一种鉴别蒲氏钩蝠蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

为了探寻准确迅速鉴别蒲氏钩蝠蛾性别的方法,采用标记法对其蛹和成虫进行跟踪观察研究。结果表明:雌蛹腹部末端分节不明显,第8腹节腹面中央有一黑色纵裂,与肛裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,两侧平坦,无突起;雄蛹腹部末端分节较明显,第8腹节无裂缝,第9腹节中央有一黑色纵裂,裂缝较长,两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起。雌性成虫腹部末端呈圆筒状,雄性成虫腹部末端圆钳状,透过毛丛可见雄性外生殖器的部分结构。这对于了解蒲氏钩蝠蛾的野外性比,观察其生物学特征、种群动态及开展预测预报等十分重要。     

一种快速鉴别甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

描述了一种快速准确区分甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的方法。甜菜夜蛾雌、雄蛹的主要区别是:雌蛹第8腹节腹面有一较短的纵裂缝,裂缝两侧平坦无突起;雄蛹第9腹节腹面有一长的纵裂缝,裂缝两侧有半圆形瘤状突起。成虫期雌、雄蛾主要区别是:雄蛾体色较浅,腹部狭长且末端有一圈黄色长毛簇;雌蛾体色较深,腹部末端浑圆,毛簇较短,生殖孔清晰可见。以此标准所建立的甜菜夜蛾雌雄蛹及成虫的快速鉴定方法,对于田间性比、预测和种群动态以及人工饲养等具有重要作用。     

一种鉴别斜纹夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

叙述了一种通过外部特征,快速判断斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)蛹、成虫性别的方法。蛹期的主要判断标准为雌雄生殖器官的差异分布:雄蛹第7腹节与第8腹节分界处平滑,外生殖器分布于第9腹节腹面中央,为连接两半圆状瘤状突起;雌蛹第7腹节与第8腹节分界线处不平滑,外生殖器为紧挨第8腹节。综上所述,可以以第7、8腹节分界处是否平滑以及是否有突起作为判断雌雄的标准。成虫期雌雄鉴别则表现在外观和结构上的差异:雄蛾翅面斑纹的外缘线与外横线之间有一明显的灰蓝色条纹,雌蛾则没有,雄蛾腹部狭长且末端有一圈黄色长毛簇,雌蛾腹部较为浑圆,末端毛簇较短。以此标准所建立的斜纹夜蛾雌雄的快速鉴别方法,对于识别田间性比、预测种群动态,斜纹夜蛾人工养殖具有重要作用。     

不同施肥处理对柑橘粉虱和柑橘潜叶蛾发生的影响

柑橘粉虱Dialeurodes citri Ashmead和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘的主要害虫,为了评估施肥对其发生的影响,本研究调查了施用有机肥、化肥、复混肥(有机肥与化肥混合)的砂糖橘苗木上这两种害虫的发生危害情况。结果表明,施用有机肥的苗木上柑橘粉虱的卵和若虫数量显著低于化肥,由柑橘粉虱诱发的煤污病发病程度也显著低于化肥处理。有机肥处理柑橘粉虱成虫数量也最少,但与化肥、复混肥差异未达显著水平。另外,柑橘潜叶蛾为害情况在3种肥料处理之间则没有显著差异。说明施有机肥的砂糖橘对柑桔粉虱的吸引作用最弱,其次为复混肥,化肥最吸引柑橘粉虱。3种施肥处理对柑橘潜叶蛾的吸引作用差异不明显。     

一种快速鉴别亚洲玉米螟蛹雌雄的方法

报道了一种采用体视镜和三维显微镜对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)蛹雌雄进行外部形态学观察,快速准确通过外部形态特征区分玉米螟蛹雌雄的方法。结果表明,雌蛹生殖孔与产卵孔连接成1条短裂缝且都位于第8腹节,生殖孔与第7腹节后缘相连;雄蛹生殖孔位于第9腹节,距离第7腹节后缘约390μm。根据羽化后成虫鉴定结果,此方法鉴定准确率为100%。     

快速鉴别菱角水螟雌雄蛹的方法

【目的】本研究拟建立一种快捷、准确地鉴别菱角水螟Parapoynx crisonalis(Walker)蛹性别的方法。【方法】基于蛹的腹部末端第8、9两腹节的腹面外部形态学特征进行判别。【结果】雌雄蛹的腹面外部形态学特征主要区别在于雄蛹第8腹节平滑无裂缝,第9腹节中央具一较短纵裂缝,其两侧具明显的半圆形瘤状突起,而雌蛹第8腹节中央具一长纵裂缝,其两侧较为平坦、无明显凸起。依据该特征鉴别菱角水螟蛹雌雄的准确率为100%。【结论】该方法在田间进行雌雄蛹快速鉴别行之有效,对提前掌握菱角水螟田间性比、下一代种群动态的预测预报工作具有重要意义。     

烟草潜叶蛾的过冷却点测定

为了明确烟草潜叶蛾的抗寒能力,对烟草潜叶蛾三龄幼虫、四龄幼虫、蛹的过冷却点进行了测定,并初步明确了不同龄期、不同寄主植物、冷驯化等因素对其过冷却点的影响。结果表明：不同龄期下过冷却点由低到高排列顺序为蛹、三龄幼虫、四龄幼虫,其中蛹的过冷却点显著低于三龄、四龄幼虫的过冷却点。以烟草和马铃薯为寄主的蛹和四龄幼虫的过冷却点没有显著差异。经过冷驯化处理的四龄幼虫过冷却点低于未经冷驯化的对照组,但差异不显著;经过冷驯化的蛹的过冷却点高于对照组。本研究有助于了解烟草潜叶蛾的抗寒性及其越冬分布区域。     

一种鉴别菜粉蝶蛹雌雄的方法

报道1种根据外部形态特征迅速、准确区分菜粉蝶PierisrapaeL.蛹雌雄的方法。实体显微镜检表明,雌蛹第8腹节有1生殖孔,第9腹节有1产卵孔,两孔之间连成1条长纵裂缝;而雄蛹只在第9腹节有1个生殖孔,形成的纵裂缝短。     

柑桔潜叶蛾发育速率模型的研究

柑桔潜叶蛾发育速率模型的研究ＴＨＥＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＡＬＲＡＴＥＭＯＤＥＬＯＦＣＩＴＲＵＳＬＥＡＦＭＩＮＥＲＰｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓＣｉｔｒｅｌａ王联德尤民生郑琼华方行晓ＷａｎｇＬｉａｎｄｅＹｏｕＭｉｎｓｈｅｎｇＺｈｅｎｇＱｉｏｎｇｈｕａＦａｎｇ...     

菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的雌雄形态鉴别

利用体视显微镜观察、测量、记录菜粉蝶不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征差异。雌雄菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫均存在显著的雌雄二型特征,3龄之后雄性幼虫的第6腹节有一对肾型黑斑,雌性幼虫无此斑。雄蛹第9腹节有生殖孔和一条短纵裂缝,裂缝两侧有凹凸不平的半圆形瘤状突起;雌蛹腹部第8、9腹节分别有生殖孔和产卵孔,且两孔之间亦有一条纵裂缝。雌蝶前翅背面有一对上下排列的黑圆斑,其腹部末端外生殖器为圆筒型;雄蝶前翅背面一对黑斑相对较小,颜色较浅,尤其下斑为浅灰色,腹部末端具钳状外生殖器。本研究揭示了菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹及成虫不同虫态的雌雄二型差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Phyllocnistidae)

The purpose of this work was to analyze the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the control of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Phyllocnistidae) in laboratory and field trials. In the laboratory, four B. thuringiensis were used: Dipel (commercial formulation) tested at the concentrations of 25 x 10(6) and 25 x 10(8) spores/ml and the isolates K, 6, and 15 (collections of the University of Azores) at the concentration of 25 x 10(6) spores/ ml. A surfactant solution of nonoxinol also was tested with or without the different suspensions of B. thuringiensis. Leaves of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck with second or third instars of leafminer larvae were used in all tests. Bacterial suspensions were applied topically on the surface of intact leaf mines or by injection inside the mine, near the head of the leafminer. When injecting both concentrations of Dipel into the mines, mortality of the leafminers increased compared with the topical application, although no significant differences were observed. The addition of the nonoxinol to the Dipel suspension, applied topically, increased the effect of B. thuringiensis, but differences were not significant. The mortality of the leafminers treated only with the nonoxinol solution increased significantly 48 h after treatment, compared with the control group, suggesting an insecticidal effect of this surfactant when used at a concentration of 0.01%. All the tested B. thuringiensis were equally active against the leafminer, either when applied topically or by mine injection. Field trials showed a significant difference between larval mortality of the control group and the results observed at the trees treated with B. thuringiensis 48 h after treatments.     

Towards the identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The objective of this work was to characterize the sexual behavior of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, as the foundation for the isolation, identification, and synthesis of the complete sex pheromone of this species. Mating occurred in a time window of 2h, starting 1h before the onset of photophase. The large majority of tested insects mated in the first two days after emergence, with no significant difference between mating at day 1 and day 2. A stereotypical courtship and copulation behavior were described for this species. When mating was successful, the copulation was recorded in average for 49.6 min. In Y-olfactometer tests conducted at the time of mating activity, males were strongly attracted to caged virgin females as well as to extracts from putative pheromone glands.     

Spatial distribution of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) larvae in three scales.

The spatial distribution of larvae of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), the citrus leaf miner, in leaves, shoots, and tree crowns of Montenegrina tangerine (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) and Murcott tangor (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck x Citrus reticulata Blanco) was determined. Fortnightly samplings from July/2001 to June/2003, in orchards located in Montenegro (29 degrees 68' S and 51 degrees 46' W), RS, Brazil, were carried out. At each sampling occasion eighth shoots randomly selected were collected. The spatial distribution pattern of P. citrella larvae between tree crowns and in the shoots was aggregated in most sampling occasions in both citrus species. Nevertheless, on the leaves, this pattern followed a random distribution, as indicated by the indices I, Idelta and k parameter.     

印度查谟地区甜橙上柑桔潜叶蛾为害动态及其与重要气候因子的关系(英文)

本研究旨在揭示印度查谟柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton为害甜橙Citrus sinensis的季节性变化,以及降雨量、相对湿度和温度等重要的气候因子对其种群的影响。本文对不同季节印度查谟的一个甜橙园里的柑桔潜叶蛾丰度进行了调查, 从2005年3月到2008年2月每两周调查一次。柑桔潜叶蛾在一年内有3个为害高峰,分别是4月中旬、7月中旬和9月中旬,这与甜橙新营养梢的生长期相吻合。相关分析表明,上午和下午的相对湿度和平均相对湿度与柑桔潜叶蛾的数量呈负相关;然而,平均降雨量、最高气温、最低气温和平均气温与柑桔潜叶蛾的数量呈正相关。降雨量和温度与柑桔潜叶蛾为害程度呈显著正相关。总之,柑桔潜叶蛾的数量不能简单地通过观察某一特殊地区的相对湿度来预测,而降雨量和温度在影响虫害方面均起着重要的作用。     

Parasitism in Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Citrus orchards in Montenegro, RS, Brazil

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, the citrus-leafminer, is an important pest of citrus worldwide. Knowledge of natural parasitism levels is fundamental to the establishment of tactics of management and control of this species. This work aimed to evaluate the parasitism in two citrus orchards, one of 'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) and the other of 'Murcott' (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck x C. reticulata Blanco), located in Montenegro, RS. In fortnightly samplings, from July/2001 to June/2003, all leaves containing P. citrella pupae from randomly selected plants were collected and maintained individually until emergence of the parasitoids or the citrus-leafminer. Parasitism was calculated considering the number of emerged parasitoids relative to the total number of emerged individuals. Correlation and linear regression tests were done to evaluate the relationship and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors upon the parasitism index. In both orchards the greatest parasitism percentage was registered on autumn in both years. The total percentage was 36.2% in 'Murcott' and 26.4% in 'Montenegrina' in the first year, and 30.2% and 37.6%, respectively, in the second year. In 'Murcott', this index did not differed between the years (chi2 = 2.06; df = 1; P > 0.05), in 'Montenegrina' the parasitism was significantly higher in the second year (chi2 = 7.36; df = 1; P < 0.05). The correlation and linear regression tests indicated a strong influence, in the parasitism index, of the host populational density registered in the previous 45 and 135 days.     

Volumes of petroleum spray oil required for control of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in mature citrus orchards

Studies on the relationship between volume of spray and suppression of citrus leafminer ( Phyllocnistis citrella ) oviposition by petroleum spray oil on 4 m-high mature orange trees showed a negative exponential relationship between spray volume and the number of mines per leaf. Significant reductions in the number of mines per leaf compared to unsprayed trees was achieved at spray volumes of ≥ 3300 L/ha using oscillating boom and at ≥ 3200 L/ha using rotary atomiser sprayers. However, improvements in efficacy at volumes over 3200–3300 L/ha were not significant and so of little practical value. The optimal spray volumes for citrus leafminer control are therefore suggested to be 3000–3500 L/ha. No significant difference in effectiveness was found between the oscillating boom at 3300 L/ha and a rotary atomiser at 3200 L/ha. The effect of oil spray on the citrus leafminer parasitoid Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was inconsistent. Improved droplet deposition and coalescence may enhance the coverage of new growths and increase the efficacy of oil spray for protection of plants from oviposition.     

Preference and performance of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on three citrus hosts: laboratory and field assessment

The relationship between preference and performance is crucial to the ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions. Oviposition preference and offspring performance were evaluated for a citrus pest, the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), on three of its host plants: lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm.), orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) in Tucumán province (northwest Argentina). Choice and no-choice tests were performed in open and enclosed environments, and performance parameters (development time, survival, pupal size, and sex ratio) were estimated from laboratory rearing and 3-yr field sampling data. Parasitism rates were studied in laboratory choice test and field assessments. Preference trends were inconsistent, with lemon receiving more eggs in some tests, whereas no preference was observed in others. Patterns of host use in the field did not show significant differences among species. Leafminer performance, including parasitism and predation rates, was generally homogeneous among host plants. From these results, lemon, orange, and grapefruit seem to represent intrinsically similar resources for P. citrella populations in northwest Argentina, a trend that was accompanied by a lack of consistent oviposition preferences in foraging females. Ecological conditions might be more important than physiological adaptation in shaping a probably labile host ranking in this pest species.     

Biological aspects of Cirrospilus neotropicus Diez & Fidalgo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoid of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The biology of Cirrospilus neotropicus Diez & Fidalgo reared on third instar Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton larvae having Citrus limonia Osbeck as host plant, was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 +/- 1 masculineC; 12h photophase). The survival, immatures development, longevity, sex ratio, host feeding and oviposition ratio of C. neotropicus, were registered. Two groups of parasitoid females were evaluated: one, with parasitoids obtained from P. citrella pupae collected in citrus orchards and the other group came from laboratory rearing. These females, after mating, were maintained individually on gerbox containers with honey and pollen as food source. At each 48h, 12 P. citrella larvae were changed. The average biological cycle of the female progenies from orchard and laboratory generation groups were 11.8 and 11.6 days, respectively. The males progenies had biological cycles of 11.6 and 10.9 days, as well. The shortest immature survival period, for both studied groups was the larval (57.3% - orchard group and 57.4% - lab group). The mated females average longevity (21.8 days) was superior than the non mated ones (9.1 days) for the orchard group. The average daily oviposition rate for this last group was also significantly superior (2.8 eggs /day) than the lab group (1.6 eggs / day). The same trend was observed for the average daily host feeding rate (1.7 larvae /day for the orchard group and 0.9 larvae/ day for the lab group). These data suggest that C. neotropicus have potencial as a biological control agent of P. citrella.