The relationship between the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and grazing in a meadow steppe

Aims

To study the relationship between changes in soil properties and plant community characters produced by grazing in a meadow steppe grassland and the composition and diversity of spore-producing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).

Methods

A field survey was carried out in a meadow steppe area with a gradient of grazing pressures (a site with four grazing intensities and a reserve closed to grazing). The AMF community composition (characterized by spore abundance) and diversity, the vegetation characters and soil properties were measured, and root colonization by AMF was assessed.

Results

AMF diversity (richness and evenness) was higher under light to moderate grazing pressure and declined under intense grazing pressures. Results of multiple regressions indicated that soil electrical conductivity was highly associated with AMF diversity. The variation in AMF diversity was partially associated to the density of tillers of the dominant grass (Leymus chinensis), the above and below-ground biomass and the richness of the plant community.

Conclusions

We propose that the relationship between plants and AMF is altered by environmental stress (salinity) which is in turn influenced by animal grazing. Direct and indirect interactions between vegetation, soil properties, and AMF community need to be elucidated to improve our ability to manage these communities.     

Effects of livestock grazing intensity on soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related soil protein in a mountain forest steppe and a desert steppe of Mongolia

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important components of the grassland ecosystems in terms of plant phosphorus uptake and accumulation of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). Though Mongolian grasslands are seriously degraded by livestock grazing, the effects of grazing on soil AMF and GRSP remain unclear. Here, we examined community composition and diversity of AMF as well as amount of GRSP at three different grazing intensities: lightly grazed (LG), moderately grazed (MG), and heavily grazed (HG) under two different types of grassland, mountain forest steppe at Hustai and desert steppe at Mandalgobi. The diversity and biomass of AMF-host and non-AMF plants strongly affected the overall AMF community composition and its diversity. When we separately analyzed the factors affecting soil AMF diversity at Hustai and Mandalgobi, decrease in the shoot biomass of Poaceae plants at Hustai and decreases in the species number and shoot biomass of AMF-host plants at Mandalgobi were significantly correlated with AMF diversity. GRSP decreased with increasing grazing intensity, which was significantly correlated with soil pH and total root biomass at Hustai. The decrease in plant biomass caused by grazing thus led to GRSP reduction. Our results showed that change in soil AMF community caused by livestock grazing were associated with change in the biomass and diversity of functional vegetation groups such as Poaeceae, AMF-host and non-AMF plants, indicating the importance to focus on such functional vegetation groups to evaluate the effect of grazing on AMF.

     

Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along a river delta island in northeastern Brazil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a key role in the maintenance of the balance of terrestrial ecosystems, but little is known about the biogeography of these fungi, especially on tropical islands. This study aims to compare AMF community structure along a transect crossing a fluvial-marine island and relate these communities with soil and vegetation parameters to shed light on the forces driving AMF community structure on a local scale. We tested the hypothesis that the composition of AMF communities changes across the island, even within short distances among sites, in response to differences in edaphic characteristics and vegetation physiognomies. We sampled roots and soils in five different natural and degraded habitats: preserved mangrove forest (MF), degraded mangrove forest (MD), natural Restinga forest (RF), and two regeneration Restinga forests (RR1 and RR2) on Ilha da Restinga, northeastern Brazil. We determined the mycorrhizal colonization rate and AMF community structure based on morphological spore identification. The island soils were sandy with pH varying from acid to neutral; higher levels of organic matter were registered in RF and lower in MF; other chemical and physical soil attributes differed along the habitat types on the island. In total, 22 AMF species were identified, without any difference in species richness. However, the diversity and composition of AMF communities, spore abundance per families, and mycorrhizal colonization were statistically different among the habitats. The composition of AMF communities was strongly related to soil characteristics, especially the sum of exchangeable bases. Our results indicate that the different habitat types have diverse AMF communities even within short distances among habitats. In conclusion, islands with high spatial heterogeneity in soil parameters and diverse vegetation are potential refuges for the diversity conservation of AM fungi.     

贵州煤矸石山香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落的季节动态研究

以煤矸石山种植年限为17年的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术研究香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)群落的季节动态.并利用Spearman、NMDS、RDA和Mantel-test等统计学方法分析了 AMF孢子密...     

Field Evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization in Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin-Expressing (Bt) and Non-Bt Maize

The cultivation of genetically engineered Bacillus thuringiensis toxin-expressing (Bt) maize continues to increase worldwide, yet the effects of Bt crops on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil are poorly understood. In this field experiment, we investigated the impact of seven different genotypes of Bt maize and five corresponding non-Bt parental cultivars on AMF and evaluated plant growth responses at three different physiological time points. Plants were harvested 60 days (active growth), 90 days (tasseling and starting to produce ears), and 130 days (maturity) after sowing, and data on plant growth responses and percent AMF colonization of roots at each harvest were collected. Spore abundance and diversity were also evaluated at the beginning and end of the field season to determine whether the cultivation of Bt maize had a negative effect on AMF propagules in the soil. Plant growth and AMF colonization did not differ between Bt and non-Bt maize at any harvest period, but AMF colonization was positively correlated with leaf chlorophyll content at the 130-day harvest. Cultivation of Bt maize had no effect on spore abundance and diversity in Bt versus non-Bt plots over one field season. Plot had the most significant effect on total spore counts, indicating spatial heterogeneity in the field. Although previous greenhouse studies demonstrated that AMF colonization was lower in some Bt maize lines, our field study did not yield the same results, suggesting that the cultivation of Bt maize may not have an impact on AMF in the soil ecosystem under field conditions.     

Propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a secondary dry forest of Oaxaca, Mexico

Plant cover loss due to changes in land use promotes a decrease in spore diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), viable mycelium and, therefore, in AMF colonization, this has an influence in community diversity and, as a consequence, in its recovery. To evaluate different AMF propagules, nine plots in a tropical dry forest with secondary vegetation were selected: 0, 1, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, and 27 years after abandonment in Nizanda, Oaxaca, Mexico. The secondary vegetation with different stages of development is a consequence of slash and burn agriculture, and posterior abandonment. Soil samples (six per plot) were collected and percentage of AMF field colonization, extrarradical mycelium, viable spore density, infectivity and most probable number (MPN) ofAMF propagules were quantified through a bioassay. Means for field colonization ranged between 40% and 70%, mean of total mycelium length was 15.7 +/- 1.88 mg(-1) dry soil, with significant differences between plots; however, more than 40% of extracted mycelium was not viable, between 60 and 456 spores in 100 g of dry soil were recorded, but more than 64% showed some kind of damage. Infectivity values fluctuated between 20% and 50%, while MPN showed a mean value of 85.42 +/- 44.17 propagules (100 g dry soil). We conclude that secondary communities generated by elimination of vegetation with agricultural purposes in a dry forest in Nizanda do not show elimination of propagules, probably as a consequence of the low input agriculture practices in this area, which may encourage natural regeneration.     

Mycorrhizal symbiosis effects on growth of chalk false-brome (Brachypodium pinnatum) are dependent on the environmental light regime

AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) colonization of the grass chalk false-brome (Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. B.) was studied in selected habitats under spatially different light regimes: (a) shade condition under oak trees, (b) half shade in a shrubby area and (c) full-sun conditions on unshaded grassland. This study assessed the variations in AMF colonization of the grass dependent on the light supply in field habitats. Soil, root and shoot samples were collected four times during the vegetation period (in June, July, September and October). Root colonization, root and shoot biomass as well as soil water content were determined. The highest rate of AMF colonization was detected in June under half-sun and full-sun conditions, where about 50% of the roots were colonized. The average amount of arbuscules was less than 20% in the roots at the three sites, with the highest number of arbuscules in June, under half-sun and full-sun conditions, however, not under the trees. Overall, best mycorrhizal colonization occurred during summer, and its rate decreased in autumn. This tendency inversely correlated with the amount of precipitation, and thus with the water content of soils. The high colonization rate of the examined root samples, and also its seasonal fluctuation, might reflect the importance of the symbiosis where inorganic nutrients and water are the growth-limiting factors. The marginal AMF colonization of chalk false-brome under shade conditions indicates that plants do not use AMF under all stress conditions. When low light limits photosynthesis and thus growth of the plants, they dispense with the colonization of AMF in order to save the expenditure of organic carbon.     

不同施肥处理对丛枝菌根真菌生态分布的影响

研究了在东北海伦实验站长期定位培肥实验地不同施肥处理下丛枝菌根（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM）真菌生长发育状况（包括侵染率、菌丝量和孢子数）,同时还分析了不同施肥处理下AM真菌群落生态分布和特征.结果表明施肥处理,尤其是磷肥（NP2K）处理显著降低AM真菌侵染玉米根系,而根外菌丝长度和孢子数并无显著变化,这和施肥处理下AM真菌的种群结构发生变化有关.随着土壤肥力的增高,土壤中AM真菌种的丰度和密度都有增加的趋势,而当肥力增高到一定程度后（磷肥和钾肥继续增加到NP2K和NPK2处理后）,土壤中AM真菌种的丰度和密度都有下降的趋势;从AM真菌属在不同肥力处理下出现的频度来看,Glomus属在7个处理中出现的频度最高,在每一个肥力处理中都有分布,Acaullospora属次之,Entrohospora属则只是出现在NK处理下;而Glomus属中出现频度最高的种是Glomus mosseae,其次是Glomus caledonium;再次是Glomus diaphanium,这说明施肥处理会影响到AM真菌种属的分布,进而影响到AM真菌的群落结构和生态分布.     

放牧后自然恢复沙质草地土壤节肢动物群落结构与多样性

以中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站为依托,对不同放牧强度后自然恢复沙质草地土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查,分析了土壤节肢动物群落结构及其多样性变化,探讨了植被和土壤环境对土壤节肢动物群落的影响.结果表明: 无牧草地土壤动物种类丰富,个体数量较多,多样性最高;中牧后恢复草地土壤动物个体数量少,但主要类群较多,分布较均匀,多样性较高;重牧后恢复草地土壤动物主要类群少,但个体数量多,多样性较高;而轻牧后恢复草地土壤动物分布均匀性最差,多样性最低.植物个体数、高度及盖度和土壤酸碱度是影响不同放牧强度后恢复草地土壤动物种类和个体数量分布的主要因素.说明沙质草地经过12年的围封可以一定程度上恢复土壤动物群落,而放牧干扰对土壤动物群落的负面影响是长期的.     

调控措施对祁连山中度退化高寒草甸土壤的影响

研究不同调控措施(春季休牧、春季休牧-划破草皮、春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥、春季休牧-划破草皮-播种、春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种)对祁连山中度退化高寒草甸植被、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物生物量的影响。结果表明: 各调控措施均显著增加了退化高寒草甸植被盖度以及地上、地下生物量,春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥与春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种两种措施下植被物种丰富度显著增加,春季休牧-划破草皮-播种与春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施下物种优势种为补播草种青海草地早熟禾。中度退化高寒草甸土壤(对照)pH和容重显著高于各调控措施样地,春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施下土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾含量及碳氮比、氮磷比均最高,分别为21.3%、22.30 g·kg^-1、2.77 g·kg^-1、19.93 g·kg^-1、8.3、3.5。春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施下退化草地土壤微生物生物量氮、磷(分别为104.98和40.74 mg·kg^-1)显著高于其他措施,而退化草地在春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥措施下土壤微生物生物量碳(240.72 mg·kg^-1)显著高于其他措施。雷达图表明,调控措施对退化草地植被特征(地上、地下生物量)、土壤理化性质(含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾)及土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)特征影响显著,且春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施对研究区退化草地的修复效果最佳。     

荒漠地区植物丛枝菌根真菌研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）与超过80%的陆生植物形成共生关系,在改善土壤质量、增强宿主抗逆性及调节物质循环等方面发挥重要的生态功能。荒漠是指气候极端干旱、地表植被稀疏、自然环境荒凉的地区。荒漠地区生存环境恶劣,AMF在其中扮演着重要的角色。本文概述了荒漠生态系统中AMF的定殖时空异质性和多样性、AMF对土壤稳定性及碳氮循环的贡献、AMF对植物的促生抗逆性及维持植物群落稳定和多样性的作用以及AMF与荒漠农作物种植等方面的研究成果,为荒漠地区AMF的进一步研究及其开发利用提供了重要参考。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Associated with <i>Olea europaea</i> L. Growing in Yunnan Province,Southwestern China

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees, with high economic, ecological, cultural and scientific value. China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s, and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas. Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge. Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for this plant is well recognized; nevertheless, studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited. Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems, the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) parameters. Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization, suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants. The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil. Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total, and Glomeraceae was the dominant family. The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Furthermore, the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC. The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH, EC, OM, TN, TP and AN. The spore density positively correlated with OM, TN, AN, AP and sand content. Finally, the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content, but negatively correlated with soil pH, TN and silt content. The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop.     

黄土高原紫穗槐丛枝菌根真菌与土壤因子和球囊霉素空间分布的关系

在黄土高原的陕西省甘泉、绥德、米脂、榆林4县(市)选取4个样地,研究紫穗槐不同深度土层丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染率、孢子密度、球囊霉素和土壤因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)AMF侵染率平均值绥德样地最大(100%),米脂样地最小(75.02%);孢子密度平均值米脂样地最大(5.91个/g),榆林样地最小(1.57个/g);4个样地孢子密度最大值均在0～10cm土层,且随土层加深而降低;AMF侵染率与孢子密度在各样地间差异显著,同一样地侵染率与孢子密度变化规律不一致。(2)榆林样地的有机碳、铵态氮、速效磷、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性平均值显著高于其他3个样地;除绥德、米脂样地的蔗糖酶和甘泉样地的碱性磷酸酶外,其他样地的土壤酶活性和球囊霉素含量均随土层加深而降低,且各土层之间差异显著,最大值均在0～10cm土层。(3)AMF侵染率与pH、总球囊霉素含量、易提取球囊霉素含量呈极显著正相关,与有机碳、硝态氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;孢子密度与速效磷、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与铵态氮含量呈显著负相关。(4)第1、2主成分的累积方差贡献率达到56.4%,第1主成分主要综合了球囊霉素、AMF侵染率和孢子密度,第2主成分综合了pH和部分土壤因子信息。因此,球囊霉素、AMF侵染率、孢子密度、pH、部分土壤因子对决定土壤生态起主要作用。     

内蒙古大青山灌木铁线莲根围丛枝菌根真菌群落季节动态研究

采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术研究了内蒙古大青山干旱阳坡灌木铁线莲(Clematis fruticosa)根围丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)群落的季节动态,并利用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)和Mantel test分析了土壤和植被因子与AMF之间的关系,为进一步探索灌木铁线莲-AMF共生体对不同季节环境变化的响应提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)灌木铁线莲根围AMF孢子密度不存在显著的季节性差异,根系侵染率和丛枝丰度从春季至秋季呈下降趋势。(2)3个季节共检测出163个AMF OTUs(operational taxonomic units),春季、夏季、秋季分别为116OTUs、76OTUs和70OTUs。(3)夏季和秋季的AMF丰富度(实测OTUs数和Chao1指数)以及多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数和Invsimpson指数)显著低于春季,但夏、秋季间无显著异。(4)主成分分析和PERMANOVA分析表明,夏季和秋季的AMF群落组成与春季存在显著差异,而AMF群落组成在夏季与秋季间差异不显著。(5)RDA分析表明,采样季节、植被盖度、植物多样性、土壤含水量和土壤有机质对AMF ShannonWiener指数、Invsimpson指数、Chao1指数和实测OTUs数均产生显著影响;Mantel test分析发现,采样季节是影响AMF群落组成和菌根侵染率的主导因子,但对孢子密度无显著影响,而土壤有机质是影响孢子密度的主导因子。     

Under pressure from above: Overgrazing decreases mycorrhizal colonization of both preferred and unpreferred grasses in the Patagonian steppe

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are related to plant community dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Overgrazing can negatively affect plant performance, and consequently unbalance the association with AMF. We studied the grazing effect on AMF colonization for preferred (Bromus pictus and Poa ligularis) and unpreferred grasses (Pappostipa speciosa and Pappostipa humilis) by sheep in the Patagonian steppe. For each species, AMF colonization in ungrazed, moderate and intense grazing sites was quantified. In ungrazed areas, B. pictus showed the highest extent of AMF colonization. Mycorrhizal colonization was higher during the active season, and largely reduced by intense grazing conditions. The decrease of AMF colonization was maximal for the most preferred species, but also significant for the unpreferred species. Our results suggest that overgrazing could reduce mycorrhizal benefits for the plant by reduction of AMF colonization, which can be a good indicator of ecosystem functioning, eventually revealing an increasing degree of environmental degradation.     

Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in marshy and shoreline vegetation of Deepar Beel Ramsar Site of Assam,India

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) symbiosis was thought to be rare in wetland plant roots, although several recent studies suggested that this association might be important in wetland ecosystems. In this research work we have studied the distribution of AMF in the marshy and shoreline vegetation of Deepar Beel Ramsar site of Assam, India. The study reveals the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of different plant species which were observed from 20.89 to 86.47% and particularly found larger among the members of the family Poaceae. The Vetiveria zizanioides L. from the family Cyperaceae showed the highest (86.47%) percentage of root colonization, however, only one plant species viz. Scirpus lateriflorus Gmel. from the same family was found to be nonmycorrhizal. The rhizospheric soil samples of most of the plant species were found to be dominated by Glomus morphotypes. All total 18 AMF morphotypes were recorded which comprises four genera viz. Glomus (66.67%), Acaulospora (16.66%), Gigaspora (11.11%) and Scutellospora (5.56%). The observation of diversity of AMF in 25 different plant species among the wetland plants gives a glimpse of AMF diversity and their host selectivity in the said ecosystem.     

不同喀斯特小生境中土壤丛枝菌根真菌的遗传多样性

为探明西南喀斯特地区小生境土壤中丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的遗传多样性特征, 利用巢式PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳相结合的分子生物学方法, 对茂兰3种植被类型下的小生境(石缝、石沟、土面) AMF遗传多样性进行了研究。结果发现: 各类小生境都含有丰富的AMF遗传多样性, 灌木林土面的多样性指数和物种丰富度最高, 为4.06和68; 次生林石缝的最低, 为3.16和29, 所研究的9个小生境多样性指数和物种丰富度的平均值分别高达3.67和48, 高于同类研究在其他地区的结果, 这可能主要与喀斯特生态系统复杂的结构和较高的植物多样性有关; 聚类分析显示各类小生境间的AMF群落结构差异显著, 相似性指数最高仅为0.45, 说明小生境所带来的空间异质性对AMF的遗传多样性产生了显著影响; 基因测序显示球囊霉属(Glomus)极有可能是喀斯特地区AMF的优势菌属, 在以后筛选喀斯特地区的高效生态恢复菌种时可重点考虑球囊霉属的一些菌种。     

荒漠北沙柳根系丛枝菌根真菌和黑隔内生真菌定殖状况

为利用土壤共生真菌资源促进荒漠植被恢复和生态重建, 分别于2013年6月、8月和10月, 从内蒙古元上都地区采集北沙柳(Salix psammophila)根围0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm共5个土层的土壤样品, 系统研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和黑隔内生真菌(DSE)的时空分布及其与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明: AMF和DSE的平均定殖率分别为77%和84%, 说明北沙柳根系能与这两类真菌形成良好的共生关系。AMF和DSE的分布和定殖具有明显的时空异质性, 并与土壤因子密切相关。AMF和DSE的平均定殖率均表现为10月> 8月> 6月。土壤深度对AMF和DSE的定殖率有显著影响, AMF和DSE定殖率的最大值分别在0-20 cm和0-10 cm土层。双因子方差分析表明, 月份和土层对AMF和DSE的定殖率以及土壤因子具有显著的交互效应。主成分分析表明, 土壤湿度、pH值、碱性磷酸酶、易提取球囊霉素是内蒙古荒漠环境中AMF和DSE定殖的主要影响因子。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter plant community composition along a grazing gradient in Inner Mongolia Steppe

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a significant influence on plant productivity and diversity in non-grazing grassland. However, the interactive effects between grazing intensity and AMF on plant community composition in natural grassland communities are not well known. We conducted a field experiment that manipulated AMF colonization and grazing intensity to study the impact of AMF suppression on plant community composition and nutrient status over 2 years (2015–2016) with contrasting rainfall levels. We found that AMF root colonization was significantly reduced by the application of the fungicide benomyl as a soil drench. Grazing intensity regulated plant community composition and aboveground biomass mainly by reducing the growth of Leymus chinensis over 2 years. AMF suppression increased the growth of Chenopodium glaucum, but it did not alter other plant species across all grazing intensities. The effects of AMF suppression on plant community composition changed along a grazing gradient considerably between years: AMF suppression increased the biomass of C. glaucum across all grazing intensities in 2015, but slightly increased it in 2016. Interactions between AMF suppression and grazing intensity altered the phosphorus concentration of Stipa grandis and Cleistogenes squarrosa in 2015 but not in 2016. AMF suppression decreased the shoot phosphorus content of L. chinensis but increased that of C. glaucum across all grazing intensities. Our results indicate that grazing intensity substantially alters aboveground community biomass and affects growth of dominant species; AMF by itself have limited effects on plant communities along a grazing gradient in typical steppe.     

绢蒿荒漠放牧草地丛枝菌根真菌数量特征的时空变化

以绢蒿荒漠草地的优势种绢蒿、羊茅(针茅)、苔草为研究材料,探究其根际AM真菌和根系侵染率及季节性动态变化对放牧的响应。结果表明:随放牧压力的增大,AM真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和根系侵染率显著降低(P<0.05),多样性指数在过度放牧的条件下显著(P<0.05)降低;在同一放牧条件下,0~10 cm土壤层的孢子密度、物种丰富度和根系侵染率均显著(P<0.05)高于10~20 cm和20~30 cm土壤层,多样性指数随土壤深度的增大差异性不显著(P>0.05);不同的宿主植物对AM真菌的依赖性不同,即侵染率高低依次为绢蒿>羊茅>苔草;AM真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和植物根系侵染率随季节的变化表现出一定的变化规律,三者均呈现"双峰"现象,在6月和9月分别达到峰值,与绢蒿荒漠草地植被的生长节律几乎同步;温度对AM真菌孢子密度、丰富度和侵染率的影响不显著,但降雨量对植物根系的侵染率有极显著(P<0.01)的影响,随降雨量的增加侵染率极显著升高。