesivos para el inóculo.

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Résumé Survie dans le sol de Rhizobium trifoliiaprès inoculation de trèfle sagittaire Le trèfle sagittaire (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) est une légumineuse annuelle fourragère cultivée dans le Sud-Est des USA à une période de l'année où les conditions de température et d'humidité peuvent ne pas convenir à la survie de rhizobiums inoculés. La survie de deux souches de rhizobiums résistants aux antibiotiques sur des graines ou sur des particules de quartz a été evaluóe au laboratoire, dans des conditions contrôlées. A 30°C et r.h. 75%, l'enrobage dans la chaux des graines inoculées, le pH du sol (4, 2 et 6, 7) et le semis, soit en surface, soit recouvert, ne modifient pas significativement (P = 0,05) la survie des deux souches de rhizobiums. L'emploi de gomme arabique comme adhésif de l'inoculum assure une meilleure survie des rhizobiums que le saccharose ou l'eau. Mais, même avec la gomme arabique, la population de la souche 162Y10 décroit en six jours de 10,000 à moins de dix cellules par graine. La survie de la souche 162Y15 semble meilleure: 200 cellules survivantes par graine au bout de six jours. Lorsque les graines inoculées sont incubées à 45°C, le pH du sol, la méthode de semis, l'enrobage de la graine dans la chaux et le r.h. (75 et 100%) n'ont pas d'influence sur la survie des rhizobiums. La gomme arabique améliore la survie mieux que le saccharose, mais trés faiblement. Après deux jours d'incubation, on ne trouve plus de rhizobiums viables. Un r.h. élevé (100%) et une température de 30°C améliorent la survie et la croissance des deux souches de rhizobiums lorsque celles-ci sont inoculées sur des particules de quartz ou mélangées au sol à pH 4, 2. L'enrobage par la chaux des particules de quartz inoculées accroit la survie des rhizobiums dans ces conditions, mais le saccharose et la gomme arabique sont aussi efficaces somme agents d'adhésion de l'inoculum.

     

Coupled saccharification and fermentation of pre-treated Eucalyptus wood: a simple kinetic model

Coupled saccharification and fermentation of Eucalyptus globulus wood, pre-treated by acid hydrolysis and sodium hypochlorite, was carried out in two column reactors: one for enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate at 50°C and the other for fermentation of sugars with calcium alginate-immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30°C. A buffered solution containing cellulases at pH 4.8 was recycled through both reactors. The maximum yields were about 0.26 g ethanol per g of substrate. The results were reproduced reasonably well using a simple kinetic model consisting of two successive pseudo-first-order reactions.C. Albornoz and D. M. Ferrari are with the Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas (CIT), Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland (ANCAP), Pando, Canelones, C.P. 91000, Uruguay. S. Blanco and G. Ellenrieder are with Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Buenos Aires 177, 4400 Salta, Argentina.     

Paracoccidioides brasileensis: Cell wall structure and virulence

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis. Many aspects of the disease and its agent are unknown. One of the most important factors regarding the infection and the host-parasite relationships seems to be the fungal cell wall whose biochemical aspects are reviewed here.Biochemical studies, done mainly by Kanetsuna et al., (21, 22), have demonstrated that the yeastlike (Y) and the mycelial (M) forms have chitin as a common polysaccharide, with -1, 3-glucan in the Y form and -1, 3-glucan in the M form. These polysaccharides are fibrillar and determine to some degree the fungal shape. Moreover, an amorphous galactomannan is found in the cell wall of the M form. This compound is responsible for the antigenic properties of the cell wall (1).Recent studies (30–33) suggest that the cell wall does not possess a stable chemical structure but a rather changing one, as a function of the environment in which the fungus is grown. At the same time, the cell wall composition seems to correlate with the degree of virulence of the particular strain. From these observations it may be deduced that the constituent polysaccharides ofP. brasiliensis cell wall, play an important role in the active protection of the fungus against the defensive mechanisms of the host.

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Resumen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis es un hongo dimórfico patógeno, causante de la paracoccidioidomicosis o blastomicosis sudamericana. Muchos aspectos de la enfermedad y su agente etiológico son desconocidos. Uno de los factures importantes en la infección y en las relaciones huésped-parásito, es la pared celular del hongo cuyos aspectos bioquímicos son recapitulados en este trabajo.Los estudios bioquímicos realizados por Kanetsuna y col. (21, 22) permiten concluir que las fases levaduriforme (L) y micelial (M) del hongo tienen quitina como polisacárido común, encontrándose además -1,3-glucán en la forma L y -1,3-glucán en la forma M. Estos polisacáridos son fibrilares y determinan en cierto grado la forma de la pared celular. Además, en la pared celular de la forma M fundamentalmente, se encuentra un galactomanán amorfo cuyas propiedades antigénicas han sido estudiadas (1).Estudios recientes (30–33) permiten concluir que la pared celular no parece tener una estructura química estable sino cambiante en función del ambiente en el cual se crece el hongo, estando esta estructura relacionada con el grado de virulencia de la cepa estudiada. De estos estudios se deduce que los polisacáridos constituyentes de la pared celular deP. brasiliensis juegan un papel importante en la protección activa del hongo contra los mécanismes de defensa del huésped.

     

Application of immunoprecipitation techniques to the diagnosis of cutaneous and extracutaneous forms of sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis is a mycosis which in our country has been described as only producing cutaneous and subcutaneous infections; in other countries it has been reported as causing pulmonary, bone, joint and meningeal infections.Possibly the systemic form also occurs in Venezuela since, along with the causative agent, all other factors considered as predisposing to systemic infection exist here.Through immunodiffusion (ID) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and using a filamentous form metabolic antigen from Sporothrix schenckii, we were able to demonstrate precipitating antibodies against this fungus both in patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis, diagnosed by culture of the infecting agent, and in patients with pulmonary lesions. The IEP test showed the presence of an anodic arc which we have called the S arc, which could be one of the specific antigens of S. schenckii.

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Resumen En Venezuela, el diagnóstico de la esporotricosis solo se plantea ante lesiones cutáneas y subcutáneas, sin embargo, no deja de llamar la atención que siendo esta micosis la más frecuente en nuestro medio y existiendo concomitantemente en la población todos los factores predisponentes para que el S. schenckii invada órganos internos, estas localizaciones no han sido descritas.La incorporación del antígeno del S. schenckii para detectar anticuerpos circulantes en la ID en nuestros estudios serológicos de rutina, nos permitió observar la presencia de bandas de precipitación contra este antígeno en sueros de pacientes con lesiones pulmonares, igualmente fueron detectados anticuerpos en pacientes con esporotricosis cutáneas diagnosticadas por cultivo.El estudio de la estructura antigénica de este hongo, puso de manifiesto la presencia de un arco de localización anódica, que podría ser producido por uno de los antígenos específicos de este hongo; este arco que denominamos S fue visualizado en todos los casos positivos de esporotricosis cutáneas, al ser estudiados sus sueros en la IEF.Los estudios realizados en sueros de pacientes con lesiones pulmonares pusieron de manifiesto anticuerpos precipitantes en la ID e IEF, con las caractéristicas de evidenciar más de una línea de precipitación en la ID y un arco S más largo en la IEF, pudiendo ser esto originado por mayor producción de anticuerpos circulantes. Se plantea la necesidad de obtener el cultivo del S. schenckii de las posibles lesiones extracutáneas de esta micosis.

     

Methane fermentation of water hyacinth: effect of retention time and temperature

Summary The influence of retention times of 10, 20, 30 and 40 days on the semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth was tested at the laboratory level. Biogas was successfully produced using 50 and 30 g total solids/l slurries at retention times of 30 and 40 days. The retention time of 40 days proved to be much better than shorter retention times in terms of total gas produced, methane percentage and degree of decomposition of organic matter. The effect of incubation temperatures of 25, 37, 45°C and the variable temperature range of 32 to 42°C on the semicontinuous digestion of water hyacinth was also tested in the laboratory. Biogas could be successfully produced at all temperatures tested except at 45°C. At 37°C and at the variable temperature range of 32 to 42°C gas production was very rapid. Digestion at 25°C was more efficient and gas release was slower. Digestion at 45°C was very erratic.

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Resumen Se estudió, a escala de laboratorio, la influencia de tiempos de retención de 10, 20, 30, y 40 días en la digestión anaerobia semi-continua del jacinto acuático (Eichornia crassipes). A partir de pasta de jacinto acuático con 50 y 30 g de sólidos totales/l de pasta y con tiempos de retención de 30 y 40 días la obtención de gas fue eficaz. La retención de 40 días fue mucho mejor que retenciones mucho más cortas en relación con la producción total de biogás, el porcentaje de metano obtenido y la descomposición de sólidos volátiles. También se estudió el efecto de temperaturas de incubación de 25, 37 y 45°C y de un gradiente de temperaturas de 32–42°C en la fermentación. La producción de biogas fue eficaz a todas las temperaturas ensayadas excepto a 45°C. A 37°C y utilizando el gradiente de temperaturas la obtención de gas fue muy rápida. La digestión a 25°C fue más eficaz pero la liberación de gas más lenta; la fermentación a 45°C dió resultados erráticos.

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Résumé On a testé à l'échelle du laboratoire, l'influence des temps moyens de séjour de 10, 20, 30 et 40 jours sur la biométhanisation semi-continue de la jacinthe d'eau. La production de biogaz était satisfaisante aux concentrations de 50 et 30 g de solides totaux par litre et pour des temps moyens de séjour de 30 et 40 jours. Le temps moyen de séjour de 40 jours s'est révélé bien meilleur que les temps moyens de séjour plus courts en matière de gaz total produit, pourcentage de méthane et conversion de la matière organique. On a également testé au laboratoire l'effet des températures d'incubation de 25, 37 et 45°C et celui d'une température fluctuant entre 32 et 42°C sur la biométhanisation semicontinue de la jacinthe d'eau. La production de biogaz était satisfaisante à toutes les températures sauf celle de 45°C. La production de gaz était très rapide à 37°C et dans la région variable de 32 à 42°C. La biométhanisation à 25°C était plus efficiente mais la vitesse de production du gaz était plus lente. La biométhanisation à 45°C était très erratique.

     

Anti-mutagenic and immuno-stimulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria

Statistically significant antigenotoxic activity was exerted by six of nine strains of lactic acid bacteria tested (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Staphylococcus carnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, L. rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium and En. faecalis) against nitrovin and 2-aminofluorene in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA97. The mutagenic activity of both mutagens was substantially decreased by viable bacteria; cells heated to 100°C for 15 min were ineffective. In vitro, En. faecium stimulated the basic metabolic activities of human neutrophils which were essential for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, whereas stimulation of guinea-pig macrophages was not so effective. Similar immuno-stimulatory effects were observed with both viable and heat-inactivated bacteria.L. Ebringer, M. Lahitová and D. Michálková are with the Institute of Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Comenius University, Odborárske nám. 5, SK-81107 Bratislava, Slovakia. M. Fereník and L. Kaáni are with the Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia.     

Subtle relationships: freshwater fishes and water chemistry in southern South America

We investigated the relationships between water chemistry and the occurrence, distribution, physiology, and morphology of fish faunas. We examined 34 species (ca. 10% of the Argentinean freshwater fish fauna) from 120 localities (5 areas) situated between 26°15 S (Trancas, Tucumán) and 38°30 S (Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires). Fourteen chemical features are described by: conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature, pH, CO ₃ ^2– , CO₃H^–, Cl^–, SO ₄ ^2– Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Mg/Ca, Mg+Ca/Na+K. Three Basic Data Matrices considering the mean, maximum and minimum values of each variable for each fish species were used in a Cluster and Principal Component Analysis. Groups of species clustered in similar ways to particular water chemistries. Similarity was the common occurrence of species in a defined area and preference for a common range of the factors considered. Groups of species so defined showed patterns of distribution related to climate, environment, trophic state and hydrographic complexity. Each cluster included some eurytopic species which appeared together at extreme chemical and geographic characteristics. Twenty four species had ranges of tolerance for the 14 variables and evidence of a grouping according to these ranges. Eighteen species which occurred at maximum or minimum absolute values for more than one factor were ordered along an eurytopy — stenotopy axis. We support the statement that species with a larger tolerance range for most factors have a higher probability of being widely distributed. Astyanax fasciatus and A. bimaculatus tolerated the highest number of maximum and minimum values, followed by Jenynsia l. lineata, A. eigenmanniorum and Trichomycterus corduvensis. Groups of species based on chemical factors showed differences in the relative number of basic morphological types.This paper was submitted at the symposium Fish Ecology in Latin America during the 1993 meeting of the ASIH at Austin.Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientíficasInstituto de Limnología de La PlataFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata     

Phylogeny of the tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae) – a sensitivity analysis of the plastid region trnL-trnF combined with morphology

The phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae) were examined combining data from a previous morphological analysis with data from the trnL intron and trnL-F spacer. Previous studies have failed to confirm monophyly of the genus Discaria, the only genus of the tribe with an amphiantarctic distribution. The data set was analyzed using direct optimization as implemented in the computer program POY. Direct optimization searches for multiple optimal sequence alignments and is therefore well suited for analyzing DNA sequences including ambiguous alignable regions as found in the present study. Eight different costs were used for treating the indel information. Indels were treated as single events, equal to a fifth character state, or strings of gaps were treated as single events using different costs for opening a gap and extending the gap. The optimal cost set was selected by use of both character-based and topological congruence measures. Both congruence measures agreed upon a single optimal cost set. The resulting tree generally agrees with the current taxonomic treatment of the tribe Colletieae that recognizes six genera out of which three are monotypic. However, monophyly of Discaria was not supported and the results strongly suggest segregating D. nana and D. trinervis, and re-establishing the genus Ochetophila.We are grateful to the curator of the Herbario Gaspar Xuárez, Universidad de Buenos Aires (BAA), and to the curators of the Botanic Garden of the University of Copenhagen, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Jardín Botánico Lucien Hauman (Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires), Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, and Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, for permission to use material from their collections. María Elena Arce, María Martha Bianchi, Eugenia Chaia, and Neville Walsh kindly provided freshly collected material. We also thank Pablo A. Goloboff, Niels Klazenga, Pauline Y. Ladiges, Martín Ramírez, Ole Seberg, Llywela Williams, and two anonymous reviewers for critically reading earlier drafts of this paper. This work was supported in part by grants TG 028 (Universidad de Buenos Aires) and PIP 4027/96 (CONICET) to D. Medan. The University of Copenhagen supported Lone Aagesen (Ph.D. grant). Jürgen Kellermann received a Ph.D.-scholarship from the University of Melbourne.     

Solid state fermentation of apple pomace for citric acid production

Summary A solid state fermentation process is described for the production of citric acid from apple pomace byAspergillus niger NRRL 567. The yields of citric acid varied with the pomace varieties, and were dependent on (1) the amount of methanol present in the pomace, and (2) the fermentation time and temperature. The process yielded as much as 90 g citric acid/kg apple pomace fermented in the presence of 3–4% methanol at 30°C in five days.

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Resumen Se describe un proceso de fermentación en estado sólido para la producción de ácido cítrico a partir de residuos de manzana, utilizandoAspergillus niger NRRL 567. La producción de ácido cítrico varió con el tipo de residuo utilizado y dependió de (1) la cantidad de metanol presente en los residuos y (2) del tiempo y la temperatura del proceso. La fermentación puede producir hasta 90 g de ácido cítrico/kg de residuo de manzana, fermentado en presencia de 3–4% de metanol a 30°C de temperatura durante 5 días.

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Résumé Le procédé de fermentation en milieu solide qui est décrit est déstiné à la production d'acide citrique à partir du marc de pommes parAspergillus niger NRRL 567. Les rendements en acide citrique varient suivant les variétés de pommes et dépendent: (1) de la quantité de méthanol présente dans le marc, et (2) du temps de fermentation et de la température. On peut obtenir jusqu'à 90 g d'acide citrique par kg de marc de pommes fermenté, en présence de 3 à 4% de méthanol, à 30°C et en 5 jours.

     

Datos sobre Tinea capitis en Venezuela

El Dr.Borelli es Professor Asociado de la Fac. de Med., U.C.V., en las Cátedras de Dermatología (Dr.Carlos, J. Alarcón) y en la de Microbiología (Dr.Leopoldo Briceño I.). La Dra.Coretti es Primer Adjunto al Servicio de Medicina III, Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos (Dr.Pedro J. Alvarez).Trabajo presentado en ocasión de las Primeras Jornadas Pediátricas, Caracas 18–24 Febrero 1962.