灰布支黑豆对大豆孢囊线虫（Heterodera glycines）14号小种的抗？…

大豆孢囊线虫（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａ ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓ）是危害大豆生产的性病害。山西省兴县“灰布支黑豆”是对目前我国鉴定的所有流行小种表现出免疫或高抗的重要抗源。利用目前国际通用的一套鉴别寄主和小种划分标准，通过人工接种的方法，确定了１４号是北京马连洼中国农业科学院植物保护研究所实验站土壤中大豆孢囊线虫群体的主导小种。用敏感的栽培品种“冀豆７号”作母本，与灰布支黑豆杂交，采用人工接种的方法，     

寄主对大豆孢囊线虫抗性相关基因功能研究进展

大豆在我国国民经济中扮演着重要角色,目前我国是全球最大的大豆消费国、进口国,且进口大豆数量逐年递增.大豆孢囊线虫病是威胁全球主要大豆产地的重要病害,每年全球范围内造成超过数十亿美元经济损失,防控形势严峻.抗性品种的种植是防控大豆孢囊线虫病最经济有效的措施.然而,单一抗性品种的过度使用及大豆孢囊线虫生理小种不断演化,导致...     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性基因定位与克隆研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫（soybean cyst nematode,SCN）是大豆生产上一种危害严重的世界性害虫,能给大豆生产造成极大损失。大豆抗性品种选育是防治其措施中最经济、有效的方法。大豆SCN抗性的分子遗传学研究是开展大豆SCN抗性分子育种的理论基础,本文针对SCN抗性基因定位和克隆两个方面的研究现状进行了综述,并对当前研究中存在的问题及发展前景进行了讨论与展望。     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性基因定位与克隆研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫(soybean cyst nematode, SCN)是大豆生产上一种危害严重的世界性害虫, 能给大豆生产造成极大损失。大豆抗性品种选育是防治其措施中最经济、有效的方法。大豆SCN抗性的分子遗传学研究是开展大豆SCN抗性分子育种的理论基础, 本文针对SCN抗性基因定位和克隆两个方面的研究现状进行了综述, 并对当前研究中存在的问题及发展前景进行了讨论与展望。     

野生大豆抗感大豆孢囊线虫材料内生细菌多样性分析

【目的】对抗感野生大豆材料根内生细菌的多样性进行比较分析,为研究野生大豆内生细菌与大豆孢囊线虫之间的相互关系奠定基础。【方法】在野生大豆抗大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种筛选基础上,利用扩增核糖体DNA限制性分析(Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis,ARDRA)和16S rDNA克隆文库测序相结合的方法,对抗感野生大豆根系内生细菌多样性及群落结构进行分析。【结果】野生大豆根内生细菌分属于6大类群,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势类群,相对丰度分别为46.8%和13.6%,另外有少量的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deincoccus-Thermus)和古细菌(Archaea),18.8%克隆序列与环境中未培养细菌的16S rDNA序列有较高的相似性。野生大豆高抗材料内生细菌的多样性比高感材料更为丰富,且抗感材料内生细菌优势菌群存在明显差异,中慢生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium tamadayense)、肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii)和巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)为野生大豆高抗材料特有的可操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTUs)中的优势种群。【结论】研究结果表明抗感野生大豆根内生细菌的优势种群存在明显差异,而内生细菌的优势种群与大豆孢囊线虫的相互关系正在深入分析研究。     

大豆花叶病的抗性遗传──Ⅰ．几个引用抗原对东北大豆花叶病毒二号株系的抗性遗传

本文通过１２个（抗×感）杂交组合Ｆ＿１、Ｆ＿２、回交ＣＦ１和基因等位性测交组合Ｆ＿１、Ｆ＿２群体对东北大豆花叶病毒２号株系抗性的分析,明确了４个引用抗原的抗性水平及应用价值。鲁豆４和跃进４抗原的抗性为两对具有抑制作用的显性基因控制,抗、感分离比例为１３：３;徐豆２和辽８１－５０１７抗原的抗性为两对显性互补基因控制,抗、感分离比例为９：７,但在其杂交后代中易出现大量顶枯株。等位性测验表明：吉林２１和跃进４、鲁豆４的抗病基因不在同一座位,并且独立遗传。跃进４和鲁豆４抗原有亲缘关系。     

4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶响应大豆孢囊线虫胁迫的潜在功能

大豆孢囊线虫是大豆产区病虫害防治策略的重要目标之一,大豆孢囊线虫的防控也一直是线虫领域研究热点之一.大豆孢囊线虫侵染不仅会造成大豆地下部分损伤,也使得地上部分受损从而影响其产量,因此需对大豆孢囊线虫的抗性机制进行分析以达到防控的目的.大豆孢囊线虫成功寄生宿主植物需对其细胞壁进行降解融合,形成为其生长发育提供唯一营养来源...     

大豆孢囊线虫生防菌株Myrothecium verrucaria ZW-2发酵条件优化及活性物质分析

疣孢漆斑菌(Myrothecium verrucaria)ZW-2菌株对大豆孢囊线虫具有(Heterodera glycines)明显的杀线虫活性,为了确定该菌株的最优发酵条件以及代谢产物,采用4因素3水平的正交试验进行了发酵条件优化以及代谢组学分析.结果表明:菌株ZW-2以Czapek培养基为基础培养基,最佳培养温度...     

28份人工合成小麦对禾谷孢囊线虫、纹枯病、条锈病和叶锈病的抗性

为了发现具有兼抗多种病害的小麦种质,本研究采用田间病圃法和人工接种法,对28份人工合成小麦的禾谷孢囊线虫、纹枯病、条锈病和叶锈病进行了抗性鉴定。人工合成小麦对这些病害表现不同程度的抗性反应。C2和C20对鉴定的4种病害都具有抗性,C5、C10和C25对这些病害都表现感病。8份材料对Heterodera avenae和H. filipjevi两种病原线虫都表现抗性反应型,也有的材料只抗一种线虫。供试材料对纹枯病的抗性表现较好,其中19份材料表现抗性反应型。9份材料对接种的条锈菌小种CY30、CY31、CY32和CY33均表现抗性反应型,5份材料对叶锈菌小种THT和PHT都具抗性。     

大豆对4个大豆花叶病毒株系的抗性及其连锁遗传研究

利用7个抗大豆花叶病毒1—4个株系的品种(系)与1个丰产感病品种杂交,配制成10个组合。从其P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、F_3和BC_1F_16个世代的鉴定结果表明:大豆对S(?)、S_c、S(?)和S_h株系的抗性分别受单个显性基因R(?)、R_c、R(?)和R_h控制。R(?)与R_c、R(?)与R_h间的重组率分别为25.4±7.7％和27.3±5.4％;R(?)与R_h、R_a与R_g、R_c与R_g间的重组率分别为23.5±5.2％、41.1±8.5％和46.5±7.5％。4个基因的排列项序为R_g—R_h—R_a—R_c,它们不属第一和第八连锁群。     

Genetic Diversity for Resistance to Heterodera glycines Race 5 in Soybean

Heterodera glycines is a serious pest of soybean in the United States. Plant introductions 90763 and 424595 are reported to be resistant to H. glycines race 5; however their genetic relationship for resistance is unknown. Crosses between these two lines and the susceptible cultivar Essex were studied in the F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations to determine the number of genes involved in inheritance of resistance. The plants were screened using conventional techniques based on the index of parasitism. The data were subjected to analyses using chi-square test to determine goodness of fit between observed and expected genetic ratios. The cross PI 424595 x Essex segregated 1 resistant:63 susceptible in the F₂ generation, which indicated the presence of three recessive genes controlling resistance to race 5. In the cross PI 90763 x Essex, resistance was conditioned by one dominant and two recessive genes. The cross between PI 424595 and PI 90763 segregated into 13 resistant:3 susceptible. The data fit a four-gene model with two recessive and two dominant genes with epistasis. PI 90763 has a dominant gene, whereas PI 424595 has a recessive gene; both share two additional recessive genes for resistance to race 5. This information is important to geneticists and soybean breeders for the development of cultivars resistant to H. glycines.     

Identification of a new major QTL associated with resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines)

Resistance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), one of the most destructive pathogens affecting soybean, involves a complex genetic system. The identification of QTLs associated with SCN resistance may contribute to the understanding of such system. The objective of this work was to identify and map QTLs for resistance to SCN Race 14 with the aid of molecular markers. BC₃F_2:3 and F_2:3 populations, both derived from an original cross between resistant cv. Hartwig and the susceptible line BR-92–31983 were screened for resistance to SCN Race 14. Four microsatellite (Satt082, Sat_001, Satt574 and Satt301) and four RAPD markers (OPAA-11₇₉₅, OPAE-08₈₃₇, OPR-07₅₄₈ and OPY-07₂₀₃₀) were identified in the BC₃F_2:3 population using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) technique. These markers were amplified in 183 F_2:3 families and mapped to a locus that accounts for more than 40% of the resistance to SCN Race 14. Selection efficiency based on these markers was similar to that obtained with the conventional method. In the case of the microsalellite markers, which identify homozygous resistant genotypes, the efficiency was even higher. This new QTL has been mapped to the soybean linkage group D2 and, in conjunction with other QTLs already identified for SCN resistance, will certainly contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of resistance of this important disease in soybean. Received: 12 October 1999 / Accepted: 14 April 2000     

大豆胞囊线虫的休眠

以前研究发现,辽宁地区大豆生长期间及收获期土壤中胞囊孵出的二龄幼虫量很少,推测线虫卵的休眠与大豆生长时期或季节相关。为明确该地区大豆胞囊线虫的休眠特点,2002-2003年采用田间随机多点取样、室内分离及模拟自然条件孵化等方法对大豆胞囊线虫的休眠进行深入研究。结果表明:在生长季节,感病品种辽豆10根围土壤中的白色雌虫、卵囊及褐色的胞囊均可孵出二龄幼虫,且孵化持续时间较长,第21d仍有幼虫孵出,白色雌虫及卵囊内的卵孵化率高于褐色胞囊;不同作物对其根围土壤中胞囊内卵的孵化影响不大,寄主作物大豆、非寄主作物玉米根围及休闲地土壤中的胞囊在条件适宜均可孵出二龄幼虫;季节对胞囊内卵的孵化有较大的影响,出苗期孵化率最高,收获期最低,2周时平均1个胞囊孵出幼虫分别为83.8和9.7条;胞囊皮对线虫卵的孵化有显著的影响。表明沈阳地区大豆胞囊线虫在正常和逆境条件下均有部分卵表现休眠。     

黑龙江大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌多样性

【目的】了解黑龙江省大豆田大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用稀释平板法和16SrDNA基因序列的系统发育分析对胞囊可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】用NA培养基从胞囊上分离90株具有不同菌落形态的细菌。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明:90株菌株分属于7个属22个种。46株属于变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria),32株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),10株属于变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria),2株属于变形菌门ɑ亚群(Alphaproteobacteria)。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属。【结果】黑龙江省大豆胞囊线虫胞囊中存在丰富的细菌物种多样性,这些细菌对大豆胞囊线虫可能具有一定的生理生态作用。     

Temperature Effects on Race Determination in Heterodera glycines

Currently there are 16 possible races for Heterodera glycines, and these are differentiated based on ability of a nematode population to develop on a set of four differential soybean genotypes. Because results are based on numbers of nematode females that develop to a specific stage rather than on the reproductive capability of these females, race determinations based on female indices may not represent results obtained after several reproductive cycles of H. glycines. Counting numbers of eggs and juveniles, and then developing corresponding indices, would allow reproduction to be considered in making race determinations. Our objectives were to compare the present race identification scheme for H. glycines based on female indices with those using egg and juvenile indices and to examine the effect of temperature on race designations using female, egg, and juvenile indices. Race designations for H. glycines populations from two locations in Illinois were determined at 20, 27, and 30 °C in a water bath. The numbers of females, eggs, and juveniles (at 19 days) were recorded, and an index based on each life stage was calculated. Race determinations based on female, egg, or juvenile indices were inconsistent when conducted at 20 °C, which demonstrates that this temperature is not suitable for identifying races of H. glycines. However race designations at 27 and 30 °C were consistent for all three indices. This indicates that counting females, eggs, or juveniles should be equally reliable when race determinations are conducted at these two temperatures, and choice of method would depend on investigator preference or research objective.     

Variability in Race Tests with Heterodera glycines

Tests of Heterodera glycines on differential host plants to determine races were run in Arkansas, Illinois, and North Carolina to check the uniformity of results of the test. Methods used at the three locations varied somewhat. Results indicate that the race test is highly variable. Isolates previously identified as race 1 were identified as race 1 or race 3; those identified as race 2 were identified in these tests as race 2, 4, 9, or 14; those previously identified as race 3 were identified as race 1 or race 3; those identified as race 4 were identified in these tests as race 4 or race 14; those previously identified as race 5 were identified as race 2; and those previously identified as race 6 were identified as race 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6. Part of the variability resulted from the use of differential host plants from different sources and part from nonstandard differential host plants. Other variations may be due to inability to obtain completely uniform inoculum or to recover all nematodes that penetrated.     

Molecular characterization of resistance to Heterodera glycines in soybean PI 438489B

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plant introduction (PI) 438489B is a newly found germplasm source that has resistance to multiple soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN) races. We studied the inheritance of resistance to SCN races 1, 2, 3, 5 and 14 in PI 438489B using F₂ and F_2:3 families, which were generated by crossing to the susceptible cultivar ’Hamilton.’ The objectives of this study were to investigate the inheritance for resistance to SCN races in PI 438489B, to find molecular markers associated with resistances, and to study the allelic relationships among resistance loci for different SCN races. The results showed that the responses to SCN races were approximately normally distributed with large environmental effects, and were also highly correlated, which implied that genes giving resistance to different races were similar. The narrow-sense heritabilities of resistance to all five SCN races ranged from 0.55 to 0.88. Fifty one restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and 64 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were found to be polymorphic in the F₂ population. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to SCN races were anchored on soybean linkage groups (LGs) A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1a, E and G. These QTLs explained 47.3%, 45.8%, 51.5%, 34.5% and 37.2% of the total phenotypic variances, respectively, for each race we investigated. Some QTLs for different races encompassed the same region of flanking markers; therefore, QTLs for multiple races may be linked or pleiotropic effects may be involved. Some loci provided resistance in a race-specific manner. Resistance to SCN race 14 had a different pattern compared to other races. Our results indicated that resistance to race 14 did not include loci on LGs A2 and G. These flanking markers associated with QTLs could be used to select for resistance to multiple SCN races in soybean breeding programs. Received: 25 March 2000 / Accepted: 4 August 2000     

Variation in Resistance of Soybean Lines to Races of Heterodera glycines

The objective of this study was to determine the interrelationships of Heterodera glycines races based on their resistance to soybean (Glycine max) cultivars and lines against which they were tested. Greenhouse tests determined the numbers of females of each of eight races of H. glycines that developed on 277 to 522 soybean cultivars and lines. A Female Index (number of females on a test cultivar as a percentage of the number on ''Lee 74'') was calculated and used in frequency distributions, correlations, and duster analyses of the resistance reactions to the different races in an attempt to determine relationships among cultivars. Frequency distribution patterns of all cultivars and lines tested against each race were skewed in favor of resistance, and in some cases bimodality was observed. The majority of correlations between pairs of races were highly significant. Cluster analyses based on the correlations divided eight races into four clusters that explained 73% of the variation in resistance. Cluster 1 was comprised of races 2, 4, and 14; Cluster 2 was comprised of races 6 and 9; Cluster 3 was comprised of races 1 and 3; and Cluster 4 was comprised of race 5. The information obtained in this study could increase the efficiency of testing resistant soybean breeding lines for resistance to H. glycines.     

Optimization of the Heterodera glycines Race Test Procedure

Effects of pot size, length of seedling radicle at the time of inoculation with Heterodera glycines, transplanting after inoculation, type and amount of inoculum, and temperature were tested to determine the optimum procedure for the H. glycines race test. Numbers of H. glycines females extracted from plants in 7.5-cm-d pots tended to be higher than numbers from 10-cm-d pots, but not significantly so. Radicle lengths from 2.5 cm to 7.5 cm had no effect. Transplanting after inoculation reduced the variation in the number of females extracted, but the numbers of females produced were very low. Plump females (40 per pot) or eggs (4,000 per pot) were the best inocula. A constant temperature of 28 C appeared to be optimum. More H. glycines females were extracted from plants 28 days after inoculation than at 35 days. Race tests in which all of these factors were included were still highly variable in the number of H. glycines females extracted from different replications of the same test host. Tests of several susceptible cultivars revealed differences in their capabilities as hosts of H. glycines races.