根结线虫对两种不同食性昆虫生长及营养利用的影响比较

植物地上与地下植食性天敌常因同一寄主植物而发生复杂的相互作用,互作类型因天敌的食性而异。本研究以乌桕地下病害南方根结线虫、地上害虫(专食性癞皮夜蛾Gadirtha inexacta、广食性斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura)为研究对象,比较被南方根结线虫侵染的乌桕叶片对2种不同食性昆虫生长指标(末龄幼虫体重、相对生长速率)和营养利用(取食量、消化率、转化率)的影响差异。结果表明,线虫处理组癞皮夜蛾幼虫的末龄幼虫体重、相对生长速率和转化率均显著低于对照组,而取食量和消化率无显著差异;线虫处理组斜纹夜蛾幼虫的末龄幼虫体重、相对生长速率、取食量及转化率均显著高于对照组,但消化率差异不显著。由此说明,根结线虫对两种地上昆虫生长发育和营养利用的影响受到天敌食性的影响:线虫侵染对癞皮夜蛾幼虫产生抑制效应,而对斜纹夜蛾幼虫产生促进效应。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫幼虫食物利用和生长发育的影响

为研究马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata（Say）幼虫取食新烟碱杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉处理（有效成分18 g/100 kg种薯拌种）播种90 d后马铃薯叶片的消化吸收和生长发育情况,在室内采用重量法测定了幼虫取食量、体重增加量、食物利用率,近似消化率以及蛹重等营养指标。 结果表明：70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种后,马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食量、体重增加量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率和相对生长率以及蛹重显著低于10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种和空白对照（P＜0.05）,发育历期显著长于10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种和空白对照（P＜0.05）;而10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种后,马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食量和3～4龄期的体重增加量与空白对照差异显著（P＜0.05）,蛹重、1～2龄幼虫的体重增长量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率、相对生长率和生长发育历期与空白对照差异不显著（P＞0.05）。 说明70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食有显著抑制作用,不能很好地满足其生长发育营养物质的需要,幼虫取食其叶片后,近似消化率和相对生长速率显著降低,生长发育历期显著延长。 这有利于减少当季世代数,降低危害。     

二点委夜蛾适应性与玉米苗营养物质和次生代谢物质含量的关系

【目的】二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone是夏玉米Zea mays苗期的一种新发害虫。本研究旨在测定不同品种玉米苗对二点委夜蛾幼虫的生物学和营养效应,揭示其发生与玉米品种的关系。【方法】二点委夜蛾3,4和5龄幼虫分别饲喂3种普通玉米(鲁单9032、先玉335、郑单958)和1种甜玉米(超甜6)苗,测定幼虫鲜重、干重、存活率、相对取食速率(RCR)、相对生长速率(RGR)、近似消化率(AD)、食物转化率(ECD)和食物利用率(ECI),分析这些指标与玉米苗中营养物质、蜡质和次生物质含量之间的关系。【结果】不同龄期的二点委夜蛾幼虫取食玉米苗的生物学和营养指标有较大差异。4种玉米苗的营养物质、蜡质和次生物质含量有显著差异。3龄幼虫取食鲁单9032和超甜6时相对取食速率、相对生长速率和近似消化率均较高,其存活率、鲜重、干重、相对取食速率、食物转化率与玉米苗可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关;相对生长速率与玉米苗蛋白质含量和氨基酸含量均呈显著正相关;存活率和相对取食速率与玉米苗总酚含量呈显著负相关;食物转化率与玉米苗单宁含量呈显著负相关。4龄幼虫取食先玉335时鲜重和干重最低,取食超甜6时近似消化率最高,取食郑单958时食物利用率最高,其鲜重、干重、相对取食速率和相对生长速率与玉米苗总酚含量呈显著负相关。5龄幼虫取食鲁单9032和先玉335时鲜重、干重和食物转化率较高,取食郑单958和超甜6时相对取食速率和近似消化率最高,取食先玉335的食物利用率最高,其相对生长速率与玉米苗蛋白质、氨基酸含量显著正相关。【结论】随着幼虫龄期的增加,二点委夜蛾在玉米上的适应性提高;二点委夜蛾幼虫对玉米的适应性与玉米叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和氨基酸含量呈正相关,与总酚和单宁含量呈负相关。     

寄主植物对乌桕黄毒蛾取食量及生长发育的影响

【目的】研究乌桕黄毒蛾Euproctis bipunctapex(Hampson)对5种不同科寄主植物(天仙果Ficus erecta var.beecheyana、拐枣Hovenia acerba、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla、杨梅Myrica rubra和杜英Elaeocarpus decipiens)叶片的取食量以及不同寄主植物对乌桕黄毒蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在恒定条件[温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度80%,光周期12L︰12D]下,设置5个处理组,每处理分别投喂不同寄主植物叶片,测定取食量、幼虫历期、存活率、繁殖力等指标。【结果】乌桕黄毒蛾对不同寄主植物的取食量差异显著,苦槠饲喂组最高(2 588.15 mg),杜英饲喂组最低(1 971.33 mg);但对不同植物的日取食量总体趋势相同,随时间呈指数增长,4龄起进入暴食期,4龄、5龄和6龄幼虫取食量占总取食量的80.68%~85.91%。取食不同寄主植物的乌桕黄毒蛾生长发育差异显著,天仙果饲喂组的个体幼虫历期(34.35 d)最短,存活率(60.20%)最高,产卵量(281.33粒/雌)最多,而杜英饲喂组的个体幼虫历期(41.36d)最长,存活率(38.78%)最低,产卵量(215.83粒/雌)较少。【结论】乌桕黄毒蛾虫害防治适期是4龄之前,苦槠和杨梅受乌桕黄毒蛾取食最多,天仙果是乌桕黄毒蛾生长发育的最适寄主植物。     

草地贪夜蛾对玉米和高粱的产卵选择及寄主适合度

【目的】旨在明确草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda在玉米和高粱上的产卵选择性和寄主适合度,为草地贪夜蛾的科学防控提供依据。【方法】在室内25℃条件下,采用叶片饲养观察的方法,比较草地贪夜蛾在玉米和高粱上的产卵量、取食量以及食物利用效率,并构建实验种群生命表。【结果】草地贪夜蛾偏好在玉米叶片背面产卵,其平均卵块数最多,达到（3.40±0.55）块,且平均产卵量达到（346.00±72.55）粒。取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾幼虫存活率显著高于取食高粱的（P<0.05）,两者的平均存活率分别为98.89%和86.78%;在取食后5、6和7 d时,取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾幼虫食物利用效率显著高于取食高粱的（P<0.05）;取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育总历期显著短于取食高粱的（P<0.05）;在生命表参数比较中,取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾种群的净增殖率（R0）显著高于取食高粱的（P<0.05）,两者的平均净增殖率分别为（415.93±69.69）和（372.45±34.70）。【结论】草地贪夜蛾在玉米和高粱上均能完成生活史,玉米表现出更高的寄主适合度。但由于草地贪夜蛾在高粱上亦有较高的寄主适合度,且玉米和高粱生育期几近相同,因此在我国西南高粱种植面积较大地区,尤需提前防范草地贪夜蛾从玉米转移至高粱为害的风险。     

四种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养指标的影响

在室内平均温度28.1℃,平均相对湿度84.0%的条件下研究了蓖麻、豇豆、番木瓜和香蕉等4种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura(Fabricius)生长发育及营养效应的影响。结果表明:不同食料植物对斜纹夜蛾的幼虫发育历期、蛹重及营养效应等均有显著差异。幼虫发育历期以蓖麻组最短(9.93 d),香蕉组的最长(15.84 d);蛹重以蓖麻组最重(377.8 mg),香蕉组最轻(245.6 mg);幼虫存活率蓖麻组最高(98%),香蕉组最低(66.0%);斜纹夜蛾幼虫的相对取食量、近似消化率和相对生长率等以蓖麻组最高(分别为5.46,68.49,0.53),而以香蕉组最低(分别为0.86,16.30,0.26)。斜纹夜蛾嗜食蓖麻等,而不喜食香蕉。     

斑痣悬茧蜂寄生对甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食和食物利用的影响

为研究甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis寄生后的取食以及食物利用情况,在室内采用重量法测定了甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫被寄生后取食量、体重增加量、营养指标的变化。结果表明：被寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食量、生长率和食物利用效率等明显受到抑制,幼虫被寄生后第3-6 d 取食量显著小于未被寄生幼虫,寄生后第4 d 的幼虫取食量只有正常幼虫的29.89%,第5 d只有48.69%。幼虫在寄生后的第3-5 d体重增加量显著小于未被寄生幼虫,分别为正常幼虫的21.51%,38.87%和14.42%,相对生长率则也显著低于后者。被寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的营养利用表现也明显不同于未被寄生幼虫,反映生长和代谢效率的食物利用率（ECI）和食物转化率（ECD）均显著降低,而反映吸收效率的近似消化率（AD）则提高。虽然在寄生后第4 d出现了相反的现象,其原因可能在于第4 d取食量明显减少,而体重仍在增加。本研究表明,斑痣悬茧蜂寄生明显抑制寄主甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食、食物利用效率和生长。     

三种阔叶草坪草对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养利用的作用

为了探讨斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura对草坪的为害,提供综合治理该虫的理论依据,室内利用白三叶草Trifolium repens、红三叶草T. pratense和马蹄金Dichondra repens 3种阔叶草坪草,分别饲喂斜纹夜蛾幼虫;应用编制实验种群生命表的方法,分析斜纹夜蛾种群生长发育的趋势;同时研究该幼虫对3种草坪草的趋性及营养利用。结果表明：斜纹夜蛾幼虫的趋性表现为白三叶草＞红三叶草＞马蹄金。该虫在3种草坪草上都能够完成生活史;2种三叶草饲喂的该虫幼虫存活率、化蛹率、成蛾率显著高于马蹄金,幼虫期和蛹期则显著短于马蹄金;3种草坪草饲喂的该虫产卵期和平均产卵量相互之间差异不显著,而马蹄金饲喂的产卵前期和雌成虫寿命则显著短于2种三叶草。3种草坪草饲喂的该虫净生长率（Ro）、世代平均周期（T）、内禀生长率（r_m）、周限生长率（λ）、种群加倍时间（DT）及种群增长参数（I）都有差异,其中2种三叶草的各种群增长参数较接近。对5龄幼虫取食3种阔叶草坪草的营养指标测定结果显示：取食马蹄金的相对生长率显著高于取食红三叶草的;取食马蹄金的相对取食量和近似消化率显著高于取食三叶草的;取食马蹄金的食物利用率和食物转化率显著低于取食三叶草的;2种三叶草间无显著差异。综合分析认为,斜纹夜蛾最喜食三叶草,最容易在三叶草草坪上猖獗为害。     

四种昆虫饵料对穴蚁蛉幼虫生长发育及消化利用的影响

选择4种可规模化饲养的昆虫——米蛾Corcyra cephalonica、家蝇Musca domestica、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigu幼虫来饲养穴蚁蛉Myrmeleon sagax(Walker)幼虫(俗称蚁狮),研究这4种饵料对蚁狮生长发育及消化利用的影响。结果显示,用家蝇幼虫饲养的蚁狮,其体重增长、相对生长率、化蛹率、蛹重均显著高于用斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫饲养的蚁狮,而幼虫历期则比斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫饲养的短;用米蛾幼虫饲养,虽然蚁狮体重增长、化蛹率和蛹重与用家蝇幼虫饲养的差异不显著,但其相对生长率却显著低于用家蝇幼虫饲养的蚁狮,幼虫历期也比用家蝇幼虫饲养的明显延长。同时食物消化利用的结果显示,用4种饵料饲养蚁狮,它们的近似消化率差异不显著,但食物利用率和食物转化率均以家蝇幼虫饲养的蚁狮最高。经分析比较,在4种饵料昆虫中,以用家蝇幼虫每4d喂蚁狮1次的饲养效果最佳。     

保幼激素类似物ZR-515对杜仲梦尼夜蛾幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】为了解保幼激素对杜仲梦尼夜蛾Orthosia songi Chen et Zhang幼虫生长发育的影响。【方法】本研究采用不同浓度的保幼激素类似物ZR-515处理其4龄、5龄和6龄幼虫,测定了幼虫的发育历期、取食量、排粪量以及后期的化蛹率和羽化率。【结果】(1)保幼激素类似物ZR-515处理可延长杜仲梦尼夜蛾幼虫的发育历期,增加体重,提高取食量和排粪量;但是对后期的化蛹率和成虫羽化率影响较大,导致幼虫和蛹的死亡率较高,且处理浓度越大,影响越显著。(2)处理4龄或5龄幼虫,对其后的各龄期的生长发育产生很大的影响。(3)综合考虑激素处理对幼虫生长产生的有利影响及后期的不利影响,认为1 000 ng/μL为最适处理浓度,5龄为最佳处理龄期。【结论】研究结果可为后续杜仲梦尼夜蛾的规模化人工饲养和开发利用提供理论依据。     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

The parasitic chytrid, Zygorhizidium, facilitates the growth of the cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia, in cultures of the inedible alga, Asterionella

In food-web studies, parasites are often ignored owing to their insignificant biomass. We provide evidence that parasites may affect trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. Many phytoplankton species are susceptible to parasitic fungi (chytrids). Chytrid infections of diatoms in lakes may reach epidemic proportions during diatom spring blooms, so that numerous free-swimming fungal zoospores (2-3 microm in diameter) are produced. Analysis shows that these zoospores are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols (particularly cholesterol), which indicates that they provide excellent food for zooplankters such as Daphnia. In life-table experiments using the large diatom Asterionella formosa as food, Daphnia growth increased significantly in treatments where a parasite was present. By grazing on the zoospores, Daphnia acquired important supplementary nutrients and were able to grow. When large inedible algae are infected by parasites, nutrients within the algal cells are consumed by these chytrids, some of which, in turn, are grazed by Daphnia. Thus, chytrids transfer energy and nutrients from their hosts to zooplankton. This study suggests that parasitic fungi alter trophic relationships in freshwater ecosystems and may be the important components in shaping the community and the food-web dynamics of lakes.     

Expression, localization, structural, and functional characterization of pFGE, the paralog of the Calpha-formylglycine-generating enzyme

pFGE is the paralog of the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), which catalyzes the oxidation of a specific cysteine to Calpha-formylglycine, the catalytic residue in the active site of sulfatases. The enzymatic activity of sulfatases depends on this posttranslational modification, and the genetic defect of FGE causes multiple sulfatase deficiency. The structural and functional properties of pFGE were analyzed. The comparison with FGE demonstrates that both share a tissue-specific expression pattern and the localization in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Both are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by a saturable mechanism. Limited proteolytic cleavage at similar sites indicates that both also share a similar three-dimensional structure. pFGE, however, is lacking the formylglycine-generating activity of FGE. Although overexpression of FGE stimulates the generation of catalytically active sulfatases, overexpression of pFGE has an inhibitory effect. In vitro pFGE interacts with sulfatase-derived peptides but not with FGE. The inhibitory effect of pFGE on the generation of active sulfatases may therefore be caused by a competition of pFGE and FGE for newly synthesized sulfatase polypeptides.     

Checklist of the species of the aseptate gregarine families Aikinetocystidae,Diplocystidae, Allantocystidae,Schaudinnellidae, Ganymedidae,and Enterocystidae

The genera and species in six families of the eugregarine suborder Aseptatorina Chakravarty, 1960, are reviewed and the presently accepted ones are listed: Aikinetocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (two genera and two species); Diplocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (one genus and eight species); Allantocystidae tocystidae Bhatia, 1930 (one genus and one species); Schaudinnellidae Poche, 1913 (one genus and one species); Ganymedidae Huxley, 1910 (one genus and one species); and Enterocystidae Codreanu, 1940 (one genus and eight species). A list of 22 synonyms and lapsi calami is also given. Species which might be of value in the biological control of disease vectors are indicated.     

Biosynthesis of grandlure,the pheromone of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis,from acetate,mevalonate, and glucose

The steam-distilled faeces of adult male boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis, that had been injected with acetate-1¹⁴C, acetate-2¹⁴C, mevalonic acid-2¹⁴C, or glucose¹⁴C(U) showed by column and gas chromatography that approximately 0·02 per cent of the administered radioactivity was incorporated into the volatile fraction. Also, 4 components of the pheromone comprised 57 to 80 per cent of the radioactivity of the volatiles but only 39 per cent of the total content of volatiles. Thus, evidence was obtained for de novo synthesis of the components. Although the boll weevil is essentially an obligate insect of cotton, this insect does not appear to require any specific component in cotton for biosynthesis of the pheromone.     

Quantitation of the involvement of the recA, recB, recC, recF, recJ, recN, lexA, radA, radB, uvrD, and umuC genes in the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli

Isogenic Escherichia coli strains carrying single DNA-repair mutations were compared for their capacity for (i) the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as measured using neutral sucrose gradients; (ii) medium-dependent resistance, i.e., a recA-dependent X-ray survival phenomenon that correlates closely with the capacity for repairing DSB; and (iii) the growth medium-dependent, recA-dependent repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) as measured using alkaline sucrose gradients (about 80% of these SSB are actually parts of DSB). These three capacities were measured to quantitate more accurately the involvement of the various genes in the repair of DSB over a wide dose range. The mutations tested were grouped into five classes according to their effect on the repair of X-ray-induced DSB: (I) the recA, recB, recC, and lexA mutants were completely deficient; (II) the radB and recN mutants were about 90% deficient; (III) the recF and recJ mutants were about 70% deficient; (IV) the radA and uvrD mutants were about 30% deficient; and (V) the umuC mutant resembled the wild-type strains in its capacity for the repair of DSB.