Floral scent chemistry of mangrove plants

The flowers of mangrove plants are pollinated by a variety of pollinators including birds, bats, and insects. This study analyzed the floral scent chemistry of mangroves on Iriomote Island (located near Taiwan) including Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. (Rhizophoraceae), Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (Rhizophoraceae), Rhizophora stylosa Griff. (Rhizophoraceae), Sonneratia alba J. Smith (Sonneratiaceae), Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb. (Palmae), Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. (Combretaceae), Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae or Verbenaceae), and Pemphis acidula Forst. (Lythraceae). A total of 61 chemicals (fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, carotenoid derivatives, benzenoids, nitrogen-containing compounds, 13 unknown chemicals) were detected in the floral scents of the various species. The species displayed a distinct chemical profile ranging from only two chemicals in the floral scent of Kandelia candel to more than 25 chemicals in the floral scent of Nypa fruticans. All of the identified chemicals have been found in the floral scents of other angiosperms. The chemical profile of some species can be correlated with their floral morphology and pollinators.     

Linocarpon angustatum sp. nov., andNeolinocarpon nypicola sp. nov. from petioles ofNypa fruticans, and a list of fungi from aerial parts of this host

Two new ascomycetes,Linocarpon angustatum sp. nov. andNeolinocarpon nypicola sp. nov., are described from petioles ofNypa fruticans in Malaysia.Linocarpon angustatum differs from species in the genus in having needle-shaped ascospores.Neolinocarpon nypicola differs from species in the genus in having filiform ascospores which gradually taper towards the ends, and ascomata developing within well developed stromata. These new species are compared with existing species and illustrated with interference light micrographs. The fungi known from aerial parts ofNypa fruticans are listed.     

Biodiversity and distribution of fungi associated with decomposing Nypa fruticans

Fungi associated with the decomposition of Nypa fruticans in Malaysia are under investigation. Forty-one fungi have been identified including 35 ascomycetes, four mitosporic fungi and two basidiomycetes. The distribution of intertidal fungi on palm structures including leaves, leaf veins, rachides, petiole bases, and inflorescences, and fungi on terrestrial parts have also been examined. No fungi were found on the leaf material, although several fungi were found on the leaf midribs, and possible reasons for this are given. Very few taxa developed on the inflorescences, but those that were present were abundant. The greatest density of fruiting structures occurred on the rachides, and the greatest diversity of fungal species occurred on the petiole bases. The terrestrial fungi differed from the intertidal fungi, although Linocarpon nipae occurred in both habitats. Reasons for the differences in fungal numbers and diversity on the various palm parts are discussed. The diversity of fungi at Morib mangrove was low when compared to previous studies on fungi on Nypa palm at Kampong Api Api in Brunei and in this study at Kuala Selangor mangrove in Malaysia.     

中国食线虫真菌的种类

对我国24个省市,涉及40余种植物的300多个土样的调查,分离出食线虫真菌近千个分离物,共鉴定出食线虫真菌29属57种,包括捕食线虫真菌4属25种,其中Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides, A. brochopaga, A. cladodes var. macroides, A. microspora,A. musiformis, A. straminicola, Monacrosporium ellipsosporinm, M. thaumasium, M. pravicollis,Stylopage grandis, Dactylella ramiformis, Monacrosporium qiuanum, Monacrosporium sinense等10种为国内新记录。内寄生真菌4属4个种、其中Catenaria angullulae, Harposporiumarcuatum, Nematoctonus leiosporus为国内新记录。定殖于大豆孢囊线虫真菌22属25种,其中Catenaria auxiliaris, Cylindrocarpon heteronema, C. willkommii, Fusariella bizzozeriana,Nematophthora sp., Phoma eupyrena, Phoma leveilei,Pithomyces sp,Trichocladium opacum.Verticillium chlamydosporium等10属种为国内新记录,其中Nematophthora, Fusariella,Trichocladium三属为国内新记录属,Rhizoctonia sp., Stachybotrys elegans, F.bizzozeriana,C.heteronema, C.willkommii等为首次发现定殖于大豆孢囊线虫孢囊上。对所鉴定的真菌进行了描述和讨论并制作了检索表。     

Use and management of Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans,arecaceae): a review

Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans,) is a useful, versatile, and fairly common component of mangrove forests of Asia and Oceania. Because of its usefulness, it has been introduced into West Africa. In addition to a host of local subsistence uses ranging from medicines to hats and raincoats, some important commercial uses have led to management efforts and are initiating a new interest in its potential. Sap production from nipa produces an intoxicating beverage, sugar, vinegar, and alcohol that may be used as fuel. The tapping of nipa for sap involves a rather unusual kicking or beating process called “gonchanging. ” Further research in nipa sap production, together with development of more efficient collection and handling methods, might greatly enhance the usefulness of this palm.     

世界红树植物区系

探讨了世界红树林植物区系的种类组成及其特点。确认全世界共有红树植物16科24属84种(含12变种)，其中真红树为11科16属70种(含12变种)，半红树为5科8属14种。东方类群有14科18属74种(含12变种)，以／legiceras，Osbornia，／legialitis，Bruguiera，Ceriops，Kandelia，Scyphiphora和。Nypa等属为特征；西方类群有5科6属10种，具有单种特有科皮利西科Pelliceraceae以及laguncularia属。中国红树植物区系有12科15属26种(含1变种)，其中特有种4种。海南的红树植物种类最为丰富，占全国的96．2％；广东次之，占42．3％。台湾记载的红茄苳(Rhizophoram,ucronata)其实为红树榄R．stylose之误。     

西藏接合菌物种多样性初探

【背景】接合菌在自然界广泛分布,在工业、食品、医药、生物防治等方面扮演着重要的角色,部分接合菌为有害菌。西藏地区接合菌只有少数零星的报道,其系统调查研究几乎还是空白,大量潜在的物种需要分离、鉴定、认识、保藏和开发。【目的】了解西藏地区的接合菌物种多样性和生物资源现状,为该地区有害接合菌的控制和有益接合菌的开发利用奠定基础。【方法】对西藏全境7个地区19个代表县的701个样品采用平板稀释分离法得到单菌落,然后进行形态和分子(SSU、ITS和LSU r DNA)鉴定,并在此基础上进行生物多样性以及优势和稀有属种分析。【结果】得到西藏接合菌10属26种,包括5个西藏已知种和21个西藏新记录种;其中4个为中国新记录种,分别是:类变形被孢霉(Mortierella amoeboidea)、球孢高山被孢霉(M.globalpina)、灰褐毛霉(Mucor brunneogriseus)、暗色毛霉(M.fuscus)。西藏接合菌的多样性指数分析表明,不同地区间的物种数量和组成存在显著差异,排在前4位的分别是波密县、米林县、当雄县和八宿县。属种分析显示,西藏接合菌的2个优势属为被孢霉属(Mortierella)和毛霉属(Mucor);3个优势种为高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)、冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)、匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer);常见属8个,分别是犁头霉属(Absidia)、放射毛霉属(Actinomucor)、小克银汉霉属(Cunninghamella)、根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、共头霉属(Syncephalastrum)、伞形霉属(Umbelopsis)和接霉属(Zygorhynchus);常见种9个,稀有种14个。【结论】西藏地区接合菌资源丰富,各地区生物多样性差异显著,稀有物种占一半以上的比例提示西藏自然环境保护的重要性。     

Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description

Abstract. The seven recognized genera of Teratomyzidae, including the new genera Stepta, Auster, Pous, Camur and Lips , are keyed and described. Vitila is a new subgenus of Teratomyza Malloch. The following five new species are described: Auster pteridii (Australia), Pous manicula (Australia), Camur willii (Brazil), Lips collessi (Australia), Teratomyza ( Vitila ) undulata (Australia). Stepta latipennis is a new combination for Teratomyza latipennis Malloch. Neogeomyza Séguy, 1938 ( Micropachycerina Stuckenberg, 1971, syn.n.) belongs in the Lauxaniidae, not Teratomyzidae. Neogeomyza stenoptera (Stuckenberg, 1971 (from Micropachycerina ) is a new combination. The family Teratomyzidae occurs in the Neotropical, Australasian, Oriental and eastern Palaearctic Regions. The third-instar larva and puparium of Auster pteridii , both of which live externally on fronds of Pteridium (Filicales: Dennstaedtiaceae), are described. Adults of many species also occur on fern fronds.     

A new species of Gauthieromyces and range extensions for other Harpellales to India

One species of each of five genera of Harpellales--Gauthieromyces, Harpella, Legeriomyces, Stachylina and Zygopolaris--are reported for the first time from India. Gauthieromyces indicus is described from the hindguts of Baetis sp. nymphs. The new species is distinguished from the only other species, G. microsporus Lichtw., by having a greater number of and smaller generative cells per fertile branchlet with smaller trichospores that bear fine, entangled appendages. Occurrence of these fungi in India supports the observation that some genera and species of Trichomycetes are widespread but with apparent disjunct distributions.     

Korallipteris,a new genus for Mesozoic Gleichenia-like fern fronds

A new morphogenus, Korallipteris, is proposed to accommodate fertile or sterile fern fronds possessing essentially Gleichenia-like morphology (e.g., pinnate fronds with small pecopteroid pinnules) but lacking diagnostic features that allow their classification at fern family-level. The aim is thus, to solve an old nomenclatural problem that involves the use of illegitimate genera, such as Gleichenites Goeppert and Microphyllopteris Arber. Several species of Gleichenites described from the Mesozoic of Argentina and Chile, and Microphyllopteris unisora Cantrill and Nagalingum from Antarctica are here reassigned to Korallipteris gen. nov. The proposal of Nagalingum and Cantrill to preserve Gleicheniaceaephyllum Crabtree emend. Nagalingum and Cantrill for true Gleicheniaceous ferns, diagnosed by having an arrested laminar bud, is here accepted.     

我国四城市真菌特别调查

对我国北京、上海、广州、成都四城市３３个代表点的大气真菌及妇女内裤样品进行检测,共鉴定３２８８株丝状真菌和酵母,分属３２个属６２个种。测定四城市丝状真菌优势菌为枝孢属、链格孢属、青霉属、曲霉属,优势酵母菌为红酵母属、假丝酵母属、毕赤酵母属。     

Phylogenetic evaluation of anamorphic species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cirrenalia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cumulospora</Emphasis> with the description of eight new genera and four new species

Four new helicoid anamorphic fungi collected from marine habitats in Egypt and Japan are described. Three marine and one terrestrial Cirrenalia species along with two Cumulospora species and the four new fungi were sequenced for LSU and SSU rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses of the generated sequences, along with those from GenBank, confirmed the polyphyly of the genera Cirrenalia and Cumulospora, and new genera are erected to accommodate the displaced species. Eight new genera, four new species and six new combinations are made: 1. Halazoon anam.-gen. nov. (Halazoon melhae sp. nov., H. fuscus for Cirrenalia fusca), 2. Moheitospora anam.-gen. nov. (Moheitospora fruticosae sp. nov., M. adarca for Cirrenalia adarca), 3. Moleospora anam.-gen nov. (Moleospora maritima sp. nov.), and 4. Glomerulispora anam.-gen. nov. (Glomerulispora mangrovis sp. nov); Cirrenalia pygmea, Cirrenalia tropicale and Cumulospora varius are transferred to the new genera, 5. Hydea anam.-gen. nov, 6. Matsusporium anam.-gen. nov., and 7. Moromyces anam.-gen. nov., respectively. These genera can be assigned to the order Lulworthiales, TBM (Torpedospora/Bertia/Melanospora) clade, while Cirrenalia macrocephala is nested within the order Halosphaeriales. Few morphological characters delineate the genera and species assigned to the Lulworthiales and this aspect is discussed in relation to the molecular data. The phylogenetic position of the terrestrial species, Cirrenalia japonica, shows that it is a member of the order Pleosporales, and a new genus, 8. Hiogispora anam.-gen. nov. is proposed for the fungus.     

Isolation and identification of Rhizoctonia-like fungi from roots of three orchid genera, Paphiopedilum, Dendrobium, and Cymbidium, collected in Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai provinces of Thailand

Three orchid genera, Paphiopedilum, Cymbidium, and Dendrobium, are among the most heavily traded ornamental plants in Thailand. In this study, 27 isolates of Rhizoctonia-like fungi were isolated from root sections of mature orchids in the three orchid genera, collected from diverse horticultural settings in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces of Thailand. Fungal identification was done by the morphological characterization, the comparison of the internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences, and the phylogenetic analysis. Epulorhiza repens was found to be the most common species found in the roots of various species of all three orchid genera, whereas Epulorhiza calendulina-like isolates were strictly found in the roots of Paphiopedilum species. We have also isolated and described an anamorph of Tulasnella irregularis, four new anamorphic species in the genus Tulasnella, and a new anamorphic species in the family Tulasnellaceae. Our study provides information on diversity of root-associated fungi of the orchid genera and at the sampling sites that were rarely addressed in the previous studies.     

A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae

The lichen family Teloschistaceae is one of the larger families of lichenized fungi. Currently it includes one very large heterogenous genus, Caloplaca, with some 1000 or more species with a vast variation in morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The rest of the family is split into 10–15 smaller genera, each with 20 or fewer species. There is no modern classification of the family based on molecular data. Here we attempt a first phylogenetic evaluation of a large part of the family, including a total of 337 species. Of these, 162 were used in a combined phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal RNA sequence markers nrITS, nrLSU and mrSSU, using Bayesian inference. We also analysed all species using nrITS data, split into four different analyses. As a result we propose a new classification of the family, where a total of 39 genera are recognized, of which 31 are newly described or resurrected. The new genera are: Athallia, Austroplaca, Bryoplaca, Calogaya, Cerothallia, Flavoplaca, Gondwania, Haloplaca, Orientophila, Pachypeltis, Parvoplaca, Rufoplaca, Shackletonia, Scutaria, Sirenophila, Solitaria, Squamulea, Stellarangia, Teloschistopsis, Usnochroma, Variospora, Villophora and Wetmoreana. Resurrected genera are Blastenia, Dufourea, Follmannia, Gyalolechia, Leproplaca, Polycauliona, Pyrenodesmia and Xanthocarpia. The species Orientophila subscopularis is described as new. A third subfamily, Teloschistoideae, is proposed to accommodate the genus Teloschistes and related genera, parallel to the two previously recognized subfamilies Xanthorioideae and Caloplacoideae. We also show the large plasticity in both morphological and anatomical characters between closely related species within genera, indicating the low value of these as evolutionary markers. The secondary chemistry is a better marker in some parts of the family. We recognize a large number of geographically delimited clades with clear centres of evolution, but often showing large variation in morphology and anatomy.     

Stellatospora,a new genus of the Sordariaceae

In the course of study of fungi from soil, a new genus and species,Stellatospora terricola, was isolated. The fungus is distinguished from other known genera in having star- or comfit-shaped ascospores with a distinct germ pore. The morphological characters of the genus are considered to resemble those of the Sordariaceae in Ascomycotina.     

Flavonoid patterns in athyriaceae and dryopteridaceae

Fifty-one fern species, representative of 11 genera of the Japanese Athyriaceae and Dryopteridaceae (21 species of 6 genera of the former and 30 species of 5 genera of the latter family) have been chemically surveyed for flavonoid glycosides in their fronds, and the results are discussed in connection with their taxonomy and the phylogeny.     

捕食线虫真菌rDNA ITS区间RFLPs分析

利用PCR-RFLP方法对捕食线虫真菌进行了系统发育研究。以ITS1和ITS4为引物对3属14种16个菌株的核糖体DNA转录间区（ITS）进行了PCR扩增,4种内切酶（AluI、HaeIII、HpaII、TaqI）酶切,结果表明不同属的ITS区长度没有明显差异,其长度范围在585～695之间。酶切图谱种间差别明显,种内基本一致,同属菌株图谱没有特异性,暗示传统的分属可能过细,某些属的成立还有待商榷,PCR-RFLP对确定疑难种的地位有重要意义,但不适用于种下水平的系统学研究。     

The number of nuclei in basidiospores of 63 species of ectomycorrhizal Homobasidiomycetes

The production of even a limited number of heterokaryotic spores would be advantageous for establishing new individuals after long distance dispersal. While Suillus and Laccaria species are known to produce binucleate, heterokaryotic spores, this condition is poorly studied for most ectomycorrhizal fungi. To begin addressing this matter the number of nuclei in basidiospores was recorded from 142 sporocarps in 63 species and 20 genera of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. The mean proportion of binucleate basidiospores produced by sporocarps within a species ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with most genera within a family showing similar patterns. Basidiospores from fungi in Amanita, Cortinariaceae and Laccaria were primarily binucleate but were likely still homokaryotic. Basidiospores from fungi in Boletaceae, Cantharellus, Rhizopogonaceae, Russulaceae, Thelephorales and Tricholoma were primarily uninucleate, but binucleate basidiospores were observed in many genera and in high levels in Boletus. Further research is needed to relate basidiospore nuclear number to reproductive potential in ectomycorrhizal species.     

Ecological and physiological studies on fungi associated with human hair

Thirty-seven species attributed to 19 genera of keratinophilic fungi were recovered from 100 human hair samples collected from the Assiut governorate. The genera Aspergillus followed by Penicillium and Chrysosporium were frequently isolated from 65, 43 and 30% of the samples respectively. Fifteen species and 13 genera of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi (recovered at 45 degrees C) were identified. The thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus was frequently encountered and emerged from 82% of the samples. Thirteen isolates of keratinophilic and 20 isolates of thermophilic fungi were tested for lipolytic and proteolytic activities. All the keratinophilic fungi showed lipolytic and proteolytic activities while 100 and 85% of the thermophilic fungi showed lipolytic and proteolytic activities. Using the paper-disc plate method, 12 types of shampoos and oils were tested for their antifungal activities on 42 strains of keratinophilic and thermophilic or thermotolerant fungi. Three out of four types of shampoo proved to be highly effective against all the test fungi.     

Systematics of Schistopterini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae), with descriptions of new genera and species

Abstract. The systematics of tribe Schistopterini (Diptera: Tephritidae) is reviewed and discussed, and a key is given to the fourteen current genera, of which four are new. A cladogram of the type species of the genera plus all other species of one of the new genera ( Microtreta ) is presented, supporting the monophyly of Microtreta .
The new genera include Calloptera (type species Rhabdochaeta asteria Hendel), Microtreta (type species Microtreta fini , sp.n.), Melanopterella (type species Rhabdochaeta nigra Bezzi) and Schistotephritis (type species Camaromyia acrophthalma Bezzi). Microtreta is treated comprehensively; its constituents, deemingi, fini, frontale, jeffreyi and longicornis (all new species), are described from East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Host plants, all of genus Vernonia (Asteraceae), are recorded for the four East African species. Characters of immature stages are described for M. longicornis . Eighteen new combinations are made.