Diversity trends and their ontogenetic basis: an exploration of allometric disparity in rodents

It has been hypothesized that most morphological evolution occurs by allometric differentiation. Because rodents encapsulate a phenomenal amount of taxonomic diversity and, among several clades, contrasting levels of morphological diversity, they represent an excellent subject to address the question: how variable are allometric patterns during evolution? We investigated the influence of phylogenetic relations and ecological factors on the results of the first quantification of allometric disparity among rodents by exploring allometric space, a multivariate morphospace here derived from, and encapsulating all, the ontogenetic trajectories of 34 rodent species from two parallel phylogenetic radiations. Disparity was quantified using angles between ontogenetic trajectories for different species and clades. We found an overlapping occupation of allometric space by muroid and hystricognath species, revealing both clades possess similar abilities to evolve in different directions of phenotypic space, and anatomical diversity does not act to constrain the labile nature of allometric patterning. Morphological features to enable efficient processing of food serve to group rodents in allometric space, reflecting the importance of convergent morphology, rather than shared evolutionary history, in the generation of allometric patterns. Our results indicate that the conserved level of morphological integration found among primates cannot simply be extended to all mammals.     

Skull size and shape variation versus molecular phylogeny: a case study of alpine newts (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mesotriton alpestris</Emphasis>, Salamandridae) from the Balkan Peninsula

We explored the phylogenetic signal of skull size and shape in alpine newts from the Balkans, a group of European newts that, in spite of their considerable phylogeographic substructuring (as inferred from previous DNA analyses), maintain a conserved phenotype. In terms of skull shape disparity, geometric morphometrics show that the dorsal cranium carries a significant phylogenetic signal, the most notable evidence in this present study. On the contrary, no phylogenetic signal in the shape of the ventral cranium was found. This result indicates that the variation in the shape of the ventral cranium is more prone to other factors and processes, such as adaptations to local environments rather than phylogenetic constraints. Variation in skull size within alpine newts seems to be independent from phylogenetic constraints.     

Micromammals and the formation of the Name Chamber at Sterkfontein, South Africa

The depositional history of the Name Chamber at the Sterkfontein early hominid site is complex, as is the case with most such cavities. Unravelling this history may therefore benefit from the input of less usual lines of evidence to complement baseline geological investigations. In this case, micromammalian remains from the Western Talus of the Name Chamber provide tentative evidence for the depositional history of these deposits. Correlation of samples based on minimum numbers of individuals referred to genera occurring in one third or more of the samples suggests that a large proportion of the Western Talus material, particularly that from the area infiltrated by the Eastern Talus deposit, originated in the vicinity of squares P54, Q54 and Q55 in the main excavation, from a depth spanning the boundary between Acheulean and Oldowan levels in Member 5. Differences in general diversity between the samples from the main excavation and some from the Name Chamber support the proposal that surface sediments of the homogeneous deposits have been contaminated by material entering the cavern during the 1994 opening of the feeder shaft. Initial taphonomic analysis indicates that all samples, both the original and those from the Name Chamber, were accumulated by the same avian predator, that is, one or more of three owl species (barn owl Tyto alba, grass owl Tyto capensis and marsh owl Asio capensis).     

FISH SPECIES IN STEIUTONTEIN DAN,TUGELA-VAAI SYSTEM,SOUTH AFRICA

SUMMARY

Two alien species and seven indigenous species, including two minnow species, were present in Sterkfontein Dam. Of the larger species, Barbus aeneus and Labco capensis were the dominant in terms of numbers.     

Allometric disparity in rodent evolution

In this study, allometric trajectories for 51 rodent species, comprising equal representatives from each of the major clades (Ctenohystrica, Muroidea, Sciuridae), are compared in a multivariate morphospace (=allometric space) to quantify magnitudes of disparity in cranial growth. Variability in allometric trajectory patterns was compared to measures of adult disparity in each clade, and dietary habit among the examined species, which together encapsulated an ecomorphological breadth. Results indicate that the evolution of allometric trajectories in rodents is characterized by different features in sciurids compared with muroids and Ctenohystrica. Sciuridae was found to have a reduced magnitude of inter‐trajectory change and growth patterns with less variation in allometric coefficient values among members. In contrast, a greater magnitude of difference between trajectories and an increased variation in allometric coefficient values was evident for both Ctenohystrica and muroids. Ctenohystrica and muroids achieved considerably higher adult disparities than sciurids, suggesting that conservatism in allometric trajectory modification may constrain morphological diversity in rodents. The results provide support for a role of ecology (dietary habit) in the evolution of allometric trajectories in rodents.     

大荔颅骨在人类进化中的位置

本文将大荔颅骨的一系列形态特征与中国的直立人、欧洲和非洲的中更新世人、欧洲和亚洲的尼安德特人、中国和欧洲的早期现代人以及现生现代人的数据进行比较,发现可以归纳为几种状况。大荔颅骨:1)与其他中更新世颅骨比较一致,而与早期现代人相去较远;2)与早期和现生现代人一致或接近,显得比其他中更新世人进步;3)在中国早期现代人或现代人变异范围内,也在欧洲中更新世人变异范围内或与之接近,却与中国直立人相距较远;4)处于一般中更新世人与早期现代人之间的中间状态;5)处于中国直立人与中国早期现代人之间的中间位置,而且比较接近欧洲/非洲中更新世人;6)与东亚多数化石人比较一致,而与旧大陆西部中更新世化石人相去较远;7)与中国直立人显然不同,而与欧洲/非洲中更新世人更加接近;8)与非洲中更新世人接近,而与中国直立人和欧洲中更新世人差距较大;9)与大多数中更新世人不同,似乎是自身独有或罕见的。基于这样复杂的状况,作者提出,大荔颅骨既不属于直立人,也不属于海德堡人,表现为兼具东亚的直立人、欧洲和非洲中更新世人的特征,而且是这些共有特征与早期现代人部分特征的镶嵌体,可能比中国的直立人对中国现代人的形成做出过更大的贡献。