大眼长蝽对苜蓿盲蝽的捕食作用

室内条件下,评价了大眼长蝽Geocoris pallidipennis(Costa)对苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus(Goeze)的捕食效应。结果表明,大眼长蝽捕食苜蓿盲蝽的有效虫态为3～5龄若虫及成虫,其中成虫的捕食率最高。大眼长蝽对苜蓿盲蝽的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型,其捕食量随着猎物龄期的增长而减少,而随着自身龄期的增长而增加。24h内,大眼长蝽雌成虫最多能捕食37.88头苜蓿盲蝽1龄若虫。15～35℃范围内,大眼长蝽的捕食量随着温度的升高而增加;35℃下的捕食量为15℃下的1.78倍。上述研究表明,大眼长蝽是苜蓿盲蝽的重要捕食性天敌。     

大眼长蝽的外部形态观察（半翅目：长蝽科）

本文扼要记述了半翅目长蝽科的大眼长蝽成虫期的外部形态,希图据此获得对大眼长蝽亚科形态学的进一步认识,为长蝽总科的系统发育研究提供资料。文章还兼对该亚科的泡眼长蝽的部分构造作了记载。     

中国海南大眼长蝽属一新种（半翅目：异翅亚目：大眼长蝽科）

记述大眼长蝽科1新种:西沙大眼长蝽Geocoris xishaensis sp.nov.,分布于中国海南.该种的主要鉴别特征是:头部赭黄色,触角深色,前胸背板前缘、后缘和侧缘淡黄色,中间具1深色大斑,前翅淡黄色,小盾片黑色.     

突眼长蝽属一新种及其五龄若虫记述(半翅目,束长蝽科,突眼长蝽亚科)

突眼长蝽属在世界范围内已知9种,我国已记述3种.本文记述了采自云南的1新种,郑氏突眼长蝽Chauliops zhengi sp.nov.及其五龄若虫.新种成虫和豆突眼长蝽C.fallax Scott与C.choprai Sweet et Schaefer较为近似,与C.fallax Scott相比,新种抱器中部较为纤细;触角第1节短于而非长于第3节;复眼眼柄相对较短;头背面颜色更黑;与C.choprai sweet et Schaefer相比,新种触角第1节短于而非近似等于触角第3节长度;个体较小.新种若虫体表无黑色长大的腺毛;触角第3节为黑褐色而非淡色可明显区别于上述两种若虫.就若虫而言,新种和C.bisontula Banks较相似,即体表均无大型黑色棒状腺毛,新种体表小腺毛似锥形,表面无棘刺可以区别.新种模式标本保存于南开大学生物学系昆虫标本室.     

烟盲蝽对不同虫态烟粉虱的捕食作用及捕食偏好性

杂食性昆虫烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的重要天敌之一。为探索烟盲蝽对不同虫态烟粉虱的捕食作用及捕食偏好性,在室内进行了非选择性和选择性试验。结果表明,在非选择性试验中,烟盲蝽雌成虫、雄成虫以及5龄若虫可以捕食烟粉虱成虫和各龄若虫,但极少捕食卵。其中,烟盲蝽雌成虫、雄成虫及5龄若虫对烟粉虱1龄若虫的捕食量最大,分别为134.2头、101.3头和88.1头,其次是2~3龄若虫,捕食量分别为94.1头、64.2头和53.4头。而在选择性试验中烟盲蝽雄虫更偏好捕食烟粉虱的2~3龄若虫,其次是1龄若虫、4龄若虫和成虫。该结果对了解烟盲蝽控制烟粉虱的作用以及如何对烟盲蝽和其他天敌组合应用提供了参考信息。     

豆突眼长蝽发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在恒温条件下 ,观察了不同温度对豆突眼长蝽ChauliopsfallaxScott生长发育的影响 ,用直接最优法和直线回归法分析数据 ,结果表明直接最优法能较好地反应实际情况。卵、1～ 5龄若虫和整个若虫期的发育起点温度分别为 7 98℃ ,7 1 6℃ ,6 5 3℃ ,8 81℃ ,6 75℃ ,8 2 7℃和 7 5 0℃ ,有效积温分别为85 8,60 8,5 2 0 ,71 4,1 0 1 5 ,66 3和 3 5 3 0日·度 ,发育速率最大时的温度分别为 3 4 84℃ ,3 4 48℃ ,3 4 1 6℃ ,3 4 1 2℃ ,3 4 75℃ ,3 5 1 1℃和 3 3 65℃。     

斯氏钝绥螨对西花蓟马和豆大蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应

【目的】为明确斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和豆大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus不同龄期若虫的捕食量及控制潜能。【方法】在25℃和75%相对湿度下,研究了斯氏钝绥螨雌成螨对两种蓟马1龄和2龄若虫的捕食喜好性、功能反应以及捕食螨自身的干扰反应。【结果】斯氏钝绥螨无论对西花蓟马还是豆大蓟马,在各自1龄和2龄若虫共存状况下,对1龄若虫的喜好性均显著高于2龄。捕食螨对两种蓟马1龄若虫的捕食量和喜好性无显著差异,但对西花蓟马2龄若虫的捕食量和喜好性显著大于豆大蓟马2龄若虫。斯氏钝绥螨雌成螨对西花蓟马和豆大蓟马的1龄若虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程。捕食螨对西花蓟马和豆大蓟马1龄若虫的日均捕食量均随其自身密度的增加而逐渐降低。【结论】斯氏钝绥螨的捕食量与蓟马的种类和龄期有关,也与捕食螨的密度有关。     

军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽若虫的捕食作用

茶网蝽Stephanitis chinensis是一种为害春茶的重要害虫,本文研究了天敌军配盲蝽Stethoconus japonicus和南方小花蝽Orius similis对茶网蝽的捕食能力,为茶网蝽的生物防治提供科学依据。在室内开展军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食功能反应和寻找效应以及南方小花蝽的种内干扰反应研究。结果表明军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型。军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽的捕食量与茶网蝽3龄若虫的密度呈正相关,但寻找效应与猎物密度呈负相关。南方小花蝽成虫、3龄若虫对茶网蝽3龄若虫的日最大捕食量（11.49头、12.82头）大于军配盲蝽成虫、3龄若虫（10.10头、6.41头）;军配盲蝽成虫对茶网蝽的寻找效应高于其3龄若虫,而南方小花蝽3龄若虫的寻找效应高于成虫。南方小花蝽成虫、3龄若虫对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食作用均存在种内干扰反应,且符合Hassell模型,分别为E=0.4263P^-0.825和E=0.5234P^-0.762。综上研究结果,军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食作用较强,均具有良好的生物防治潜能。     

不同龄期益蝽对粘虫各龄期幼虫的捕食功能

为评估益蝽对粘虫不同龄期幼虫的捕食潜能,本研究在室内条件下测定了益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食功能。将益蝽按龄期进行24 h饥饿处理,以1头/罐置于塑料罐中,分别投喂不同数量和不同龄期的粘虫,统计不同龄期益蝽捕食粘虫的数量,使用圆盘方程拟合益蝽对粘虫的捕食功能曲线。结果显示,益蝽若虫对粘虫具有较好的捕食能力,其3龄、4龄、5龄若虫均能捕食粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。益蝽3龄若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为24.50头、29.90头、4.50头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.306、0.200、1.042;处理时间分别为0.041 h、0.033 h、0.224 h。益蝽4龄若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为33.47头、15.60头、17.60头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.367、0.466、0.281;处理时间分别为0.030 h、0.064 h、0.057 h。益蝽5龄若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为27.80头、17.20头、8.50头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.557、0.327、0.286;处理时间分别为0.036 h、0.058 h、0.117 h。可知,益蝽对3～4龄粘虫有较好的控害潜能,对3龄幼虫的捕食量最大,对5龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高。     

Ant and silkworm pupae as convenient diets for the development and reproduction of big-eyed bug Geocoris ochropterus (Hemiptera: Geocoridae)

We investigated the influence of convenient diets on big-eyed bug Geocoris ochropterus. Development and reproduction of G. ochropterus fed on convenient diets of ant pupae Oecophylla smaragdina and silkworm pupae Bombyx mori were examined using aphids Aphis gossypii as the control diet. Results showed that Geocoris ochropterus nymphs completed development to adults on all diets. Total average development period was 35.1 days fed on ant pupae, 35.9 days fed on silkworm pupae, and 36.0 days fed on aphids. Head width, body length, forewing length, and fresh body weight of adults were not affected by diets, except for females reared on ant pupae that were significantly heavier than those fed on aphids. There was no significant difference in offspring sex ratio. Total number of eggs deposited per female fed on ant pupae was significantly larger than when fed on aphids, while eggs laid by females fed on silkworm pupae were significantly longer than eggs laid by females fed on aphids. Results suggest that ant pupae and silkworm pupae could be effectively used for mass rearing of G. ochropterus.     

孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧的捕食功能

在实验室条件下,研究孪斑唇瓢虫Chilocorus geminus Zaslavskij成虫对桑白蚧Pseudau lacaspis pentagona(Targioni-Tozzetti)各虫态的捕食功能反应,寻找效应和干扰效应。结果表明,孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧各虫态的功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ型圆盘方程。孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧各虫态的寻找效应随自身密度的增加而降低。根据Holling-Ⅲ型功能反应新模型拟合出1头孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧各虫态的最佳寻找密度分别为:成虫26.7头、卵185.2粒、1龄若虫47.9头、2龄若虫46.8头。当孪斑唇瓢虫成虫与桑白蚧各虫态的数量同比例增加时,孪斑唇瓢虫成虫个体间的相互干扰系数为0.3901,0.7891和0.9827;当桑白蚧2龄若虫数量不变而孪斑唇瓢虫成虫数量增加时,孪斑唇瓢虫成虫个体间的相互干扰系数为0.0960。     

动物的捕食行为

简要介绍了捕食行为研究的一些主要方向,如猎物选择、食物贮藏、捕食喂幼和捕食的节律性等,还讨论了动物的搜寻和捕食策略以及攻击方式等。     

Patterns of niche overlapping and richness among Geocoris species (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) in Iran

Several big-eyed bugs, Geocoris species, are abundant predators in many important agricultural cropping systems. Despite their apparent importance and high visibility little is known about their environmental relationships, niche overlap and species richness. To determine these ecological characteristics of 5 Geocoris species for use in conservation efforts, an extensive sampling was done in 152 localities of Iran. A richness model was developed using a maximum entropy modelling approach (Maxent) and ArcGIS software for the five species based on collection records in conjunction with eight environmental variables. Maps for habitat overlap were created for paired species using ArcGIS 10.2 and ENMTools. The species displayed different overlapping niche ranges from 1.97% to 37.25% in pair-wise comparisons. For species richness three categories (habitats dominated by 0–1, 2–3, and 4–5 species) represented 38.44%, 46.07%, and 15.49% of the modelled landscape, respectively. A direct relationship was found between humidity and the number of species present in different locations. Understanding the degree of ecological overlap between the Geocoris species, and their effective predation of aphids and mites, is critical in designing biological control methods in agroecosystems.     

稻田三种捕食性天敌与两种害虫共存系统捕食量的研究

有关捕食者-猎物关系的研究一直是种群生态学的活跃课题。Lotka-Volterra(1925)方程是最早用于研究捕食者-猎物系统的数学模型。此后许多作者进一步研究了捕食者-猎物(寄主-寄生物)的关系(Nicholson和Bailey,1935;Holling,1959;Hassell和Varley,1989;Murdoch,1969;Manley等,1972;李超等,1982,1983;丁岩钦等,1983;兰仲雄     

Predatory behavior in captive Lemur spp

Lemur fulvus mayottensis, L catta, and L mongoz mongoz at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust readily catch and consume proffered crickets and locusts. Lf mayottensis and L m mongoz also readily catch and consume small birds and mice, whilst these are ignored by L catta and L variegatus. These differences probably reflect real differences in the predatory behavior of these species, though they may also relate to cage specifications or to the history of the particular groups. These captive lemurs are either perpetuating previously unsuspected wild habits or else innovating in captivity. Observed Lemur predation resembles that of other primate species in being primarily accomplished by dominant individuals (in lemurs, generally adult females), and involving group excitement, as well as snatching and begging by subordinates, which could lead to traditions of predatory behavior.     

Predatory behaviour of lutzia on Culex fatigans

The carnivorous mosquito Lutzia (= Culex) raptor devours 20 to 50 larvae (third instar) of Culex fatigans in a day. The predatory capacity of L. raptor is not influenced by changes in volume of water, but significantly influenced by changes in prey density. With increasing prey density, the percentage of prey killed and left unconsumed increases. The duration required to subdue and consume a single larva is 15 min for L. raptor previously deprived of food for 3 to 24 hrs; the handling duration of prey increases to 20 min for the predator previously deprived food for 1 hr. The duration increases with increasing prey size; L. raptor requires 1, 6, 62 or 113 min to handle a single II, III, IV or mini pupa of Culex fatigans weighing 0.2,1.2,4.2 and 4.0 mg respectively.     

Predatory behaviour of an araneophagic assassin bug

Assassin bugs from the genus Stenolemus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) are predators of web-building spiders. However, despite their fascinating lifestyle, little is known about how these insects hunt and catch their dangerous prey. Here we characterise in detail the behaviour adopted by Stenolemus bituberus (Stål) during encounters with web-building spiders, this being an important step toward understanding this species’ predatory strategy. These bugs employed two distinct predatory tactics, “stalking” and “luring”. When stalking their prey, bugs slowly approached the prey spider until within striking range, severing and stretching threads of silk that were in the way. When luring their prey, bugs attracted the resident spider by plucking and stretching the silk with their legs, generating vibrations in the web. Spiders approached the luring bug and were attacked when within range. The luring tactic of S. bituberus appears to exploit the tendency of spiders to approach the source of vibrations in the web, such as might be generated by struggling prey.     

The Predatory Behavior of Dileptus anser*

SYNOPSIS. A motion picture study of the feeding behavior of Dileptus anser upon Colpidium campylum revealed that feeding begins shortly before dawn (about 4:30 a.m. Pacific DST in July and August) and continues until bright daylight, terminating sharply between 8:30 and 9:00 a.m. Little or no feeding occurs at any other time during a 24 hr cycle. A “biological clock” phenomenon is suggested, but was not further investigated. Attack by Dileptus often results in “escape” behavior by Colpidium. When struck (usually antero-dorsally), the latter rotates, usually adhering to the microscope slide at the end which was struck, constricting the undamaged part of the body, pulling free, swimming off and regenerating if not again struck by Dileptus. After successive attacks and feeding, the proboscis of Dileptus becomes adhesive and sticks to the microscope slide near its tip. Dileptus jerks the proboscis free, sacrificing the attached portion. Several successive such truncations may occur as Dileptus feeds, so that at the end of a feeding period only a stub of the proboscis may remain. The entire proboscis is regenerated before the next feeding period begins. Ingestion of Colpidium by Dileptus appears to involve 2-way streaming of cytoplasm which results in a retreat of cytoplasm from the region of the cytostome toward the rear, forming an ingestion cavity. The cytostome simultaneously opens widely to accommodate passage of prey, even before the prey reaches the cytostome, and is often opened wider than the diameter of the prey. Ingestion is assumed to involve protoplasmic movements other than those only of the fibrillar organelles in the region of the cytostome.