The half-life of c-myc mRNA in growing and serum-stimulated cells: influence of the coding and 3'' untranslated regions and role of ribosome translocation.

c-myc mRNA contains at least two discrete sequence elements that account for its short half-life, one in the 3' untranslated region and the other in the carboxy-terminal coding region (coding-region determinant). To investigate the function of each determinant, one or both were fused in frame to portions of a gene encoding long-lived beta-globin mRNA. Each chimeric gene was stably transfected into HeLa and NIH 3T3 cells and was transcribed from a constitutive cytomegalovirus promoter or from a serum-regulated c-fos promoter, respectively. The steady-state levels of the chimeric mRNAs in exponentially growing HeLa cells were compared, and their half-lives were measured by two independent methods: (i) in actinomycin D-treated HeLa cells and (ii) after serum addition to starved 3T3 cells. By each method, mRNAs containing either instability determinant were less stable than beta-globin mRNA. mRNA containing only the c-myc 3' untranslated region was not significantly more stable than mRNA with both determinants. In a cell-free mRNA decay system containing polysomes from transfected HeLa cells, mRNA containing the coding-region determinant was destabilized by addition of a specific RNA competitor, whereas mRNA containing only the 3' untranslated region was unaffected. When a stop codon was inserted upstream of the coding-region determinant, the chimeric mRNA was stabilized approximately twofold. These and other data suggest that degradation involving the coding-region determinant occurs most efficiently when ribosomes are translating the determinant.