食蚜瘿蚊研究进展

<正> 食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza(Rond.)是蚜虫的一种专一捕食性天敌,可以取食61种不同作物上的蚜虫(Harris,1973),其中包括许多种重要的农业害虫。早在1916年,Davis就指出食蚜瘿蚊是蚜虫的一种具有很大潜在价值的生防控制因子。70年代初,联邦德国、苏     

温度对食蚜瘿蚊生长发育的影响

在19,22,25,28,31℃和RH为80%的组合下,测定食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系,并且测定各温度下食蚜瘿蚊的化蛹率和羽化率等生物学参数。实验结果表明:温度对食蚜瘿蚊的生长发育有较大影响。在19~28℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,而在28~31℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而略为延长。采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和全世代的发育速率进行模拟分析,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫态的发育速率。不同温度下食蚜瘿蚊的5天化蛹率和总羽化率差别较大,但以25℃下为最高,分别为88.00%和94.70%;而22℃下的化蛹率和羽化率与25℃下较为接近,分别为84.00%和90.66%,经分析差异不显著。食蚜瘿蚊最适生长发育温度为22~25℃。     

寄主植物对南亚果实蝇过冷却点和体液冰点的影响

南亚果实蝇Zeugodacus tau(Walker)是一种世界性的重要检疫害虫,严重危害多种水果和瓜菜。为明确寄主植物对南亚果实蝇耐寒性的影响,本文利用过冷却点仪,对取食苦瓜Momordica charantia L.、黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.、丝瓜Luffa aegyptiaca Miller和杧果Mangifera indica L.的南亚果实蝇5个发育阶段的过冷却点和体液冰点进行了测定。结果显示：每一组寄主植物上的5个发育阶段中,南亚果实蝇5日龄蛹的过冷却点和体液冰点均为最低,显著低于1日龄蛹、幼虫和成虫;不同寄主南亚果实蝇同一发育阶段的过冷却点和体液冰点存在显著差异,均值分别为-23.97～-8.06℃和-14.02～-0.59℃,其中取食苦瓜的南亚果实蝇5日龄蛹过冷却点和体液冰点最低,均值分别为-23.97℃和-14.02℃,但与黄瓜无显著差异;4种寄主中老熟幼虫、1日龄蛹、1日龄雌成虫和5日龄雌成虫过冷却点均为取食黄瓜最低;杧果种群1日龄雌成虫过冷却点最高,均值为-7.47℃,苦瓜种群老熟幼虫体液冰点最高,均值为-0.59℃。本研究有助于了解寄主对南亚果实...     

食蚜瘿蚊触角的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜对食蚜瘿蚊角角进行了观察.结果显示,雌雄触角都为14节,其中雄性约为2000μm,雌性约为1 050μm.电镜下可观察到食蚜瘿蚊触角有6种类型的感受器,即：刺形感受器、毛形感受器、锥形感受器、腔形感受器、柱形感受器和环丝.刺形感受器较长,约67.5μm,基部有膜状的窝.毛形感受器长约61μm,末端弯曲.锥形感受器呈钉状着生在表皮上,长约4.7μm.腔形感受器呈凹陷状,腔的直径约为1.2μm.柱形感受器着生在雄虫鞭节的第二亚节,长约21μm,直径约为1.5μm.环丝,是瘿蚊类昆虫触角中特殊的结构,它通过着生在一系列腔中的的短梗,连结成环状附着在触角各亚节的表面.刺形和锥形感受器在数量上,雌雄之间差别不大;柱形感受器只在雄虫中发现;雄虫触角上的腔形感受器在数量上要比雌虫多.     

食蚜瘿蚊全虫态形态记述

【目的】基于实验室饲养的食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani)进行个体发育的形态特征描述。为食蚜瘿蚊的鉴定提供基本信息。【方法】在野外采集幼虫,温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光照16 L∶8 D的室内条件下饲养获得食蚜瘿蚊卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的全部虫态。通过数码采集和电子显微镜详细描述了各虫态的发育特征。【结果】食蚜瘿蚊卵的发育历期为2 d,幼虫期有3个龄期,发育历期5-8 d,蛹期7-10 d以及成虫期3-4 d。【结论】食蚜瘿蚊个体发育特征对食蚜瘿蚊的鉴定和分类有指导意义。     

食蚜瘿蚊对莴苣指管蚜的捕食作用

【目的】为明确食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza对莴苣指管蚜Uroleucon formosanum的控害潜能。【方法】本研究在室内条件下测定食蚜瘿蚊对莴苣指管蚜的捕食功能反应,并利用室外笼罩法模拟食蚜瘿蚊对莴苣指管蚜的田间控害潜能。【结果】食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对1-5龄莴苣指管蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,对1-2龄莴苣指管蚜的瞬时攻击率(a)和捕食能力(a/T_h)均最高,分别为0.466和12.90;搜寻效应随莴苣指管蚜密度的增大而下降;食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对1-5龄莴苣指管蚜的日均捕食量随自身密度的增加而增大,但捕食作用率随其密度的增加而逐渐降低,其种内干扰方程分别为：E_1–2=0.304P^﹣1.148、E₃=0.226P^﹣1.155、E₄=0.177P^﹣1.094、E₅=0.128P^﹣1.028;在捕食偏好选择中,食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对莴苣指管蚜1-2龄及3龄若蚜的...     

应用生命表评价食蚜瘿蚊扩繁系统

应用生命表技术,考察我国食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza大量扩繁系统主要环节的效率。结果表明,卵期、1龄幼虫期、蛹期的死亡率较大,分别为13.5%、18.2%和19.0%,是影响种群数量增长的主要因子。通过对各发育阶段的观察,初步明确了造成死亡的主要因素,连续多代饲养中的性比失调问题对卵的饱满率及产卵量有很大影响,化蛹的场所条件、发育及贮藏条件、1龄幼虫的食物供给状况也是造成实验种群大量死亡的主要因子。本实验结果为进一步改进该天敌的扩繁体系,提高扩繁效率,具有指导作用。     

桔小实蝇不同发育阶段过冷却点的测定

对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)不同发育阶段的过冷却点进行了测定。结果表明：同一虫期个体间的过冷却点出现不同程度的变异,但均服从正态分布。不同虫期的过冷却点差异显著,其中蛹的过冷却点最低（-12.2℃～-15.0℃）。老熟幼虫的过冷却点为-8.1℃。成虫的过冷却点最低值为7日龄雄虫（-10.5℃）和雌虫（-10.1℃）,最高值为60日龄雄虫（-5.9℃）和雌虫（-6.4℃）,但同一发育时期的雌、雄成虫之间的过冷却点没有差异。测定结果提示蛹期最有可能是该虫在温带地区越冬的虫态。     

柑桔大实蝇老熟幼虫和蛹过冷却点和结冰点的测定

为明确柑桔大实蝇Bactrocera minax (Enderlein)老熟幼虫和蛹的抗寒能力,对柑桔大实蝇老熟幼虫、滞育蛹和滞育解除蛹的过冷却点和结冰点进行了测定。结果显示,同一虫态不同个体间其过冷却点和结冰点具有不同程度的变异,但其变异范围均符合正态分布。柑桔大实蝇不同发育状态间的过冷却点和结冰点均具有显著差异,其中,已解除滞育进入发育状态的蛹的过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为-11.15℃和-9.76℃;其次为滞育蛹,分别为-8.93℃和-7.63℃;而老熟幼虫最高,分别为-7.09℃和-3.43℃。此外,老熟幼虫的结冰点和过冷却点之间的差值最大为3.24℃,显著高于滞育蛹（1.30℃）和滞育解除蛹（1.39℃）。表明,倒春寒对已进入发育状态的柑桔大实蝇蛹不会造成不利影响。     

Laboratory pesticide screening method for the aphid predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

A laboratory pesticide screening method is described for the aphid predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Four acaricides, 10 fungicides, 11 insecticides and one herbicide, all of which are in common usage, were evaluated against both the adult and larval stages of the predator. The acaricide dienochlor, the fungicides benomyl, bupirimate, chlorothalonil, iprodione and hexaconazole, the herbicide tralkoxydim and the insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis and diflubenzuron were all safe to both adult and larval A. aphidimyza. Adults were more susceptible to the pesticides than larvae. Pesticide was exposed to adults as a residue on glass plates and to larvae on a leaf section mounted on agar. The leaf material remained healthy and supported host aphids for several days without deteriorating. The method and apparatus have potential for use with many other pests and beneficial organisms required to be caged for several days on detached leaf material.     

Low temperature storage of larvae and synchronization of adult emergence in the predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza.

Diapause larvae of Aphidoletes aphidimyza were stored at a temperature of 3 degrees C under continuous darkness for up to 7 months with survival rates above 50%; after storage for 1 year the survival rate dropped to 12%. Diapause was terminated in the majority of individuals within 120 days of chilling under storage conditions. Brief exposure (10-60 s) to the vapor of n-hexane appeared to be a useful alternative to chilling for the termination of diapause. The larvae with terminated diapause required, on average, an additional 31 days at 22 degrees C and long-day conditions in order to reach the adult stage. The 10-90% adult emergence spanned a period of 21.1 days. When the larvae with terminated diapause were exposed to 30 degrees C for 1 week after the end of low temperature storage, the survival rate was not affected, the average "time-to-adult" shortened moderately to 28 days, and the synchrony of adult emergence improved considerably to 10 days. Low temperature storage of nondiapause larvae resulted in a decrease in survival from 98 to 31% during the first 60 days of storage. Nondiapause larvae did not enter diapause during low temperature storage and, as a consequence, the adults emerged relatively rapidly (after 14-15 days) and synchronously (within 2-3 days) after the end of storage. Directions for future research, which might bring further improvement in low temperature storability and synchrony of adult emergence in A. aphidimyza, are proposed.     

Low-temperature storage and cold hardiness in two populations of the predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza, differing in diapause intensity

Abstract. The potential for medium-time, low-temperature storage was compared in diapausing larvae of two populations of Aphidoletes aphidimyza , a predatory midge used to control aphids in greenhouses . During 4 months of storage, no statistical decrease of survival rate ( c . 75%) was observed in the population Palamos (field collected). However, a significant decrease (below 50%) was recorded in the population Biobest (commercial, selected for the best performance in greenhouses). Measuring physiological parameters related to the rate of diapause development revealed that the larvae of the population Palamos (in contrast to Biobest ) showed a significant metabolic suppression even at the relatively high temperature of 17°C, a slower rate of glycogen depletion during storage at 3°C and a longer duration of diapause development (a higher intensity of diapause, collectively). A higher capacity for survival at subzero temperatures (cold hardiness), in either the supercooled or frozen state, was also found in the Palamos population. It is suggested that the higher survival at low-temperature storage might be linked directly to the higher diapause intensity. It remains unclear, however, whether and how the performance during low-temperature storage is linked to the capacity for cold hardiness.     

Predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on different densities of Aphis craccivora

Predation rate and numerical response are basic to any investigation of predator–prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. The density-dependent predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third-instar Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied in laboratory conditions [23±1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. Predation rate data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex consumption rate software. Net consumption rate (C₀) increased by increasing prey density. The lowest and highest net consumption rates were 20.75 and 190.8 prey nymphs at densities of 5 and 80 A. craccivora. The transformation rate from prey population to predator offspring (Q_p) increased by increasing prey density. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with increasing prey density. Females laid 121.375 ± 4.301 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 52.5 ± 1.544 eggs at lowest prey density (5). It can be concluded that different densities of A. craccivora influenced the reproductive performance of A. aphidimyza in terms of predation rate and numerical response.     

Effects of aphid honeydew sugars on the longevity and fecundity of the aphidophagous gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza

The predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza, which is used for augmentative biological control of aphids in greenhouses, uses aphid honeydew as an energy source. Currently, Rhopalosiphum padi on barley plants and Melanaphis sacchari on sorghum plants are used as the banker plant systems for A. aphidimyza to control Aphis gossypii on eggplant in Japan. We analyzed the sugar components of the honeydew of these three species by HPLC. The major components of honeydew were sucrose, fructose, and melezitose for A. gossypii; glucose and fructose for R. padi; and glucose, fructose, and melezitose for M. sacchari. Maltose and trehalose were minor components of the honeydew of these species. We investigated the influence of sugars, including three artificial aphid honeydews, six sugar components, and distilled water, on the longevity of unmated A. aphidimyza. Both females and males attained the greatest longevity on sucrose and artificial honeydew of A. gossypii. Mean longevities of both females and males were shortest when they were provided only with water. We conducted another experiment in which a mated female was released in a cage with an eggplant seedling infested with A. gossypii and fed with sucrose or only water. Females fed with sucrose lived significantly longer and had higher lifetime fecundity than those fed only water.     

An endoparasitic species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) attacking Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

A solitary endoparasitic species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) was reared from pupae of an aphidophagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Japan. The parasitoid was identified as Gastrancistrus fuscicornis Walker, a species that has been recorded from Europe. An unidentified aphid has been proposed as being a host of G. fuscicornis, but the study reported here confirmed that G. fuscicornis is an endoparasitoid of A. aphidimyza. I consider that G. fuscicornis may not be a parasitoid of aphid. I found a nontentorial pit on the head of male and female of G. fuscicornis. According to the definition of the nontentorial pits, the pit found in G. fuscicornis corresponds to the facial pit. This is the first finding of the facial pit in Chalcidoidea. Morphological differences between G. fuscicornis and its allied species are provided.