鼠伤寒沙门氏菌嘌呤生物合成的调控研究X.purR琥珀突变体（am）的分离

以超阻遏突变体３－１８为出发株,采用以乳糖为唯一碳源的ＮＣＥ平板的方法分离到４３９株调节突变体。通过转导引入ｔＲＮＡ抑制基因从中检测到１１株ｐｕｒＲ（ａｍ）侯选株。共转导分析证明,这些突变株的琥珀突变均发生在ｐｕｒＲ上。用ｓｕｐＤ、ｓｕｐＥ和ｓｕｐＦ分别对上述各ａｍｂｅｒ突变体作了氨基酸取代实验,初步结果表明：同一氨基酸对ｐｕｒＲ不同位点（ａｍ）的氨基酸取代,对ＰｕｒＲ调节功能有不同程度的影响;     

炭疽菌不利用硝酸盐突变体的筛选及鉴定

将从杉木和大叶黄杨上分离获得的８个胶孢炭疽菌（Colletoctrichum gloeosporioides）分离物培养在含氯酸钾的平板上,得到快速生长抗氯酸钾的不利用硝酸盐的突变体(Nit)。所有的突变体经鉴定分属于３种表现型,即硝酸还原酶结构位点（nit１）,硝酸盐同化途径的专化调节位点（nit３）,和钼辅因位点（nitM）。分离物发生突变的频率随氯酸钾浓度的增加而提高,并且不同的氮源在一定程度上会影响突变表型种类。除ＣＣ３外,所有的分离物都是自身亲和的,即不同表型的突变体能遗传互补,其     

蛇毒蛋白Echistatin的C端突变基因的构建，表达及其活性研究

通过ＰＣＲ定点突变的技术,将蛇毒蛋白Ｅｃｈｉｓｔａｔｉｎ基因的Ｃ端进行了突变（Ａｌａ４８→Ａｒｇ４８→,Ｔｈｒ４９→Ｖａｌ４９）,模拟纤维蛋白Ｎ端的四肽（Ｇｌｙ－Ｐｒｏ－Ａｒｇ－Ｖａｌ）,以期增加Ｅｃｓ（Ｅｃｈｉｓｔａｔｉｎ）的活性。突变的基因重组到表达质粒ｐＪＣ２６４上,经ＩＰＴＧ诱导,以ＣｈｅＹ－Ｅｃｓ融合蛋白方式进行了表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的１５～２０％。ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５初步纯化该融合蛋白,然后用ＣＮＢｒ裂解,透析,冻干,反相ＨＰＬＣ纯化Ｃ端突变体Ｅｃｓ蛇毒蛋白,Ｎ端十个氨基酸分析与天然的相符,在ＰＲＰ（ｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔ－ｒｉｃｈｐｌａｓｍａ）测活体系中,１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＡＤＰ诱导,Ｃ端突变体Ｅｃｓ抑制血小板凝聚的活性约为野生型４倍。得到了Ｅｃｓ的Ｃ端突变后使Ｅｃｓ抑制血小板凝聚的活性提高的结果。     

对“番泻甙”有代谢能力的几种肠内有益菌的分离和比较

本实验共分离到３属４种４２株肠内有益菌。上述菌株接种于１．０％“番泻甙”（Ｓｅｎｎｏｓｉｄｅｓ）Ｇａｍ ｂｒｏｔｈ中的培养结果表明,“番泻甙”对这些菌朱的增殖没有影响;并应用ＨＰＬＣ（高效液相色谱仪,直线梯度法）检测出４株具有“番泻甙”代谢能力的细菌,其中Ｂｉｆｉｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｂｒｅｖｅ２株、ＢＢｉｆｉｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｌｏｇｎｕｍ１株、Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ ｆｅａｃａｌｉｓａ     

从万古霉素抗性突变体中筛选碱性纤维素酶高产菌株

以芽胞杆菌 Ｘ—６ 为出发菌株,经甲基磺酸乙酯（ Ｅ Ｍ Ｓ） 和紫外线（ Ｕ Ｖ） 复合诱变,选育万古霉素抗性突变体。研究结果表明,抗药性突变株碱性羧甲基纤维素酶（ Ｃ Ｍ Ｃａｓｅ） 产量提高的正变率和正变幅度明显高于非抗药性菌株。从抗性突变株中获得 Ｅ Ｖ２３ 菌株,其产酶活力比出发株 Ｘ—６ 提高３２０ ％ ,酶活力达３５３ｕ／ ｍｌ。     

产碱性纤维素酶菌株的选育和酶合成基本特性

芽孢杆菌ｘ－６菌株经甲基磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）和紫外线（ＵＶ）复合诱变,以其万古霉素抗性突变体中选育获得一突变株ＥＶ２３,所产生的纤维素酶碱性酶,且酶活力由原来的０．８４Ｕ／ｍｌ提高到３．５３Ｕ／ｍｌ,ＥＶ２３菌株基本上组成性地合成碱性羧甲基纤维素酶（ＣＭＣａｓｅ）酶合成明显表现出抗降解物阻遏的特点,以葡萄糖为碳源培养,４％浓度时酶合成水平达最高,酶合成与生长几乎同时发生,合成效率受菌体生长速率影响较     

猪瘟病毒石门株NS2—3基因片段的序列测定及比较

根据猪瘟病毒Ｃ株的序列,以计算机辅助设计,化学合成１对引物（ＰＦ５６４８／ＰＲ６６０４）,应用ＲＴＰＣＲ技术从感染猪血中成功地扩增了我国猪瘟病毒强毒石门株ＮＳ２３基因片段,大小为９５７ｂｐ,位于ＮＳ３基因的中部ＮＴＰａｓｅ和Ｈｅｌｉｃａｓｅ活性区。克隆后测序,结果表明该段基因产物具有解旋酶超家族全部七个特征性保守序列,包括共同的ＮＴＰ结合基序Ａ位点（ＧＸＧＫＴ／Ｓ）和Ｂ位点（３ｈｙ,２ｘ）Ｄ。序列同源性比较表明,石门株与日本的ＡＬＤ和ＧＰＥ－株同源性最高,与其它３株猪瘟病毒（Ｃ株、Ｂｒｅｓｃｉａ株和Ａｌｆｏｒｔ株）的同源性也很高,并与２株牛病毒性腹泻病毒（ＢＶＤＶ）（ＮＡＤＬ株和ＳＤ１株）也有较高的同源性,尤其是由核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸序列,同源性均大于９０％,是瘟病毒属基因组中最保守的区段,这与该基因产物在病毒复制及聚蛋白前体加工过程中所具有的重要功能是一致的     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌嘌呤生物合成基因表达的调控研究：Ⅱ.O^c突变体的…

已有研究证明,编码阻遏蛋白的调节基因ｐｕｒＲ能调节嘌呤从头合成途径中除ｐｕｒＢ外所有结构基因的表达。但迄今还缺乏阻遏蛋白与这些基因的操作基因相结合的直接证据。本文报道以嘌呤结构基因ｐｕｒＤ和ｐｕｒＧ的ＭｕｄＪ插入物为出发株,在外加过量腺嘌呤核苷（２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＭａｃＣｏｎｋｅｙ平板上通过选择红色菌落分离Ｏ＾ｃ突变体的结果,从上述两株出发株分别获得了８株和９株独立的消阻遏突变体。共转导分析和顺反     

猪瘟病毒石门株与兔化弱毒株E0糖蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

参考已发表的猪瘟病毒序列,设计并合成了一对引物,应用ＲＴＰＣＲ 技术,扩增了猪瘟兔化弱毒（Ｈｏｇ ｃｈｏｌｅｒａ ｖｉｒｕｓ ｌａｐｉｎｉｚｅｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｓｔｒａｉｎ , ＨＣＬＶ） 和石门强毒株的Ｅ０ 糖蛋白基因,并将其克隆到ｐＧＥＭＴ 载体中,测定了其核苷酸序列,并推导了其氨基酸序列。结果表明我国这两株强弱不同毒株Ｅ０ 糖蛋白核苷酸序列同源性和推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为９５－０ ％ 和９４－３ ％ ,有１３ 个氨基酸的差异,ＨＣＬＶ 比石门株多了一个潜在的Ｎ糖基化位点。将我国这两株病毒与国外已报导的ＨＣＶ 毒株Ｅ０ 基因序列进行了比较,发现石门株与日本的两株毒株ＡＬＤ 和ＧＰＥ－ 同源性较高,核苷酸序列同源性分别为９７－４ ％ 和９６－５ ％ ,氨基酸同源性分别为９７－４ ％ 和９６－０ ％ ,而与欧洲Ｂｒｅｓｃｉａ 株和Ａｌｆｏｒｔ 株同源性较低,核苷酸同源性分别为９２－２ ％ 和８６－５ ％ ,氨基酸同源性为９５－２ ％ 和９２－５ ％ , ＨＣＬＶ 与ＡＬＤ、ＧＰＥ－ 、Ｂｒｅｓｃｉａ、Ａｌｆｏｒｔ 株核苷酸同源性分别为９５－６ ％ 、９４－９ ％ 、９１－３ ％ 、８５－５ ％ …     

L1.LtrB内含子编码蛋白反转录结构域关键催化位点分析及功能验证

【目的】筛选影响Ll.LtrB内含子编码蛋白(Intron encoded protein,IEP)反转录功能的关键催化位点,并获得无反转录活性的IEP突变体。【方法】首先,利用NCBI数据库,通过序列比对及同源建模方法筛选影响IEP反转录功能的关键氨基酸催化位点;然后,对筛选获得的关键催化位点进行定点突变,同时以Targetron载体为模板,构建无反转录功能的突变型Targetron打靶系统;最后,以大肠杆菌lacZ基因为例,体内验证IEP突变体的功能及其对Ⅱ型内含子"归巢"效率的影响。【结果】筛选到C164和G214两个位点是影响内含子编码蛋白反转录功能的关键氨基酸残基,并获得C164K和G214W两个突变体。体内功能分析表明,此两个位点突变完全失活了Ⅱ型内含子的"归巢"功能。【结论】筛选并获得了失活反转录功能的Ll.LtrB内含子编码蛋白突变体,为深入研究Ⅱ型内含子的结构和"归巢"机理奠定了基础。     

Functional analysis of three amino acid residues of purR re-pressor, Trp147, Gln-218 and Gln-292 in Salmonella typhi-murium

The amber mutation sites of 6 purR(am) mutants were determined bycloning and DNA sequencing. The results showed that the mutations were distributed at three different sites in PurR coding region, G721(→A), C933(→T) and C1155(→T), which respectively turn Trp-147,Gln-218 and Gln-292 of PurR into TAG terminal codon. To determine the effect of the three amino acid residues on regulatory function of PurR protein 5 different kinds of tRNA suppressor genes, Su3, Su4, Su6, Su7 and Su9 were used for creating the PurR protein variants with single amino acid substitution. The results indicated that Cys, Glu, Gly, His and Arg which substituted Trp-147 respectively all could not recover the regulation function of PurR. It confirmed that Trp-147 is a critical amino acid for the PurR function. Gln-292 substituted respectively by the same amino acids also could not recover the PurR function, demonstrating that Gln-292 is also an important amino acid residue in PurR.     

Functional analysis of three amino acid residues of purR repressor, Trpl47, Gln-218 and Gln-292 inSalmonella typhimurium

The amber mutation sites of 6 purR(am) mutants were determined by cloning and DNA sequencing. The results showed that the mutations were distributed at three different sites in PurR coding region, G⁷²¹(→A), C⁹³³(→T) and C¹¹⁵⁵(→T), which respectively turn Trp-147,Gln-218 and Gln-292 of PurR into TAG terminal codon. To determine the effect of the three amino acid residues on regulatory function of PurR protein 5 different kinds of tRNA suppressor genes, Su3, Su4, Su6, Su7 and Su9 were used for creating the PurR protein variants with single amino acid substitution. The results indicated that Cys, Glu, Gly, His and Arg which substituted Trp-147 respectively all could not recover the regulation function of PurR. It confirmed that Trp-147 is a critical amino acid for the PurR function. Gln-292 substituted respectively by the same amino acids also could not recover the PurR function, demonstrating that Gln-292 is also an important amino acid residue in PurR.     

Functional analysis of three amino acid residues of purR repressor, Trpl47, Gln-218 and Gln-292 in Salmonella typhimurium

The amber mutation sites of 6 purR(am) mutants were determined by cloning and DNA sequencing. The results showed that the mutations were distributed at three different sites in PurR coding region, G⁷²¹(→A), C⁹³³(→T) and C¹¹⁵⁵(→T), which respectively turn Trp-147, Gln-218 and Gln-292 of PurR into TAG terminal codon. To determine the effect of the three amino acid residues on regulatory function of PurR protein 5 different kinds of tRNA suppressor genes, Su3, Su4, Su6, Su7 and Su9 were used for creating the PurR protein variants with single amino acid substitution. The results indicated that Cys, Glu, Gly, His and Arg which substituted Trp-147 respectively all could not recover the regulation function of PurR. It confirmed that Trp-147 is a critical amino acid for the PurR function. Gln-292 substituted respectively by the same amino acids also could not recover the PurR function, demonstrating that Gln-292 is also an important amino acid residue in PurR.     

Regulation of the Escherichia coli glyA gene by the purR gene product.

The purine regulon repressor protein, PurR, was shown to be a purine component involved in glyA regulation in Escherichia coli. Expression of glyA, encoding serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity, was elevated in a purR mutant compared with a wild-type strain. When the purR mutant was transformed with a plasmid carrying the purR gene, the serine hydroxymethyltransferase levels returned to the wild-type level. The PurR protein bound specifically to a DNA fragment carrying the glyA control region, as determined by gel retardation. In a DNase I protection assay, a 24-base-pair region was protected from DNase I digestion by PurR. The glyA operator sequence for PurR binding is similar to that reported for several pur regulon genes.     

Evolved orthogonal ribosomes enhance the efficiency of synthetic genetic code expansion

In vivo incorporation of unnatural amino acids by amber codon suppression is limited by release factor-1-mediated peptide chain termination. Orthogonal ribosome-mRNA pairs function in parallel with, but independent of, natural ribosomes and mRNAs. Here we show that an evolved orthogonal ribosome (ribo-X) improves tRNA(CUA)-dependent decoding of amber codons placed in orthogonal mRNA. By combining ribo-X, orthogonal mRNAs and orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs in Escherichia coli, we increase the efficiency of site-specific unnatural amino acid incorporation from approximately 20% to >60% on a single amber codon and from <1% to >20% on two amber codons. We hypothesize that these increases result from a decreased functional interaction of the orthogonal ribosome with release factor-1. This technology should minimize the functional and phenotypic effects of truncated proteins in experiments that use unnatural amino acid incorporation to probe protein function in vivo.     

Synthetase competition and tRNA context determine the in vivo identify of tRNA discriminator mutants.

The discriminator nucleotide (position 73) in tRNA has long been thought to play a role in tRNA identity as it is the only variable single-stranded nucleotide that is found near the site of aminoacylation. For this reason, a complete mutagenic analysis of the discriminator in three Escherichia coli amber suppressor tRNA backgrounds was undertaken; supE and supE-G1C72 glutamine tRNAs, gluA glutamate tRNA and supF tyrosine tRNA. The effect of mutation of the discriminator base on the identity of these tRNAs in vivo was assayed by N-terminal protein sequencing of E. coli dihydrofolate reductase, which is the product of suppression by the mutated amber suppressors, and confirmed by amino acid specific suppression experiments. In addition, suppressor efficiency assays were used to estimate the efficiency of aminoacylation in vivo. Our results indicate that the supE glutamine tRNA context can tolerate multiple mutations (including mutation of the discriminator and first base-pair) and still remain predominantly glutamine-accepting. Discriminator mutants of gluA glutamate tRNA exhibit increased and altered specificity probably due to the reduced ability of other synthetases to compete with glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In the course of these experiments, a glutamate-specific mutant amber suppressor, gluA-A73, was created. Finally, in the case of supF tyrosine tRNA, the discriminator is an important identity element with partial to complete loss of tyrosine specificity resulting from mutation at this position. It is clear from these experiments that it may not be possible to assign a specific role in tRNA identity to the discriminator. The identity of a tRNA in vivo is determined by competition among aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which is in turn modulated by the nucleotide substitution as well as the tRNA context.     

Screening system for orthogonal suppressor tRNAs based on the species-specific toxicity of suppressor tRNAs

Incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo, known as expanding the genetic code, is a useful technology in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. This procedure requires an orthogonal suppressor tRNA that is uniquely acylated with the desired unnatural amino acid by an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. In order to enhance the numbers and types of suppressor tRNAs available for engineering genetic codes, we have developed a convenient screening system to generate suppressor tRNAs with good orthogonality from the available library of suppressor tRNA mutants. While developing an amber suppressor tRNA, we discovered that amber suppressor tRNA with poor orthogonality inhibited the growth rate of the host, indicating that suppressor tRNA demonstrates a species-specific toxicity to host cells. We verified this species-specific toxicity using amber suppressor tRNA mutants from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. We also confirmed that adding terminal CCA to Methanococcus jannaschii tRNA^Tyr mutant is important to its toxicity against Escherichia coli. Further, we compared the toxicity of the suppressor tRNA toward the host with differing copy numbers. Using the combined toxicity of suppressor tRNA toward the host with blue–white selection, we developed a convenient screening system for orthogonal suppressor tRNA that could serve as a general platform for generating tRNA/aaRS pairs and thereby obtained three suppressor tRNA mutants with high orthogonality from the tRNA library derived from Mj tRNA^Tyr.